辽宁沿海银鱼资源调查和主要银鱼群体结构的研究

辽宁沿海有４属５种银鱼分布。对５种银鱼进行了描述检索,研究分析了银鱼资源变动情况及原因和安氏新银鱼、有明银鱼的群体结构。     

滇池银鱼资源变动的生态学分析

以银鱼移植滇池后资源变动的状况为例分析了持续处于高密度状态下的r—选择型种群其密度对个体生长及生物量的影响、种群动态变化之间的关系，并对滇池银鱼衰退的主要原因进行了探讨。     

大银鱼和小齿日本银鱼线粒体细胞色素b和16S rRNA基因部分序列分析

对大银鱼和小齿日本银鱼的线粒体细胞色素b和16S rRNA基因片段进行了扩增和序列测定，分析比较了2种间的序列差异。大银鱼2个个体间细胞色素b基因序列无差异，小齿日本银鱼3个个体的序列出现了2种单倍型；大银鱼同小齿日本银鱼细胞色素b序列(单倍型SB-1)之间存在86个碱基差异(差异率21％)，变异较大。大银鱼、小齿日本银鱼的16S rRNA基因片段种内个体间无序列差异，两种间存在21个碱基的差异(差异率5％)，有1个碱基的插入／缺失。由此可见，2种银鱼间线粒体细胞色素b基因的进化速率较快，约为16S rRNA基因片段的4倍。根据细胞色素b序列数据。推算出2种银鱼大概在中新世晚期发生分化。     

徐家河水库枝角类优势种群与近太湖新银鱼关系的初步研究

于 1 995年 6月— 1 997年 1 2月 ,对徐家河水库枝角类优势种群的密度和近太湖新银鱼 (Neosalanxpseudotaihuensis)的生物量 (单位努力量渔获量 )进行了初步调查 ,以期研究银鱼与浮游动物的关系。结果表明 ,在 1 995年银鱼的生物量较高时 ,透明薄皮 (Leptodorakindti)、盔形 (Daphniagaleata)和模糊秀体 (Diaphanosomadubia)等大型枝角类的密度较低 ;在 1 997年银鱼的生物量较低时 ,这三种枝角类的密度则较高。而象鼻 (Bosminaspp )这样的小型枝角类恰恰相反 ,当银鱼的生物量较高时 ,其密度较高 ;反之 ,其密度较低。表明银鱼可以对枝角类产生显著的影响     

出网银刀乱——银鱼

银鱼在鱼类分类上属于鲑形目．银鱼科。它们分布于山东至浙江沿海的长江、珠江等河流的入海处，尤以鄱阳湖，长江口崇明等地为多，江苏太湖也盛产。银鱼种类有15种之多，如尖头银鱼（Salanx acuticeps）、白肌银鱼（Leucosoma chinensis）、短尾新银鱼（Neosalanx tangkahkeii）。尖头银鱼体细长，约27厘米，前部平扁，后部较高，吻尖突，两颌等长，各具一行犬牙，具假鳃，体无鳞，雄鱼臀鳍上方具一纵行大鳞片，体色银白，半透明，尾鳍有黑点，     

2种银鱼线粒体COⅡ及侧翼tRNA基因的测定分析及其亲缘关系研究

探讨4种银鱼及香鱼线粒体COⅡ基因序列变异及它们的亲缘关系.测定和分析大银鱼和太湖新银鱼线粒体COⅡ基因全序列及侧翼tRNA基因序列.并与有明银鱼、小齿日本银鱼及香鱼的同源序列比较,发现大银鱼和太湖新银鱼COⅡ基因的核苷酸序列差异最小,香鱼与有明银鱼的差异最大.此外,选加大西洋鲑等共11种鱼类的COⅡ基因序列,用NJ法和MP法对其进行系统树重建,结果显示:系统树一致将4种银鱼和香鱼聚为一支,其中大银鱼与太湖新银鱼亲缘关系最近.     

两种新银鱼卵膜表面的亚显微结构研究

滇池的新银鱼系80年代初期由江苏太湖引入,其分类地位一直被认定为Neosalanxtangkahkeii taihuensis Chen。张玉玲在全面整理中国新银鱼属的基础上,将该亚种提升为种,名太湖新银鱼N. taihuensis Chen,同时指出新银鱼属鱼卵膜表面具卵膜丝,并图示了光镜下观察到的各种新银鱼卵的卵膜丝形态及其分布情况,表明种间存在一定差异。     

长江口及其邻近海域大银鱼生态的初步研究

本文对长江口及其邻近海域大银鱼的繁殖、食性、生长、分布与洄游作了初步研究。长江河口大银鱼分布于盐度为0.01—30‰的水域。繁殖时期洄游到河口的淡水至12‰左右的咸淡水水域中产卵。大银鱼是在河口淡水和沿岸低盐度海水中繁殖的河口鱼类。湖泊中的大银鱼是被陆封在湖泊中的。     

长江口及其邻近海域有明银鱼的生物学

本文对长江口及其邻近海域有明银鱼的繁殖、食性、生长、分布、洄游和寿命进行了初步研究。有明银鱼为河口鱼类,分布于盐度为0.01—20‰的水域中生长肥育。繁殖时期洄游到河口的淡水区域产卵。产卵后亲鱼死亡,寿命仅壹年。     

千岛湖水华发生与主要环境因子的相关性分析

藻类水华的发生通常被认为是水体富营养化的结果或表征。然而这种对水华发生机制的经典理解却不能很好地解释千岛湖在营养盐较高时没有发生水华而在较低时却发生了水华的现实。通过对千岛湖发生水华前后与其相关的主要生态因子所做的调查和分析结果表明,千岛湖发生大面积水华时的水体营养盐(TN和TP)含量、水位和银鱼生物量等指标均没有与水体历年(1993～1997年)未发生水华时的相应指标存在显著差异(P>0.05);同时也有证据表明,水体浮游动物密度在水华发生前后出现显著差异的可能性很小,且水体也仍处于中营养程度。只有鲢鳙生物量在发生水华时显著小于没有发生水华时的历年生物量平均值。此外,温度也常被认为是诱发水华暴发的一个重要环境因素,但分析认为,水温是周期性变动因子,千岛湖历年的水温并没有显示1998和1999年有任何异常。综合上述分析后认为,千岛湖1998、1999年大面积水华的发生,可能与水体中鲢鳙生物量的显著减少有密切关系。但银鱼的大量存在,遏制了浮游动物的数量,使低鲢鳙生物量和低浮游生物量同时出现成为可能,从而也可能成为导致水华发生的原因之一。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.