末次盛冰期气候模拟及青藏高原冰盖的可能影响

在国际古气候模拟比较设计设定的边界条件下（其中包括：海洋表面温度，陆地冰盖，CO2浓度，地球轨道参数等变化）。本文汇报了利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的9层全球大气环流格点模式对末次盛冰期气候进行数值模拟的研究成果。结果表明：末次盛冰期全球年平均温度在低5．3℃，降雨量下降9％，其中大陆年平均降水量仅为目前的71％。通过与其他模式模拟结果和重建古气候资料的对比表明，该模式捕捉到了末次盛冰期干，冷的冰期气候特征。在此基础上，我们根据刘东生等的科研成果，初步探讨了青藏高原在末次盛冰期倘若存在一定范围的冰盖，那么该冰盖会对东亚区域古气候模拟结果产生怎样的冲击。     

走进神农架,探寻远古冰川的奥秘

正全球变暖等气候问题日益引起世界的关注和重视,在地质历史过程中,也发生过极端的气候现象。现代冰川作为寒冷气候的产物分布于极地或高海拔地区,在地质历史时期,地球曾多次被冰雪覆盖,陆地、海洋到处分布有巨厚的冰川。据地质学家研究,在距今654-635百万年之间[1-2]的新元古代成冰纪,发生了极端的冰川事件,地球被冰雪完全覆盖,就连赤道地区都不能幸免,这被称之为"雪球地球"[2-3]。在这次极端寒冷事件期间,地表温度降     

中国过去300年土地利用变化及其气候效应

以两种植被数据为基础,分别利用区域和全球气候模式对过去300年土地利用和地表覆盖变化的气候效应进行了模拟研究。结果表明,耕地面积不断扩大所造成的自然植被破坏可能对区域性气候产生显著影响。通过对不同时期植被特征下地面温度、降水和低层大气环流的比较分析发现,中国东部地区耕地取代自然植被后,全年平均温度有所降低,且存在明显季节差异。植被退化地区的夏季温度有明显升高而冬季温度则显著降低; 同时夏季降水和850hPa风场发生显著变化： 夏季降水明显减少,而这一结果与低层(850hPa)大气环流的反气旋性增强相联系,即植被退化使中国东部夏季风环流减弱,这与目前观测事实是一致的。土地利用引起的地表覆盖的变化可能是东亚季风减弱的原因之一。     

中上新世气候增暖的归因分析

中上新世是古气候研究领域的重要时期,研究此时期气候能为理解地球气候系统和预估未来气候变化提供帮助。利用美国国家大气研究中心研发的通用气候系统模式的平板海洋模式组件CCSM4-SOM,模拟了相对于工业革命前期,大气CO2浓度、地形和地表类型改变对中上新世气候增暖的不同影响。结果表明,地形改变对全球年平均地表气温影响较小,但在地形降低较大区域其增温效果十分明显; 大气CO2浓度增加导致全球年均地表气温显著增加,而且全球各纬度均有增温,由于海冰反馈作用,两半球高纬海域增温更为显著; 地表类型改变在北半球高纬增温效应最为明显,部分地区增温幅度已超过大气CO2浓度增加所引起的增幅。总体来看,大气CO2浓度增加所引起的增温效应在全球年平均和全年纬向平均上表现显著,但在高纬局地区域,它的影响并没有地形和地表类型改变的影响大。     

