无人机摄影技术在精河地震房屋震害定量评估中的应用

利用2017年8月9日精河6.6级地震后获取的高分辨率无人机影像，对叶里斯南也肯村153栋房屋进行结构分类和震害解译，获取研究区内土木结构、砖木结构、砖混结构、框架结构4种类型房屋数量及震害特征，并依据解译结果计算每种结构房屋平均震害指数。由于研究区内砖木结构、砖混结构、框架结构房屋数量偏少，房屋内部的震害难以用无人机影像识别，这3类房屋的震害解译结果与现场调查结果相比差别较大，而土木结构房屋平均震害指数及所对应的地震烈度结果与现场调查结果基本一致，表明无人机影像可为房屋震害定量评估提供重要参考。     

汶川地震房屋震害的一些现象分析

The MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake caused a great deal of damage and collapse to engineering structures. Survey of disaster and engineering damage was made in detail by the authors and other researchers in the extreme earthquake disaster area. The paper makes an overview of the earthquake disaster status and damage phenomena which include brick-concrete buildings, frame structures, brick-wood structures, and timber frame residential buildings. Furthermore, the causes of the disaster and building damage phenomena are briefly discussed. In addition, some typical damage phenomena are specialized. According to the phenomena mentioned above, some feasible seismic measures are suggested for the development of buildings in future.     

四川荣县MS4.7、MS4.3、MS4.9地震房屋震害特征和人员伤亡分析

根据四川荣县M_S4.7、M_S4.3、M_S4.9地震现场灾害调查资料,分析房屋震害特征和人员伤亡情况,结果表明震区房屋破坏类型主要为砖混结构、砖木结构和土木结构,其中砖木结构和土木结构受损比较严重,人员伤亡主要由房屋损坏导致;造成此现象的原因主要是该地区房屋建造年代久远,房屋结构不合理、抗震性能差,短时间地震频发造成震害累积,再加上民众防震减灾意识薄弱等。     

无人机遥感技术在新疆皮山地震灾情获取中的应用

2015年07月03日,新疆维吾尔自治区和田地区皮山县（37.6°N,78.2°E）发生M_S6.5级地震,震源深度10km。本文利用高性能无人机数据采集平台获取灾区高分辨率影像数据,结合地震现场震害调查建立建筑物震害遥感解译特征,采用人工目视解译完成了灾区6个0.01°×0.01°格网评估区房屋类型及损毁程度应急遥感调查,获取测区地震灾情信息。结果表明:测区内房屋结构类型主要包括土木、砖木、砖混结构;倒塌房屋主要为土木结构及个别老旧砖木结构房屋,倒塌和局部倒塌的土木结构房屋占评估区土木结构房屋总数的68%,倒塌和局部倒塌的砖木结构房屋占评估区砖木结构房屋总数的12%;测区砖混结构房屋局部倒塌1间,未倒塌228间,砖混结构显示出良好的抗震性能,对避免人员伤亡和减少经济损失起到重要作用。     

典型砖木结构农居地震弹塑性有限元分析

针对我国农居结构中比例最高的砖木结构,选取典型结构运用ABAQUS有限元软件进行模态和地震时程弹塑性分析。给出M0.5和M5两种砌筑强度砖木结构农居的前三阶特征周期和振型,并与经验周期公式值进行对比分析,提出后者存在的问题和修改建议。选取天津波作为地震动时程输入,分别计算不同峰值加速度下两种砖木结构农居弹塑性地震反应,给出相应的拉损伤云图,并对结构的破坏特征进行分析,给出结构抗震薄弱部位。结果表明,砌筑强度是决定结构抗震能力的关键因素之一。     

