桂林市及近郊土壤汞的分布和污染研究

通过对桂林市区及近郊表层、底层土壤汞的系统取样,测试和编图,阐明了本区土壤汞的分布规律,确定了土壤汞的污染区段和污染程度。在上述工作的基础上,结合基岩汞测量、热释汞方法和重金属元素组合分析,对土壤汞的来源、污染无比汞的赋存状态进行了初步探讨。     

Environmental impacts of the abandoned mercury mine in Podljubelj, Slovenia

The Podljubelj mercury mine lies in the NW part of Slovenia. The ore is of hydrothermal-vein type. The ore deposit was exploited between the years 1557 and 1902. Total production of the mine was 110000 tons of ore （360 tons of Hg）. A smelter located close to the mine had been in operation since 1855. The waste material from the mine and the smelter was dumped in close vicinity of the mine. Total quantity of the waste has been estimated at 170000 tons. In order to establish environmental impacts, soil and stream sediment samples were investigated. Soil samples were collected at two different depths （horizons A and B） in a 100 m grid within an 88 ha area. In the vast area also 11 samples of stream sediments were considered. Heavy metals were determined by means of cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry CV-AAS after aqua regia digestion. Based on the chemical analyses of samples, the estimated mercury mean for soils is 3.67 mg/kg （0.35-244 mg/kg） for horizon A and 1.39 mg/kg （0.17-71.7 mg/kg） for horizon B. The estimated mercury mean for stream sediments is 0.64 mg/kg （0.065-1.36 mg/kg）. The concentrations of mercury in soils generally decrease with depth and distance from the mine. The highest content of Hg was determined in a sample taken in the immediate vicinity of the smelter （719 mg/kg）. The results have shown that on the 9 ha of the study area, the contents of Hg in soils exceeded the officially set limit value for soils （10 mg/kg）. High contents of Hg in soil around the abandoned smelter are a consequence of former atmospheric emissions and technological losses. High contents of Hg were also found in the mine and smelter waste dump. At the edges of the study area and in the samples of stream sediments, Hg concentrations are low.     

The concentrations and distribution of mercury in aquatic ecosystem of Baihua Reservoir

1Introduction Thebiogeochemicalcycleofmercuryinaqueous systemisthekeyfactorleadingtotheexpansionof mercurypollutiononaglobalscaleandthesafetyof fishconsumers.Dissolvedgaseousmercury(DGM)e vasionisconsideredasoneofthemostimportantmer curysourcesforatmosphere.Atthesametime,this procedurewillreducetheHgburdeninthewatercol umnandmaythusdecreasemethylmercuryproduction andaccumulationinfish(Nriagu,1994).TheBaihua ReservoirissituatedinGuizhouProvince,andithas sufferedseriousmercurycontaminationfr…     

Determination and vertical distribution of nitrogen species in sediments of Funan Rivers, Chengdu City, China

Although numerous papers have been published on nutrients in Great Lakes, estuaries, continental shelf areas and marines in the aspects of determination, sediment-water-interface exchange, fluxes and budget estimation, eutrophication and microbial processes as well as modeling study, the knowledge of river condition （especially urban river） is uncertain and simply considered as a contributor to eutrophication of estuary. After a series of determinations of nitrogen species corresponding to ammonia-N （AN）, Kjeldahl-N （K-N）, and total nitrogen （TN） by means of National Standards for China, the nitrate ＆ nitrite （Nitr-N） and org-N were obtained by the difference of TN with K-N, and K-N with AN, respectively. Therefore, the behaviors of vertical distributions in overlying waters and porewaters in the Fu and Nan Rivers located in Chengdu City were achieved.     

中国汞的地球化学空间分布特征

20世纪80年代以来中国积累了岩石、土壤和水系沉积物中的大量可靠的汞分析数据和图件,为分析汞的地球化学空间分布特征提供了依据.从空间分布上看,从中国北部到南部,从西部到东部,土壤和水系沉积物中汞的含量背景值逐渐增高,汞在以干旱荒漠区、半干旱荒漠区、黄土地区和高寒山区为主的西部和北部呈低背景,在东部的森林沼泽区和半湿润低山丘陵区为中等背景,在南部的湿润低山丘陵区、热带雨林区和高山峡谷区为高背景,尤其在以云南东南部、贵州、广西西部、湖南西部岩溶区为中心的低温成矿域内,无论岩石、土壤还是水系沉积物,汞含量背景值达到最高.一般情况下,岩石、土壤和水系沉积物之间的汞含量具有继承性,在地理空间分布上呈明显的对栽应关系,并且土壤和水系沉积物之间的汞含量具有相近性,土壤和水系沉积物较岩石更为富集汞.     