深部碳循环的环境气候效应SCIEI北大核心CSCD

地球表层温度主要由接收的太阳辐射能量及大气温室气体的保温能力共同控制。CO_(2)等温室气体通过对大气温度的调节影响着全球环境气候变化,工业革命以来全球CO_(2)排放量的增加被认为是全球变暖的重要原因,地质历史时期大气CO_(2)浓度的波动与温室和冰室气候的交替出现相对应。地球超过90%的碳赋存于深部,因此地球深部过程的些许波动便会影响到地表碳含量,进而深刻影响着地球的环境气候变化。以往的研究注重地表碳循环对环境气候的影响,对深部碳的贡献考虑不足。最近十余年全球开展了详细的深部碳循环研究,基于已经取得的重要成果,本文从大火成岩省、裂谷和俯冲带的视角对深部碳循环驱动的环境气候效应进行了系统回顾。认为未来的研究需要对地球深部碳循环通量和碳同位素组成进行更精确的定量,这是我们认识深部碳循环对地表环境气候影响的基础;除了碳元素本身我们还需要关注其他挥发性元素和有害金属元素的综合效应;俯冲带作为全球壳-幔相互作用和物质交换循环最重要的场所,应该是进行深部碳循环观察和环境气候效应研究的重点。     

全球气候的演化和成因

地球气候历史的特征具有多变性。地球上冰川作用的时期是发生在温暖时期之后的.而寒冷和温暖时期的延续时间相差极大。关于这种变化的发生和某些周期性的产生巳知有几种原因,其它的分布是任意的,甚至在时间上是特殊的事件。本文试图根据可用资料阐述过去的气候,现代全球的平均温度,同时总结这种趋势的已知原因。     

末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期湖光岩玛珥湖沉积记录的正构烷烃和单体稳定碳同位素分布特征及其古植被意义

通过对湖光岩玛珥湖钻孔沉积物中正构烷烃的分析以及高碳数正构烷烃单体化合物稳定碳同位素(δ13C)的测定,重点探讨末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期湖光岩玛珥湖古植被状况及相关的古气候特点。结果显示:沉积物中正构烷烃整体呈现以高碳数为主的组成特征,在nC25~nC33范围内存在显著的奇碳优势。高碳数正构烷烃的分布特征表明在末次盛冰期湖光岩地区以草本植物为主,气候相对冷而干燥; 全新世大暖期,木本植物减少,草本植物相对增多,气温较高且湿润,有利于草本植物发育。长链正构烷烃的δ13C 值揭示在21.1~5.5kaB.P.间,湖光岩地区陆地植被为C3/C4植物混合格局,但总体上以C3植物为主。末次盛冰期,气候干旱,整体上以C4植被为主; 全新世大暖期,湖光岩地区陆地植被以C3植物占主导,当时的气候温暖湿润,有利于C3植物发育。     

末次盛冰期东亚气候的成因检测

在国际古气候模拟比较计划设置的标准试验方案下,首先利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的全球大气环流模式（IAP-AGCM）模拟了末次盛冰期东亚气候状况,然后通过4组数值敏感性试验逐一模拟了大气CO2浓度、海洋表面温度（SST）和海冰、陆地冰盖和地形、东亚植被变化4项强迫因子的单独气候效应,进而对末次盛冰期东亚气候的成因进行了检测。结果表明,末次盛冰期除华南局部略有升温外,中国年均地表气温显著降低,降温幅度总体上向北增大,青藏高原处存在一个降温中心。其中,SST和海冰变化是华南局部略偏暖的主因,它同时导致了东亚其他区域地表气温的显著降低,特别是在东北亚地区;陆地冰盖和地形变化对于东亚地表气温的显著冷却作用主要体现在东亚的西北部;大气CO2浓度降低会引起东亚地区0.2～0.9℃的普遍降温;相对而言,东亚植被的降温作用（0.5～1.0℃）主要显现在中国40°N以南的区域。与此同时,SST和海冰变化能引起中国东部年均降水一定程度的减少,而大气CO2浓度、陆地冰盖和地形、东亚植被单独变化均不会显著影响东亚年均降水的分布状况,然而,上述四项因子的共同变化会通过协同作用引起中国东部年均降水的显著减少,西部地区降水则与现在差别不大。此外,末次盛冰期东亚夏季风的显著减弱源于SST和海冰变化,冬季风变化则可归因于SST和海冰、陆地冰盖和地形的变化。     