陕南村镇房屋抗震性能调查研究

村镇房屋是历次震害中最薄弱的建筑,提高其抗震性能刻不容缓。本文依据《中国地震动参数区划图》（GB18306-2015）的地震动峰值加速度、反应谱特征周期和地震烈度的取值,以陕南6县18镇54个自然村的1161栋村镇房屋为抽样样本,完成样本的结构类型、结构类型的破坏比及破坏损失比、场地条件、抗震概念设计、村民的抗震知识和抗震防灾意识等现状的统计分析。结果表明:陕南村镇房屋的结构类型有生土结构、木结构、砖木结构、砖混结构和框架结构,其中砖混结构是其主要的抗震结构类型;砖木结构、砖混结构和框架结构在不同地震烈度影响下的破坏比有差异,而破坏损失比相同;陕南村镇房屋的场地条件变化复杂,抗震概念设计存在缺陷且村民的抗震知识和抗震防灾意识淡薄,亟待提高。     

Characteristics of Seismic Damage of Buildings: Constraints from Tilt Photography Technology

In this paper, the tilt photography data acquisition and three-dimensional modeling of the Tashkurgan M_S5.5 earthquake in Xinjiang are conducted using the tilt photography system of the Rotor UAV. The three-dimensional model is used to interpret the earthquake damage on buildings in the mega-earthquake area in order to acquire different-level house damage in the Kuzirun village disaster area. In addition, the characteristics of seismic damage on typical buildings are analyzed. The results show that the main collapsed houses in the mega-earthquake area are sand-stone buildings, of which about 39% are sand-stone buildings. Several brick-wood buildings and brick-concrete buildings are seriously damaged, while the buildings with frame structures are mainly slightly damaged, and the houses near the macro-epicenter of the earthquake are all in good conditions. Three-dimensional tilt photography technology can vividly display the scene of earthquake disaster, and can provide significant demonstration in building damage degree together with detailed analysis of disaster situation.     

砌体和钢混结构建筑群的破坏概率模型研究

通过对已有震害预测的易损性矩阵进行研究,对目前易损性矩阵的概率模型进行了修改。分析了华南地区建筑群的3种主要结构类型:钢混结构,砖混结构和砖木结构。将3种结构在各种烈度下的破坏状态分别进行了拟合和参数计算,针对其差异性提出了偏态分布和正态分布,给出了不同的破坏概率模型。在广东省惠州市数据的验算下,证明了对于砌体和钢混建筑群易损性矩阵的呈现有一定的参考意义。     

青海省共和地区农村民居特征与抗震性能分析

青海省共和地区位于柴达木—阿尔金地震带内,具备发生中强地震的构造背景,近年来该地区地震活动频繁,农村地区受经济和技术等条件的限制,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失.为深入了解共和地区农村民居结构特征与抗震性能现状,开展实地调查,基于历史震害资料,总结区域内典型农村民居震害特点,并进行震害预测,得到不同地震烈度下农村民居不...     

2009年姚安6.0级地震震害特征分析

介绍了姚安6.0级地震震区的土木结构、砖木结构、砖混结构和框架结构房屋、生命线系统的概况及震害特征。分析了各种破坏产生的机理,提出了震区在恢复重建与规划发展时的建议、各类建(构)筑物加强抗震的措施。     

Seismic Damage to Owner-Built RC Frames in Charikot during the 2015 Nepal Earthquake Sequence

The damage to the masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings in Charikot, the capital city of Dolakha district in Nepal, during the 2015 April-to-May Nepal earthquake sequence is reported. Most of these buildings were built by the owners with little governmental inspections regarding their structural design or constructional quality. Although they generally performed better than other structural systems such as stone-masonry houses, the RC frames sustained extensive damage ranging from cracking of infill to complete collapse. In particular, eight of the 72 inspected RC frames alongside an uphill street collapsed in different ways. In addition to the un-engineered nature of these RC frames, their collapse could also be attributed to multiple technical reasons including the effect of terrain, the pounding between adjacent buildings and the accumulative damage in the earthquake sequence.     

Observational fragility functions for residential stone masonry buildings in Nepal

This paper outlines the seismic vulnerability of rural stone masonry buildings affected by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake sequence. Summary of field observation is presented first and empirical fragility curves are developed from the detailed damage assessment data from 603 villages in central, eastern and western Nepal. Fragility curves are developed on the basis of 665,515 building damage cases collected during the post-earthquake detailed damage assessment campaign conducted by Government of Nepal. Two sets of fragility functions are derived using peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration at 0.3 s as the intensity measures. The sum of the results highlights that stone masonry buildings in Nepal are highly vulnerable even in the case of low to moderate ground shaking. The results further indicate that in the case of strong to major earthquakes, most of the stone masonry buildings in Nepal would sustain severe damage or collapse.     

