Approximate incremental dynamic analysis using the modal pushover analysis procedure

Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA)—a procedure developed for accurate estimation of seismic demand and capacity of structures—requires non‐linear response history analysis of the structure for an ensemble of ground motions, each scaled to many intensity levels, selected to cover the entire range of structural response—all the way from elastic behaviour to global dynamic instability. Recognizing that IDA of practical structures is computationally extremely demanding, an approximate procedure based on the modal pushover analysis procedure is developed. Presented are the IDA curves and limit state capacities for the SAC‐Los Angeles 3‐, 9‐, and 20‐storey buildings computed by the exact and approximate procedures for an ensemble of 20 ground motions. These results demonstrate that the MPA‐based approximate procedure reduces the computational effort by a factor of 30 (for the 9‐storey building), at the same time providing results to a useful degree of accuracy over the entire range of responses—all the way from elastic behaviour to global dynamic instability—provided a proper hysteretic model is selected for modal SDF systems. The accuracy of the approximate procedure does not deteriorate for 9‐ and 20‐storey buildings, although their dynamics is more complex, involving several ‘modes’ of vibration. For all three buildings, the accuracy of the MPA‐based approximate procedure is also satisfactory for estimating the structural capacities for the limit states of immediate occupancy, collapse prevention, and global dynamic instability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficient structural seismic performance evaluation method using improved endurance time analysis

Evaluation of structural performance under seismic excitations from low intensity to high intensity is essential to verify the seismic resistant capacity of a structure, and usually carried out by the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method or pushover method. The recently developed endurance time (ET) method is another method that uses dynamic pushover excitations, i.e., endurance time acceleration function, to obtain results similar to those obtained by IDA or pushover methods with low computational cost and acceptable accuracy. This study proposes an improvement on the ET method by considering more restrictions for both the elastic and inelastic response spectra in the generation procedure, and by specifying a target duration. Four reinforced concrete frame structures with 4, 8, 12, and 16 stories are adopted to verify the accuracy of the improved method. Comparison of the results obtained by the proposed method, the ET method and the IDA method shows that the improved method has a higher accuracy than the ET method. For evaluation of structural responses under specific ground motion intensity, which is typically required in seismic design codes, the results obtained by the proposed method are compared with five commonly used ground motion selection methods, and shows the proposed method provides acceptable accuracy for engineering applications.

     

Envelope‐based pushover analysis procedure for the approximate seismic response analysis of buildings

An envelope‐based pushover analysis procedure is presented that assumes that the seismic demand for each response parameter is controlled by a predominant system failure mode that may vary according to the ground motion. To be able to simulate the most important system failure modes, several pushover analyses need to be performed, as in a modal pushover analysis procedure, whereas the total seismic demand is determined by enveloping the results associated with each pushover analysis. The demand for the most common system failure mode resulting from the ‘first‐mode’ pushover analysis is obtained by response history analysis for the equivalent ‘modal‐based’ SDOF model, whereas demand for other failure modes is based on the ‘failure‐based’ SDOF models. This makes the envelope‐based pushover analysis procedure equivalent to the N2 method provided that it involves only ‘first‐mode’ pushover analysis and response history analysis of the corresponding ‘modal‐based’ SDOF model. It is shown that the accuracy of the approximate 16th, 50th and 84th percentile response expressed in terms of IDA curves does not decrease with the height of the building or with the intensity of ground motion. This is because the estimates of the roof displacement and the maximum storey drift due to individual ground motions were predicted with a sufficient degree of accuracy for almost all the ground motions from the analysed sets. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic reliability assessment of a steel moment-resisting frame with two different ductility levels using a cloud analysis approach

A cloud method for generating percentile engineering demand parameter versus intensity measure(EDP-IM) curves of a structure subjected to a set of synthetic ground motions is presented. To this end, an ensemble of synthetic ground motions based on available real ones is generated. This is done by using attenuation relationships, duration and suitable Gutenberg-Richter relations attributed to the considered seismic hazard at a given site by estimating a suitable distribution of magnitude and site to source distance. The study aims to clarify the significance of the duration and frequency content on the seismic performance of structures, which were not considered in developing percentile incremental dynamic analysis(IDA) curves. The collapse probabilities of two steel moment-resisting frames with different ductility levels generated by IDA and the proposed cloud method are compared at different intensity levels. When compared with conventional IDA, the suggested cloud analysis(SCA) methodology with the same run number of dynamic analyses was able to develop response hazard curves that were more consistent with site-specific seismic hazards. Eliminating the need to find many real records by generating synthetic records consistent with site-specific seismic hazards from a few available recorded ground motions is another advantage of using this scheme over the IDA method..     