中国晚始新世—早渐新世地层孢粉组合及其古气候特征

始新世—渐新世是从65Ma恐龙绝灭以来新生代地球历史上最重要的事件, 此时地球从“暖室”过渡到“冰室”, 全球气候突变, 南极冰首次出现, 气候突变引起生物的大绝灭, 而我国的孢粉组合也有明显的变化特征.根据我国各个区始新世晚期—渐新世早期地层中孢粉组合的演化规律来探讨当时我国的古气候变化规律, 研究认为中国从始新世晚期到渐新世早期总体上亚热带、热带植物成分丰度和分异度都降低, 温带植物如桦科和榆科花粉大增, 耐寒山地针叶植物大量发育, 干旱类型植物增加, 草本植物开始繁盛.这些反映了从始新世晚期到渐新世早期植被组成由热带亚热带常绿阔叶树为主的针阔叶林转变为落叶树为主的针阔混交林, 说明晚始新世气候温暖湿润过渡到早渐新世气候变干变冷.孢粉植物群所反映的我国气候变化趋势与全球气候变化趋势一致, 说明我国的陆地也受全球构造的演变和南极大陆冰盖的影响.      

应用MPM­2模式新元古代气候初步研究

新元古代(650MaB.P.)是地球演化历史上最重大的转折时期之一,这一时期地球气候的模拟研究,对于了解气候变迁、现代气候的形成、自然地理环境的演变有重要意义; 在地质学上,对于地层划分和对比,地壳演化研究以及矿产资源成因和探测都有重要意义。本文在借鉴国内外已有研究的基础上,应用MPM­2——一个中等复杂程度的地球系统模式(EMIC),通过太阳常数和大气二氧化碳浓度的敏感性试验,对新元古代地球气候进行了模拟研究,结果表明在650Ma前,地球全球平均温度一直低于零度,即地球一直是“雪球”,直到650Ma前,全球平均温度大于零,“雪球”消融,雪球时代才结束。     

末次冰盛期和全新世中期东亚地区水汽输送的模拟研究

利用国际古气候模拟比较计划最新第3阶段中9个气候模式针对末次冰盛期、13个气候模式针对全新世中期的数值试验数据,集中研究了这两个时期东亚地区的水汽输送变化。结果表明,相对于工业革命前期,末次冰盛期东亚地区冬季异常水汽输送主要来自跨赤道气流和西北太平洋,东亚大陆沿岸及其临近海域为主要的水汽异常辐合区,对应冬季净降水量增加,异常辐散区主要位于热带海洋和西北太平洋,净降水量减少;夏季,东亚地区异常水汽输送通量以辐散为主,大部分地区净降水量减少,对应东亚夏季风减弱。全新世中期东亚地区冬季水汽输送变化较弱,东南部及临近海域和赤道中太平洋为异常辐散区,不利于冬季净降水;夏季异常水汽输送分别来自热带中西太平洋广阔洋面和西北太平洋异常反气旋式环流西南侧,东亚大陆大部分地区为水汽异常辐合区,夏季净降水量增加,对应东亚夏季风增强。两个时期外强迫驱动下的经向温度梯度、海陆热力对比和大气含水量变化是上述冬、夏季东亚水汽输送异常的主因。

     

The Upper Pleistocene to Holocene sediments on the Mediterranean island of Lampedusa (Italy)

The island of Lampedusa lies on the northern edge of the African continental shelf, but during some Quaternary marine lowstands it was joined to the African continent. The study and dating of the aeolian, alluvial, detrital sediments, calcareous crusts and speleothems have established that the climatic–environmental variations recorded on the island can be related chronologically to those known for northern Libya, Tunisia and the Italian peninsula. During the Last Glacial Maximum, phases of Saharan dust accumulation on Lampedusa occurred, and were coeval with dust accumulation in crater lakes and on high mountains in central‐southern Italy, and with phases of glacial advance in the Apennines and in the Alps. During the late Holocene, accumulation of Saharan dust on Lampedusa occurred but there was little accumulation of dust on the northern side of the Mediterranean Sea. With the new data from Lampedusa, it is possible to envisage two different scenarios of atmospheric circulation relating to the Last Glacial Maximum and to the late Holocene. During the Last Glacial Maximum, southerly atmospheric circulation brought rainfall to the southern slopes of the Alps and to the Apennines. During the late Holocene, a prevalent westerly atmospheric circulation became established in the northern Mediterranean. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