Performance of the Yangbi MS 6.4 earthquake disaster in different geomorphic units in Yunnan

An M_S 6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi, Yunnan province, on May 21, 2021. According to related investigations, the macro-epicenter of the earthquake is 6 km northwest of Yangbi County, and the seismogenic structure is the NW-trending Weixi-Qiaohou fault. The earthquake area is located in the hinterland of the Hengduan Mountains in the northwest of Yunnan province, a region dominated by high and medium-high mountains, with deep canyons and tectonic basins in between. Various geomorphic features are derived from drastic topographic changes and huge geological differences in the earthquake area. There are a variety of buildings in the earthquake-affected zone, including civil and brick-wood structures ones with weak seismic performance, as well as brick-concrete and frame ones with better seismic performance. This paper summarizes and analyzes different characteristics of the earthquake in different geomorphic units through field investigations of different buildings and geological disasters in the affected area. The results show that under the same earthquake intensity, the damage to most buildings (located in slope areas or rooted in weak strata) is amplified by the earthquake. The earthquake has exerted an obvious propagation effect along the direction of the seismogenic structure. Moreover, local ground fissures will aggravate the damage to the buildings even without surface dislocation. Thus, we suggest that attention should be paid to the ground fissures caused by the slope effect. The fissure areas may also be the disaster spot of collapses and landslides in case of a high-magnitude earthquake.     

基于模糊数学的农村砖木民房震害预测研究

基于模糊数学方法及其应用理论对农村地区砖木民房进行震害预测研究。建立了适用于砖木民房的震害影响因子集及其与震害等级的模糊关系,进一步研究出基于模糊综合评价方法的砖木民房震害预测模型。初步研究表明,该震害预测模型条理清晰,计算简便,可进一步研究推广应用。     

Seismic safety assessment of existing masonry infill structures in Nepal

Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Nepal are constructed with RC frames and masonry infill panels. These structures exhibit a highly non-linear inelastic behavior resulting from the interaction between the panels and frames. This paper presents an extensive case study of existing RC buildings in Nepal. Non-linear analyses were performed on structural models of the buildings considered as a bare frame and with masonry infill, in order to evaluate the influence of infill walls on the failure mechanisms. Five three-storey buildings with different structural configurations and detailing were selected. The effect of masonry infill panels on structural response was delineated by comparing the bare-framed response with the infill response. Seismic performance is evaluated with regard to global strength, stiffness, energy dissipation, inter-storey drift, and total deflection of the structure. A parametric analysis of structures with masonry infill is also performed. For this, the influence of different material properties is studied, namely diagonal compressive stress, modulus of elasticity and tensile stress of masonry infill panels. Study results show that masonry infill increases the global strength and stiffness of the structures; it decreases the inter-storey drift and hence the total displacement of the structure. The results quantify the influence of the infill panels on structural response and, in particular, the effect of the diagonal compressive strength of the masonry wall.     

川南地区砖混结构房屋典型震害及地震易损性研究

以川南地区为研究区,并以在建造方式上具有明显当地地域特征的砖混结构房屋为研究对象,结合砖混结构房屋建造特点及川南历史地震(如长宁6.0级地震)震害调查结果等,分析砖混结构房屋典型震害特征,统计其在不同烈度下不同破坏等级的比例,采用经验分析法得到初步的易损性矩阵。在此基础上,针对因样本局限性造成的结构在高烈度下破坏比例不全,使实际易损性矩阵缺失的问题,通过插值法,推算高烈度下的破坏比例,补全经验易损性矩阵,拟合出易损性曲线,建立以震害统计为主、数值模拟为辅的砖混结构易损性分析模型;并基于平均震害指数对比分析,对易损性分析的可靠性进行检验。结果表明,构建的易损性矩阵能客观反映川南地区砖混结构房屋的抗震能力,对开展震害预测、灾害损失评估及震害风险评估等工作具有实际应用价值。     