自适应顺序采样Kriging方法及其在增量动力分析中的应用

复杂结构的增量动力分析（IDA）对于结构的抗震设计和分析有着重要意义,但需对结构进行大量的非线性时程分析,计算量成本高。本文结合Kriging元模型和自适应顺序采样并用于结构增量动力分析以提高其计算效率和精度,其中:Kriging元模型用于预测结构的地震响应,顺序采样根据候选点的熵值补充非线性时程分析逐步增加Kriging模型的预测精度。借助本文方法,IDA曲线可通过少量的时程分析实现较高的精度。为了校验本文方法的可行性与有效性,对二层和九层钢框架结构模型应用直接IDA、hunt&fill方法和本文方法分析并比较了上述三种方法的计算误差、计算效率和IDA曲线差别。在此基础上本文将自适应顺序采样Kriging方法用于考虑结构不确定性参数的IDA分析,并和传统的蒙特卡洛方法进行比较。结果表明:该方法具有较高的计算效率,可以保证IDA曲线的精度。     

RC框架结构地震倒塌易损性分析的实用方法

基于增量动力分析(IDA)的倒塌易损性分析方法是评估建筑结构抗地震倒塌能力的精细方法,但分析过程比较繁杂且非常费时。为了较快地评估建筑结构的抗地震倒塌能力,首先利用静力非线性(pushover)分析,获得结构倒塌能力的初步估计值aS*,然后将每个地面运动记录调整到aS*,对结构进行动力时程分析,记录结构的动力时程反应,利用IDA的思想得到结构的中值数倒塌谱强度?CTS。该方法与传统的增量动力分析方法相比较,可提高计算效率,计算精度也满足要求。     

钢筋混凝土高层建筑抗震时程分析选波方法比较研究

针对钢筋混凝土高层建筑抗震时程分析输入地震波选择问题,以《建筑抗震设计规范》（GB 50011-2016）设计谱为目标谱,将满足谱匹配原则的加权调幅选波方法与国内学者建议的其它输入地震波选择方法进行了对比研究。以3栋钢筋混凝土高层建筑（15层、30层和44层）为实例,针对8度罕遇地震作用和Ⅱ类场地条件,将上述方法建议的各7条地震波输入结构进行弹塑性时程分析。以结构最大层间位移角均值沿楼层分布为比较参数。结果表明:加权调幅法可用于钢筋混凝土高层建筑抗震时程分析,可以较好地降低结构地震反应均值的离散性。在8度罕遇地震作用条件下,以不同学者建议选择的地震波为输入,高层建筑时程分析结果仍呈现出较大的不同。     

Seismic assessment of nature-inspired hexagrid lateral load-resisting system

This paper provides a general perspective of the seismic performance of a nature-inspired, honey-comb grid structural system, known as a hexagrid, under near-field ground motions. Seismic performance of this skeleton is then compared to that of a bundled-tube, as a conventional and efficient load-resisting system in order to provide a better perception of the seismic behavior of a hexagrid skeleton. Two 20-story buildings with bundled-tube and hexagrid skeleton were studied. Nonlinear behavior of the structures was investigated through 3-D finite element computer models and nonlinear time history analyses by subjecting the models to seven three-component records of scaled near-field ground motions. Distribution of peak inter story drift and corner beam-column joint rotations were calculated and compared. Results indicated that by replacing the exterior columns of the bundled-tube system with inclined beam-column elements of nature-inspired hexagons, lateral stiffness of the building increased and it would tolerate less deformations before global dynamic instability is reached. The presence of inclined columns in the hexagrid skeleton helped to concentrate local nonlinearities in ring beams rather than exterior columns.     

近场地震作用下考虑二阶效应的混凝土框架抗震分析

利用钢筋混凝土柱的试验结果,验证OpenSees程序用于钢筋混凝土结构非线性分析的可行性。以此为基础,对钢筋混凝土框架结构在远场地震、近场非脉冲地震与近场脉冲地震作用的性能进行非线性时程分析,研究框架结构在三类地震作用下的反应以及二阶效应对结构反应的影响。针对近场脉冲地震对结构进行增量动力分析(IDA)和易损性分析,分别得到结构的IDA曲线、易损性曲线和近场脉冲地震作用下二阶效应对结构抗震性能的影响。分析结果表明,在三类地震作用下,近场脉冲地震导致的二阶效应对结构抗震性能的影响最为显著,结构抗震设计中宜考虑二阶效应的影响。     