末次间冰期以来陆地生态系统的碳储量与气候变化

陆地生态系统的碳收支是全球气候变化和碳循环研究的核心内容之一.准确估算陆地生态系统的碳储量及其收支状况,对正确评价陆地生态系统在全球碳循环中的作用有重要意义.本文总结了近10年来各国研究者利用不同方法对陆地碳储量变化的研究进展,并对估算陆地碳储量的不确定性进行评价.同时,对陆地生态系统碳储量变化研究结果的分析表明,末次间冰期以来,全球陆地生态系统碳储量存在较大幅度的变化.在末次间冰期5e阶段、末次盛冰期和全新世中期,陆地生态系统碳储量分别为现在的l30～150%、50～85%和105～130%.并且,陆地生态系统碳储量与气候变化有显著的正相关性,但不同区域的生态系统碳储量随气候变化并非具有相同的变化规律.     

Modelling of late Quaternary climate over Asia: a synthesis

Through the late Quaternary, the global climate system ranged from full glacial to temperate interglacial conditions. On a smaller spatial scale, regional climates of the late Quaternary exhibited fluctuations that were at times asynchronous to these global changes. For example, glacier expansion in the Himalayas during the mid-Holocene appears to be at odds with the notion of increased global temperature. A clear understanding of the dynamical processes governing regional climate is therefore essential to the correct interpretation of proxy climate data. We summarize results from numerical simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the mid-Holocene, and focus on the multiple processes that control regional climate of the Himalaya and surrounding areas, with emphasis on monsoon dynamics and variability. It is shown that changes in the south Asian monsoon (caused by fluctuations in Earth's orbital parameters, by tropical Pacific Ocean temperatures, or by exposure of the Sunda shelf) alter the hydrological balance in regions bordering the Tibetan Plateau, a balance for which there are extensive continental proxy records. Numerical results correlate with the expansion/contraction cycles of deserts near the Chinese Loess Plateau. In addition, the LGM monsoon exhibits significant snow accumulation in the eastern Himalaya, whereas the mid-Holocene monsoon exhibits increased accumulation in the northwestern Himalaya. Simulated changes are therefore in accord with field data and demonstrate that numerical simulations can be a useful tool in the interpretation of regional proxy data, particularly when those data are asynchronous to global records.     

Simulated climate conditions in Europe during the Marine Isotope Stage 3 stadial

Kjellström, E., Brandefelt, J., Näslund, J.‐O., Smith, B., Strandberg, G., Voelker, A. H. L. & Wohlfarth, B. 2010: Simulated climate conditions in Europe during the Marine Isotope Stage 3 stadial. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00143.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. State‐of‐the‐art climate models were used to simulate climate conditions in Europe during Greenland Stadial (GS) 12 at 44 ka BP. The models employed for these simulations were: (i) a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean global climate model (AOGCM), and (ii) a regional atmospheric climate model (RCM) to dynamically downscale results from the global model for a more detailed investigation of European climate conditions. The vegetation was simulated off‐line by a dynamic vegetation model forced by the climate from the RCM. The resulting vegetation was then compared with the a priori vegetation used in the first simulation. In a subsequent step, the RCM was rerun to yield a new climate more consistent with the simulated vegetation. Forcing conditions included orbital forcing, land–sea distribution, ice‐sheet configuration, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations representative for 44 ka BP. The results show a cold climate on the global scale, with global annual mean surface temperatures 5 °C colder than the modern climate. This is still significantly warmer than temperatures derived from the same model system for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Regional, northern European climate is much colder than today, but still significantly warmer than during the LGM. Comparisons between the simulated climate and proxy‐based sea‐surface temperature reconstructions show that the results are in broad agreement, albeit with a possible cold bias in parts of the North Atlantic in summer. Given a prescribed restricted Marine Isotope Stage 3 ice‐sheet configuration, with large ice‐free regions in Sweden and Finland, the AOGCM and RCM model simulations produce a cold and dry climate in line with the restricted ice‐sheet configuration during GS 12. The simulated temperature climate, with prescribed ice‐free conditions in south‐central Fennoscandia, is favourable for the development of permafrost, but does not allow local ice‐sheet formation as all snow melts during summer.     

