基于地质统计学反演方法的洛带气田储层预测

研究区域为洛带气田遂宁组,该储层具有厚度薄、低孔隙度、低渗透层等特征,单一的约束稀疏脉冲反演难以达到精确刻画有利相带。地质统计学反演适用于复杂储层的地震预测和描述,与常规波阻抗反演相比,具有较高的垂向分辨率,能更有效地反映厚度薄的储层,反演结果更接近实际地质特征,能够很好地弥补约束稀疏脉冲反演缺陷,实现对储层特征的精细描述。针对研究区地质特点,根据储层发育特征和地质规律,基于地质统计学理论,采用岩性划分及统计学参数分析等技术方法进行储层预测,有效地预测了洛带气田的砂体厚度、平均孔隙度平面以及储层厚度。     

叠前反演方法在致密砂岩气储层预测中的应用

以鄂尔多斯东缘A区块为例,通过岩石物理正演分析,论证了储层岩石物理参数的敏感性,确定利用纵波阻抗与纵横波速度比参数进行储层的识别。在此基础上进行正演模拟,研究了地震的极限分辨率及不同厚度砂体的地震响应特征,确定了运用叠前地质统计学反演为核心的储层预测技术对该研究区太原组进行储层预测研究,以解决该区储层薄、横向变化快、单一岩石物理参数无法区分岩性等问题。地质统计学反演结果表明,该方法能有效的预测厚度大于3 m的储层。对比研究区内11口测井解释厚度与储层反演厚度表明,储层反演预测厚度平均误差为7.5%,其中5口盲井的平均误差为10.2%,一口新钻井的砂体厚度预测误差为1.73%,为该区的井位部署提供了可靠的资料参考。      

东海西湖凹陷平湖组富煤环境相控储层预测技术

储层预测的常规方法是地震确定性反演和叠后地质统计学反演,但这些方法难以解决复杂地质背景中薄储层的预测。西湖凹陷平湖组埋深大,沉积环境复杂,储层相变快且普遍发育薄煤层,其储层预测一直是勘探开发的重点和难点。采用分步反演方法,在地质模式的指导下,基于本区岩石物理特征,优先利用叠后地质统计学反演方法预测煤层,再将煤层作为已知的岩相信息,建立三维岩相比例体,用于约束叠前地质统计学反演方法,进而达到提高分辨率、精细雕刻富煤环境中薄储层的目的。该技术有效解决了东海煤系地层储层预测可靠性差的难题,保障了开发井的顺利实施,将平湖组储层预测精度提高了15%,深化了沉积储层认识,具有较大的推广应用价值。     

准噶尔盆地玛西地区致密砂砾岩优质薄储层预测

准噶尔盆地玛湖西斜坡区三叠系百口泉组储层为扇三角洲致密砂砾岩,具有低孔、低渗、储层薄的特征,水下中等孔隙度的灰绿色砂砾岩为优质储层。由于地震资料主频低(25~30 Hz),储层薄(10 m左右),而且优质储层与致密层阻抗叠置,目前常用的叠后波阻抗反演、叠前同时反演等方法都满足不了该地区优质薄储层预测的要求。笔者基于取芯、测井、试油等资料开展岩石物理分析,利用纵波阻抗和纵横波速度比建立岩石物理图版,确定该区的优质储层参数特征。在此基础上,开展叠前地质统计学反演,综合叠前同时反演与地质统计学反演技术的优点,实现砂砾岩优质薄储层的预测。反演结果表明,叠前地质统计学反演结果可以明显提高储层纵向预测的分辨率,较好地解决该地区致密砂砾岩优质薄储层预测的问题,为该区下步勘探开发提供依据。     

基于高分辨率波形指示反演方法在“甜点”预测中的应用：以四川盆地焦石坝地区页岩储层为例

针对常规叠后稀疏脉冲反演方法分辨率不足,以及传统叠后地质统计学反演方法缺乏横向地质意义的局限,应用基于高分辨率波形指示反演方法刻画了四川盆地焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩薄储层段波阻抗剖面展布及其优质页岩储层段时间域厚度平面展布情况。通过对焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩薄储层段波阻抗剖面展布进行“盲井”检测,与常规叠后稀疏脉冲反演方法的刻画精度相比,高分辨率波形指示反演方法计算结果的刻画精度提高了一倍。进一步应用高分辨率波形指示反演方法模拟了焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩薄储层段有机碳含量(TOC)剖面展布,为后期页岩储层精细评价以及“甜点”预测奠定了基础。     