Bias assessment in Incremental Dynamic Analysis due to record scaling

Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) involves a series of nonlinear response history analyses with a suite of incrementally scaled ground motion records. Although IDA is perhaps the most comprehensive seismic performance assessment method, it receives criticism because several ground motion records are scaled up until the structure collapses. The scaling practice often results to unrealistic multipliers, thus modifying the amplitude of the ground motion and introducing bias on the structural performance estimation. Record scaling is a common practice in earthquake engineering due to the lack of natural records corresponding to large magnitudes and/or small distances from the fault rupture location. In this work we use a large number of ground motion records to compare the predictions of IDA with that of unscaled ground motions and we propose a new methodology in order to quantify the bias introduced in IDA. Apart from natural records, we have conducted broadband ground motion simulations for rupture scenarios of weak, medium and large magnitude events in order to expand our record database. The investigation is performed on a series of inelastic single-degree-of-freedom systems and on two multistory steel moment frame buildings. The results pinpoint both qualitatively and quantitatively, for the full range of limit-states, the bias that IDA introduces on the structural performance estimation.     

足尺钢框架振动台试验及动力弹塑性数值模拟

本文通过有限元分析程序OpenSees对一足尺四层钢框架结构进行静力及动力弹塑性分析,结构构件采用自由度较少的纤维模型模拟。在振动台试验之前,预测足尺钢框架结构连续在小震、中震及大震作用下的响应,将预测分析结果与振动台试验结果进行对比,结果显示该数值模拟方法能很好地反映结构的弹塑性行为及破坏机制,准确预测结构的地震响应及大震下结构倒塌时间。这进一步说明基于纤维模型的整体结构弹塑性分析方法,由于自由度数少,适用于整体结构抗震分析。     

A three-dimensional drift pushover method for unsymmetrical plan buildings

The drift pushover analysis method for tall and regular buildings is extended in this paper to the third dimension. The focus of study is on the structures with important torsional response. For this purpose, 10, 15, 20 and 30-story steel moment frame buildings having unsymmetrical plans with 5–30% eccentricity ratios are studied. For evaluation of accuracy, nonlinear dynamic response of the buildings is determined under a consistent suit of earthquake ground motions. The maxima of the story drifts and shears and cumulative plastic hinge rotations of stories are calculated under the ground motions and their averages along with those of the modal pushover procedure are compared with the results of the presented method. The comparative analysis establishes the good accuracy of the three dimensional drift pushover method.     

中小震近场地震动估计中地震动衰减关系的适用性分析

核工程场地设计基准地震动确定中涉及弥散地震的地震动估计，这导致中小震近场地震动估计成为被关注的研究课题。本文基于一些中小震近场地震动记录资料，分析和探讨了国内外多种地震动衰减关系对中小震近场地震动估计的适用性问题，并结合我国几个核工程地震问题研究工作的实践对中小震近场地震动衰减关系确定的思路和原则提出了建议。     

黏滞阻尼器对高层钢结构地震易损性的影响

为研究黏滞阻尼器对高层钢结构地震易损性的影响,基于Open SEES有限元分析平台,建立一个25层钢框架结构以及同尺寸附着黏滞阻尼器的钢框架结构,对两个钢框架结构以地震动峰值加速度(PGA)作为地震动强度指标,以结构最大层间位移角θmax为工程需求参数,从太平洋地震工程研究中心(PEER)中选取了15条地震动记录,分别对两个结构进行增量动力分析(Incremental Dynamic Analysis,IDA),建立结构的IDA曲线簇。结合地震易损性分析,对分析结果进行对数拟合,构筑两个结构的连续易损性曲线,并进一步提出用贝塔分布函数将结果转化为地震动参数-震害指数概率密度函数的概率表达方式,可以更加直观简便地观察到黏滞阻尼器显著的减震效果。该表达方法具有直观性,研究成果可为既有结构的地震灾害风险评估等提供简明且有力的分析方法。     

钢框架结构地震响应与破坏过程的耐震时程分析

耐震时程法（ETM）是一种基于动力时程的结构抗震分析方法,其典型表征在于随着持续时间的增加,地震动强度逐渐增大。本文合成了基于中国抗震反应谱的耐震时程曲线,并以此作为输入,对一个8层3跨钢框架结构的抗震性能进行了分析和评估。采用增量动力分析方法（IDA）对结构在不同耐震持时下的整体响应进行了评估;以大震下天然地震动分析结果为标准,对比了结构在耐震时程曲线（ETA）作用下的塑性铰分布概率、形成顺序和延性分布。研究结果表明：耐震时程法能较好地预测钢框架结构的非线性动力响应及破坏过程,且分析次数少,这为钢框架结构的抗震性能快速分析与评估提供了一种新的手段。     