欧亚大陆湖泊记录和两万年来大气环流变化

159个湖泊地质记录提供了欧亚大陆两万年来大气环流变化信息。盛冰期北欧低湖面而地中海地区高湖面,反映冰流反气旋控制和西风带南迁。随着晚冰期冰流高压减弱、西风带回迁,南欧为低湖面而北欧低湖面范围减小。全新世早中期北欧阻塞高压发展,干燥炎热;南欧地区性季风环流加强,气旋雨增加。中国青藏高原至东西伯利亚高湖面,反映东亚季风扩张、季风雨以及高原对流雨增加。晚更新世以来湖泊所反映的西风带和季风环流变化,揭示了辐射异常和北半球冰流消长的动力控制。     

冰芯中不溶微粒的研究进展

冰芯中的微粒是反映大气粉尘的直接指标,其研究内容包括浓度、通量、粒径和矿物组成等在不同时期的变化特征以及其对全球气候的影响.简要地介绍大气粉尘对全球气候的影响,总结了近年来冰芯中的微粒研究以及用于解释末次冰盛期时高粉尘的几个气候模型的主要进展,着重讨论利用微粒的同位素特征来确定其来源以及利用微粒记录进行定年的方法与结果.     

Glacial and Holocene terrestrial temperature variability in subtropical east Australia as inferred from branched GDGT distributions in a sediment core from Lake McKenzie

Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) distributions observed in a sediment core from Lake McKenzie were utilized to quantitatively reconstruct the pattern of mean annual air temperature (MAAT) from coastal subtropical eastern Australia between 37 and 18.3 cal ka BP and 14.0 cal ka BP to present. Both the reconstructed trend and amplitude of MAAT changes from the top of the sediment core were nearly identical to a local instrumental MAAT record from Fraser Island, providing confidence that in this sediment core branched GDGTs could be used to produce a quantitative record of past MAAT. The reconstructed trend of MAAT during 37 to 18.3 cal ka BP and timing of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the Lake McKenzie record were in agreement with previously published nearby marine climate records. The amplitude of lower-than-present MAAT during the LGM potentially provides information on the latitude of separation of the Tasman Front from the East Australian current in the subtropical western Pacific. The Lake McKenzie record shows an earlier onset of near modern day warm temperatures in the early Holocene compared to marine records and the presence of a warmer than present day period during the mid-Holocene.     

Wetter or colder during the Last Glacial Maximum? Revisiting the pluvial lake question in southwestern North America

Well-preserved shorelines in Estancia basin and a relatively simple hydrologic setting have prompted several inquiries into the basin's hydrologic balance for the purpose of estimating regional precipitation during the late Pleistocene. Estimates have ranged from 86% to 150% of modern, the disparity largely the result of assumptions about past temperatures. In this study, we use an array of models for surface-water runoff, groundwater flow, and lake energy balance to examine previously proposed scenarios for late Pleistocene climate. Constraints imposed by geologic evidence of past lake levels indicate that precipitation for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) may have doubled relative to modern values during brief episodes of colder and wetter climate and that annual runoff was as much as 15% of annual precipitation during these episodes.