尼泊尔8.1级地震建筑物震害遥感提取与分析

2015年4月25日尼泊尔发生的8.1级地震,造成重大人员伤亡与经济损失。在地震前、后灾区高分遥感影像分析处理基础上,结合现场实地调查,对灾区房屋建筑及其震害程度进行了遥感解译,编制了地震灾区房屋建筑震害分布图。结果分析表明:尼泊尔地震灾区影像上显示的建筑物震害分布与该区域房屋结构类型、主余震位置和区域活动构造分布密切相关。其中,房屋较为严重倒塌区域主要分布在8.1级主震和7.5级余震震中附近,但这两个区域并没有相连;居民点建筑物个别倒塌的居民地则连成一个区域。影像上显示的建筑物倒塌区域,与多数8级巨大地震比较,总体上极震区震害偏轻,但在南南西(垂直于破裂方向)上展布较宽。这一特征与引发该地震的印度与欧亚大陆板块边缘活动断裂在深部呈近似于平行地表的低角度断层面破裂引起的地震动能量在地表相对较宽而低的分布特征是一致的。     

略阳县农居房屋抗震现状调查与评价研究

为精准识别贫困山区农居房屋结构现状完好程度,本文开展略阳县境内41894栋农居房屋抗震现状实地调查,搜集整理域内孕灾环境和致灾因子强度,统计分析域内各行政镇（办）经济水平、农居房屋抗震结构类型和震害等级,预测震害矩阵,计算平均震害指数,并评价抗震能力。研究结果表明:域内农居房屋抗震结构类型包括土木结构、砖木结构和砖混结构;域内农居房屋在VI度地震作用下基本完好的比例为74.04%,在VII度地震作用下发生轻微破坏以下震害等级的比例为83.45%,在VIII度地震作用下发生中等破坏以下震害等级的比例为85.46%;域内农居房屋在地震烈度为VI、VII、VIII、IX、X度时的平均震害指数分别为0.13、0.23、0.32、0.49、0.71,抗震性能较差,不满足“小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒”的抗震设防目标。     

基于遥感震害指数的尼泊尔地震综合烈度评估研究

2015年4月25日在尼泊尔廓尔喀县发生的8.1级地震及后续强烈余震,造成尼泊尔北部严重的人员伤亡和财产损失,灾区建筑物倒塌损失严重。本文利用现场震害调查资料和高分卫星遥感影像,开展建筑物震害遥感解译,得到各个遥感解译点的遥感震害指数,结合现场调查点评估的烈度拟合了遥感震害指数-实际震害指数转换关系,再根据遥感震害指数估计了全部解译点的震害指数及地震烈度。估计的烈度与现场调查结果对比显示出较好的一致性,研究结果为该地区今后发生地震提供了可借鉴的遥感评估震害指数转换模型。     

基于数值模拟与含水层垂向应力反演的静乐井水位异常分析

利用数值模拟与含水层垂向应力反演的方法,对降雨与河流荷载作用下静乐井区应力进行定量计算,并从区域应力场与同一构造区其他前兆测项变化特征对2种方法计算结果进行分析。数值模拟结果显示,降雨与河流荷载的共同作用使静乐井所在区域产生的最大垂向位移约为0.7mm,最大垂向应力约为30hPa;同时段静乐井-含水层垂向应力反演结果显示静乐井-含水层最大垂向应力约为79hPa;数值模拟与静乐井-含水层垂向应力反演结果均表明,静乐井水位高值异常与同时段降雨量增多、河流荷载效应增强关系密切,但2种结果存在一定差异。通过可反映井区应力场变化特征的山西地震带3级地震缺震和b值、穿过静乐井的GPS基线、地震矩释放、同一构造单元同时段其他前兆测项与静乐井水位高值异常对比等分析结果可知,2017年静乐井水位高值异常期间井区应力场存在显著异常,推测静乐井水位高值异常除受降雨与河流荷载作用的影响外,也可能受构造活动增强的影响。