Pushover analysis procedure for systems considering SSI effects based on capacity spectrum method

This paper presents a new procedure to transform an SSI system into an equivalent SDOF system using twice equivalence. A pushover analysis procedure based on the capacity spectrum method for buildings with SSI effects （PASSI） is then established based on the equivalent SDOF system, and the modified response spectrum and equivalent capacity spectrum are obtained. Furthermore, the approximate formulas to obtain the dynamic stiffness of foundations are suggested. Three steel buildings with different story heights （3, 9 and 20） including SSI effects are analyzed under two far-field and two near-field historical records and an artificial seismic time history using the two PASSI procedures and the nonlinear response history analysis （NLhRHA） method. The results are compared and discussed. Finally, combined with seismic design response spectrum, the nonlinear seismic response of a 9-story building with SSI effects is analyzed using the PASSI procedures, and its seismic performance is evaluated according to the Chinese ＇Code for Seismic Design of Buildings. The feasibility of the proposed procedure is verified.     

基岩地震动的一个相干函数模型-走滑断层情形h

目前研究地震动空间变化的主要方法是利用密集台阵（如SMART1台阵等）的强震观测记录进行统计分析，由于地震动观测资料的不足，因而缺少基岩及不同场地类别地震动相干函数模型. 本文利用数值方法了模拟理论地震图，进而研究采用震源位错模型的基岩随机地震动的空间变化规律，并考虑震源破裂速度、子源个数、震源深度和介质传播速度等因素的影响. 其具体思路为:首先对应于每个样本，用有限差分数值模拟方法计算弹性半空间近场地震动场，而后对所有样本的计算结果进行统计，给出了一个走滑断层情形下的近场基岩表面及沿基岩竖直方向水平分量地震动的相干函数模型.      

目标谱选波方法在算术与对数坐标下的差异分析

目前时程分析选波常采用目标谱法,即选择反应谱与目标谱有较好匹配的地震波。目前为止,关于在谱匹配中采用不同的坐标体系会给地震波缩放以及时程分析结果造成的差异性影响,还鲜有相关研究结果。本文旨在对比分析谱匹配中反应谱与目标谱采用算术值(算术坐标下ASM方法)和对数值(对数坐标下LSM方法)所得结构非线性时程分析结果的差异。以美国SAC Steel Project提出的3层、9层和20层钢框架结构为实例,以该计划提出的代表3种超越概率(即50年超越概率50%、10%和2%)的各组地震波平均反应谱作为目标谱,以这3组地震波(每组20条波)时程分析所得最大层间位移角的算术均值和几何均值作为目标反应,以简单地震信息初选的小型地震波数据库(共40条波)作为备选波,将ASM和LSM方法优选出的7条地震波所得时程分析结果进行了差异性分析。研究表明, LSM方法所得地震波的缩放系数明显大于ASM方法,并且地震波的排序即选择结果也存在一定差异。ASM和LSM方法对结构反应均值(算术均值和对数均值)估计的准确度均控制在±20%以内,但LSM方法所得结构反应更大。LSM方法在降低结构反应离散性方面较ASM方法更有优势,且对于较长周期结构(如20层结构)及结构非线性程度较高(如50年超越概率10%、2%)时,这种优势会更为凸显。     

Prediction of the median IDA curve by employing a limited number of ground motion records

A methodology has been proposed which can be used to reduce the number of ground motion records needed for the reliable prediction of the median seismic response of structures by means of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). This methodology is presently limited to predictions of the median IDA curve only. The reduction in the number of ground motion records needed to predict the median IDA curve is achieved by introducing a precedence list of ground motion records. The determination of such a list is an optimization problem, which is solved in the paper by means of (1) a genetic algorithm and (2) a proposed simple procedure. The seismic response of a simple, computationally non‐demanding structural model has been used as input data for the optimization problem. The presented example is a three‐storey‐reinforced concrete building, subjected to two sets of ground motion records, one a free‐field set and the other a near‐field set. It is shown that the median IDA curves can be predicted with acceptable accuracy by employing only four ground motion records instead of the 24 or 30 records, which are the total number of ground motion records for the free‐field and near‐field sets, respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近场下桥梁结构的地震响应分析

提出采用宽频地震Kanai-Tajimi模型与速度脉冲He-Agrawal模型来模拟近场地震动,数值模拟验证了该近场地震模型的有效性。采用该模型定量分析了近场地震作用对桥梁结构地震响应的影响规律。近场地震动的脉冲持时是对结构产生破坏的一个重要因素,近场地震作用对桥梁结构的设计提出了更高的延性要求。