Total gaseous mercury emissions from mercury-enriched soil in Guizhou, China

Guizhou is located in the Circum-Pacific Global Mercuriferous Belt, and mercury concentrations in soil in this area are enriched. In-situ total gaseous mercury （TGM） exchange fluxes between air and soil surface were intensively measured at four sampling sites in Guiyang from 21 May to 16 June, 2003, and five sites in the Lanmuchang mercury mining area in December 2002 and May 2003, respectively. The in-situ Hg flux measurement was conducted with a dynamic flux chamber （DFC） of quartz. Overall, net emissions were obtained from all sampling sites. Soil mercury concentration and solar radiation have been proved to be the two most important parameters to control mercury emissions from soil. Meanwhile, rain events can enhance mercury emission rate significantly.     

应用于水文与工程地质的化探新方法土壤吸附汞地球化学测量

介绍了化探土壤吸附汞地球化学测量方法的基本原理,指出土壤中汞异常具有多种来源,单一测汞方法不能区别其来源。测汞方法最重要的作用最准确指出汞气的迁移通道－基岩的断裂破碎带。因此该方法更适用于水文与工程地质勘查,特别是地下水勘查。     

成都市市区土壤热释汞地球化学分布特征及污染评价

首次将热释汞研究用于环境污染检测领域,对成都市市区,流经市区的主要河流沿岸以及市区内公园土壤中热释汞的地球化学特征及空间分布特征进行了分析研究,对热释汞的污染程度与其它汞的研究方法做了对比研究。结果表明:热释汞研究方法与其它汞研究趋势相符,即一环路之内的热释汞含量明显偏高;其它地方的热释汞含量为:南河>府南河>沙河>府河;建筑区>公园>河流沿岸。     

武汉城市湖泊汞的环境地球化学评价

汞由于其在环境中的持久性、生物地球化学可循环性以及潜在的生态威胁性而受到格外关注。对武汉远郊、城乡结合部和市区三种环境中6个湖泊的水、沉积物和生物(鱼)中汞污染特征进行了调查采样,用原子荧光光谱仪进行了汞含量的测定。采用Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法直接评价了武汉湖泊汞的生态效应。结果表明,与国家食品卫生标准鱼肉中汞含量(≤300ng/g)相比,除梁子湖乌鱼(汞含量为676ng/g)外,6个湖泊3种鱼肉中汞含量均未超标,表明武汉城市湖泊汞元素尚未造成明显的生态效应;与国家Ⅲ类水质汞含量标准(0.1μg/L)相比,除金银湖水汞含量(0.137μg/L)略有超标外,其他湖水汞含量分布在0.048～0.081μg/L之间,均在合格标准线以下,武汉地区湖水中重金属汞污染不严重,不会构成严重的环境问题;应用Hakanson评价模型,据单个金属的潜在生态危害系数,排出所研究湖泊沉积物汞污染程度的序列为:东湖>墨水湖>金银湖>梁子湖>汤逊湖>鲁湖。     

The concentration and distribution of different mercury species in the water columns and sediment of Aha Lake

In order to find out whether Aha Lake was polluted by the acid mining waste water or not, the concentration and distribution of different mercuryspecies in the water columns and sediment profile collected from Aha Lake were investigated. It was found that discernible seasonal variation of different mercury species in water body were obtained in the Aha Reservoir. With regards to the whole sampling periods, the concentrations of HgP in the Aha Reservoir water body were evidently correlated to the concentrations of total mercury, showing that total mercury was mostly associated with particle mercury. The concentrations of methylmercury in water body were also evidently correlated to the concentrations of dissolved mercury. The dissolved mercury evidently affects the distribution and transportation of methylmercury. However, there is no correlation between methylmercury and total mercury. The dissolved mercury, reactive mercury, dissolved methylmercury levels in the water body of high flow period were much higher than those in low flow period. The distribution, speciation and levels of mercury within the Aha Reservoir water body were governed by several factors, such as the output of river, the release of sediment . Discernible seasonal variation of total mercury and methylmercury in porewater was described during the sampling periods, with the concentrations in high flow period generally higher than those in low flow period. The methylmercury in pore water column was evidently correlated to that of the sediment. The results indicated that highly elevated MeHgD concentrations in the porewater were produced at the depths from 2 to 5 cm in the sediment profile, and decreased sharply with depth. A positive correlation has been found between MeHgD formation and sulfate reducing bacterial activity. These highly elevated concentrations of MeHgD at the intersurface between waters and sediments suggest a favorable methylation condition. Moreover,     

Mercury speciation in tailings of the Idrija mercury mine

Five hundred years of mercury (Hg) mining activity in Idrija, Slovenia caused widespread Hg contamination. Besides Hg emissions from the ore smelter, tailings have been found to be the major source of river sediment contamination. In the present study, solid phase binding forms and the aqueous mobility of Hg have been investigated in tailings of the Idrija Hg mine by means of a pyrolysis technique and aqueous Hg speciation. Results show that Hg binding forms differ with the age of the tailings due to the processing of different ores with different roasting techniques. In older tailings, the predominant Hg species is cinnabar (HgS), due to incomplete roasting, whereas in tailings of the 20th century the amount of cinnabar in the material decreased due to a higher efficiency of the roasting process and the increasing use of ores bearing native Hg. In younger tailings, metallic Hg (Hg⁰) sorbed to mineral matrix components such as dolomite and Fe-oxyhydroxides became the predominant Hg binding form in addition to unbound Hg⁰ and traces of HgO. Leaching tests show that in younger tailings high amounts of soluble Hg exist in reactive form. In older tailings most of the soluble Hg occurs bound to soluble complexes. It might be assumed that in the long term, matrix-bound Hg⁰ could be bound to humic acids derived from soils covering the tailings. This means that, despite the lower total Hg concentrations found in the younger tailings, the long-term risk potential of its mobile matrix-bound Hg⁰ is higher than that of older tailings bearing mostly immobile cinnabar.     

