Evaluation of spatial interpolation methods for groundwater level in an arid inland oasis,northwest China

The Wuwei oasis, situated in the upper reaches of the Shiyang River basin in the arid inland of northwest China, is intensively cultivated using both groundwater and irrigation water originating from the Qilian Mountains. Groundwater levels are declining due to overuse of irrigation water. To estimate the decline over the entire Wuwei oasis, eight different interpolation methods were used for interpolating groundwater levels over 3 years, i.e. starting in 1983, followed by 1988 and ending with 1992. Cross-validation and orthogonal-validation were applied to evaluate the accuracy of the different methods. Root mean squared error and the correlation coefficient (R ²) were calculated for each of the interpolation methods and years. Three kriging methods (simply, ordinary, and universal) gave the best fit. Modified ordinary kriging was found better than simple and universal kriging methods with a smaller number of points having large differences (>50 m) between estimated and predicted values. Based on the groundwater surfaces determined by the ordinary kriging as modified by Yamamoto, the groundwater decline was found from 1983 to 1992 to be a modest 2.1 m in average.     

西北内陆河流域水循环和生态演变与功能保障机制研究

在气候变化、生态保护以及水资源调控影响下,西北内陆河流域水循环和生态环境状态发生了显著改变,迫切需要解答气候变化对植被恢复和产水量的影响,调水和压采等措施下地下水水位动态、管控指标及其对生态环境的维持机制。为此,文章阐述了内陆河流域气候-植被-土壤-水文相互作用机理以及上中下游演变状况。针对上游产水区,提出了山区气候变化下植被和水文动态演变模拟和预测方法,得出石羊河上游山区气候暖湿趋势和植被水分利用效率的提高,可降低植被恢复对增加蒸腾量、减少产水量的影响程度;但如未来继续升温,水分利用效率提高的正效应将被植被恢复增加的水分消耗抵消,从而减小径流量。针对中下游绿洲-荒漠过渡区,通过分析荒漠植被-土壤（水盐）-地下水作用机理,提出了西北干旱区生态地下水水位埋深和生态需水量确定方法及阈值,得出荒漠植被适宜和极限生态地下水水位埋深的平均值分别为2.9 m和5.5 m,对应埋深下的单位面积荒漠植被生长季平均蒸腾耗水量为0.08～0.10 m3/m2。针对尾闾湖区,建立生态输水量与尾闾湖地下水水位、生态指标之间关系,提出了石羊河流域尾闾湖生态输水优化方案,得出青土湖生态输水量应提高至0.45×108 m3/a。在流域层面,采用水资源-社会经济-生态环境协调的系统分析手段,提出了石羊河流域满足地下水均衡、供需平衡和生态功能的多水源调控方案,即“保田增林”或“以田换林”方案。     

西北典型内陆流域地下水与湿地生态系统协同演化机制

以生态输水为代表的湿地修复工程在西北内陆流域得到了广泛应用,生态输水情形下地下水与湿地植被的交互作用决定着湿地生态系统的演化过程。以西北典型内陆流域—石羊河流域青土湖湿地为研究区,基于地下水-湿地生态系统多要素一体化动态监测网络,结合稳定同位素和卫星遥感技术手段,分析生态输水情形下的地下水动态变化与湿地植被恢复情况,从水文地质角度揭示地下水与湿地生态系统的协同演化机制。结果显示:夏季末和秋季生态输水时,湖水补给地下水且土壤含水率增大,最大土壤含水率可达0.45 m³/m³;冬季湿地湖面和表层土壤冻结,湖水对地下水补给量减少,春季冻土和湖面消融导致地下水略有回升,同时增大土壤含水率;夏季在下次生态输水前湖面面积最小(湖面面积最小约为1 km²,地下水水位最大埋深为3.6 m),部分区域地下水补给湖水,此时表层土壤含水率也最低(最小土壤含水率为0.01 m³/m³);夏季末和秋季生态输水通过将生态水储存在地下水和土壤中进而作用于次年的植被恢复与生长,增大生态输水所形成的湖面面积有助...     

Environmental changes after ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Heihe River,northwest China

This paper analyzed the dynamic change of the groundwater level by 6 years’ monitoring in field monitoring and the change of vegetation by the field survey and satellite remote sensing after watering in the lower reaches of Heihe River. The findings indicated: (1) the groundwater level elevation and the plant growth are closely related to the volume and the duration of watering. In general, groundwater level elevates dramatically and plants are growing much more vigorously after watering; (2) Watering incidence on groundwater keeps extending with the watering times increasing; (3) Plants grew rapidly in 100–400 m away from the water channel after watering. Watering incidence on vegetation reached 1,000 m; (4) In terms of the function and structure of ecosystem after watering in the lower reaches of Heihe River, the ecological water conveyance does not still reach the goal of ecological restoration at a large spatial scale at present. In addition, in order to solve fundamentally the problem of ecological environment worsens in the lower reaches of Heihe River, some suggestions and countermeasures are put forward.     

Runoff simulations using water and energy balance equations in the lower reaches of the Heihe River, northwest China

Drinking water quality was investigated in seven rural villages surrounding Mount Kasigau in southeastern Kenya, where water is piped from unprotected dammed streams and springs in the Kasigau cloud forest down to taps, kiosks, and tanks in the villages. Analyses were conducted for nutrients, trace metals, and pathogen indicators in water from community taps, water stored in homes, and collection points along the pipelines up to catchment dams on the mountain. Water was relatively free from nutrient and trace-metal contamination; however, all samples were contaminated with total coliforms and nearly all were contaminated with Escherichia coli. There was no discernable pattern in the extent of contamination from the catchment dams to the villages. In each of three villages chosen for further study, six residents were selected for a more in-depth investigation. Water quality was generally worse in water stored in those homes compared to water collected at the village taps. The quality of drinking water in homes where treatment was applied was no better than in homes with no water treatment. The Kasigau villages, as many other areas in the developing world, need inexpensive and effective water treatment, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of sanitary and hygienic practices.     

应用GRNN神经网络模型计算西北干旱区内陆河流域出山径流

根据全球变化对2030年降水量和气温的预测结果,设置不同的气候变化情景,应用GRNN模型对黑河出山径流进行了预测。结果表明,到2030年,黑河出山径流将有小幅度的增加。随着气温的不断上升,出山年径流量最终将减少。     

河西内陆河地区径流模型概述

径流模拟是河西内陆河地区水文研究中最基本、最重要的一个环节,也是研究其它水文问题的基础.目前广泛应用在河西地区的径流模拟模型大致分为系统理论模型、概念模型和分布式模型三类.但是这些模型各自有哪些特点,应用中应注意哪些问题,却缺少宏观的认识.总结了这三类模型在河西内流河区应用的代表性研究成果,并结合当前所应用模型存在的问题,探讨了研究区未来水文模型可能的发展方向.     

河西内陆河流域的水循环分析

通过对我国西北内陆区水循环分析,剖析了河西内陆河流域的水循环特点,即在山区形成水资源、在平原散失水资源和在人工绿洲区产生二元结构;揭示了流域内的水资源以水循环为纽带,相互转化并互相联系;并对山区消耗水量,走廊、盆地、人工绿洲建设引起的地表水与地下水转化的变化和消耗水量的增加,以及内陆河下游水分亏缺问题作了分析评价;并提出了要传递流域水循环整体概念、评价山区与平原绿洲之间的局地水循环、实现在西部开发中实施内陆河流域综合治理的良性循环等问题的讨论。