地质统计学反演在四川盆地L地区储层预测中的应用

地质统计学反演基于地质统计学方法,综合利用地震、测井数据和地质认识,对储层的空间分布特征进行模拟,预测储层分布规律。通过四川盆地L地区气田开发实践,总结出以地质统计学反演为核心,且适用于四川盆地须家河组非均质构造～岩性复合式气藏的反演路线,在叠后约束稀疏脉冲确定性反演的基础上,由阻抗数据作为约束条件进行储层参数随机模拟,进而进行有利储层预测。结果表明,该方法具有测井数据的垂向分辨率高和地震数据的横向分辨率高的优势,对于识别非均质砂泥岩薄互型储层效果较好。     

叠前同时反演技术在珠江口盆地西部海域天然气水合物储层预测中的应用

珠江口盆地西部海域发育弱BSR或无BSR的天然气水合物储层,常规叠后反演所获得的参数单一,难以精确预测其天然气水合物分布特征。本文在地震道集优化处理、精细速度分析、岩石物理分析及低频模型精确建立的基础上,针对性地采用叠前同时反演技术,对珠江口盆地西部海域天然气水合物储层进行预测,并利用岩相流体概率分析技术对其进行综合识别,实现了对天然气水合物储层地精细刻画。反演预测结果表明,研究区天然气水合物较为发育,预测结果与钻探结果吻合程度较高,应用效果良好。     

Jason软件在霸县凹陷文安城东地区储层预测中的应用

研究采用Jason地震反演软件对地质条件复杂的霸县凹陷文安城东地区进行了储层横向分布预测,利用地质、钻井、测井和地震等综合资料进行地震反演技术,对储层进行预测。采用约束稀疏脉冲反演方法,把叠后的地震反射振幅数据变换为地层波阻抗数据,然后利用反演的波阻抗数据,估算出砂岩厚度和砂岩储层物性参数,做出砂体厚度图,对该地区的砂体展布进行分析。结果表明砂体总体走向与波阻抗的高值区较一致,构造的基本特征及形态与地质认识基本一致。     

叠前多属性概率神经网络反演储层孔隙度

近十年来非线性反演方法(如人工神经网络、遗传算法)在地球物理解释中,得到越来越多的应用,但人工神经网络反演目前通常只采用叠后波阻抗反演结果和叠后地震属性(如振幅、频率和相位)进行预测,而忽略了地震叠前道集中包含的地层信息.这里通过叠前地震反演获得纵波、横波阻抗和密度信息,结合叠前地震属性,综合应用PNN神经网络方法来反演地层孔隙度参数.其过程包括:①提取叠前地震属性和叠前反演纵波、横波阻抗和密度参数;②分析孔隙度和各类叠前属性和叠前弹性参数的相关程度,确定出与孔隙度关系密切的主要参数;③综合叠前反演弹性参数和叠前属性等参数,应用神经网络分析方法反演得出孔隙度体.该方法克服了由于砂泥岩波阻抗重叠造成的叠后波阻抗反演储层预测存在多解性的问题,反演孔隙度体提高了储层识别精度,储层预测和钻井结果一致,符合实际地质规律,证明本方法正确有效.     

地质统计学反演与常规反演在储层预测中的应用效果对比分析

针对砂泥岩薄互层非均质性强、单层砂体薄、储层识别困难的工区,进行了地质统计学反演,并与常规约束稀疏脉冲反演结果进行了对比分析,结果表明:常规约束稀疏脉冲波阻抗反演只能识别大套砂体,无法识别薄互层小砂体,而基于储层参数地质统计分析和随机模拟技术的地质统计学反演方法充分发挥了测井数据的垂向高分辨率和地震数据的横向高分辨率优势,可实现砂泥岩薄互层储层砂体分布的精细描述,变差函分析及马尔科夫链-蒙特卡罗随机模拟技术对于厚度在5m以下的小砂体也能较清晰地刻画。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.