南京地区表土镉汞铅含量的空间统计分析

在南京城区和周围郊区近2500km2的区域内,采集了670个表层土壤样品,分析了Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属含量。在ARCGIS等地理信息系统软件的支持下,用地统计学等空间分析方法,分析了数据的概率分布特征、空间自相关特征以及变异函数特征。结果表明,研究区内表层土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属元素平均含量显著高于其全国平均水平;并且不同的元素具有不同的空间自相关特征;变异函数分析显示,Cd和Hg的分布具有明显的空间异质性,而Pb的方向性不明显。元素空间分布特征的研究对研究污染源和污染扩散具有一定指示和引导作用。     

桂林市七星区土壤汞赋存形式及其污染性研究

文章对桂林市七星区五个采样片区的土壤热释汞含量、部分样品汞的赋存形式以及其污染性状进行了分析,并对主要相态汞的来源进行了简单的分析。结果发现:桂林市七星区部分区段土壤汞存在轻度的污染,污染主要源于原始岩石背景含量较高;区内土壤中汞的赋存方式多种多样,组成差异也较大,其中以硫酸汞为主的高温热态汞含量最高,其次为硫化物形态汞,再次为以氧化物形态为主的中温热态汞,而吸附态汞和低温热态亚汞及低温热态汞含量较低,所占总汞含量小于10%。     

城市土壤环境地球化学研究--以苏州市为例

通过苏州城市环境地球化学调查工作的实施,对城市土壤环境地球化学研究的工作方法进行了初步研究.结果显示,苏州城市土壤的主要污染区域分布于东南居民生活区、西部工业区、东部木材加工厂集中区及公路干线一带;主要污染物为重金属、有机污染物多环芳烃、有机氯农药等.根据城市自然地理环境、功能分区特点和分布面积大小,确定土壤环境地球化学采样密度和测试项目是城市土壤环境地球化学研究的关键技术.     

疏浚淤泥流动固化土的压汞试验研究

采用压汞法对疏浚淤泥流动固化土进行了微观孔隙结构的研究,分析了固化土的孔隙体积及入口孔径分布特征与固化材料掺量及固化土龄期的关系,并将微观试验结果与固化土的物理指标和强度特性进行了比较。结果表明,采用压汞法研究疏浚淤泥流动固化土的微观孔隙空间分布是成功的,压汞试验得到的微观孔隙特征与众多学者通过宏观力学试验得出的强度规律是一致的,微观结构试验能够很好地解释宏观物理力学性状。随着固化材料掺量的增加和龄期的增长,淤泥固化土的孔隙体积和D50孔径明显减小,入口孔径分布特征亦发生了相应变化。所得流动固化土的入口孔径主要分布在0.01～10 ?m之间,最大分布孔径在0.5～2 ?m之间。     

Damming effect on the distribution of mercury in Wujiang River

Seasonal changes in total mercury concentrations in surface water were observed for the Wujiang River, with higher values at the time of greater flow. The total mercury in this river was mostly associated with suspended particles, particulate mercury accounting for 84% of the total mercury flux on average during the high flow period, and 52% of the total mercury flux on average in the low flow period. Significant losses of Hg from the water were observed in the downstreams of the reservoir. In addition, the concentrations of particulate mercury in the downstreams of reservoir appeared to have been enhanced by sediment re-suspension and shoreline erosion caused by flood discharge, while the filtered portion decreased. These observations suggested that reservoirs played an important role in controlling the transport and fate of mercury in the Wujiang River.     

云南省会泽县金红矿区土壤热释汞测量对比研究及找矿预测

本文通过对标准样品的重量和时间测试实验,在云南会泽县金红铅锌矿区已知剖面开展温度实验,找出土壤热释汞的最佳测试条件,从而排除影响该方法找矿预测的干扰因素,建立一套适合该区土壤热释汞找矿预测的标准方法。利用该方法实验结论,对该区土壤样品做了300℃和650℃两个温度的条件下的平面异常对比,结合该区地质背景分析验证300℃这个温度条件适合于该区土壤样品测试分析,并在此温度条件下对该区进行找矿预测评价。     

江西九江城门山铜矿汞气测量找矿方法

在城门山铜矿系统开展了土壤壤中汞、热释汞、全汞的测量。结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩和破碎带上覆的土壤中具有明显的壤中汞气、热释汞的富集,土壤中汞气的主要源是深部的硫化物矿体。汞异常能够准确地反映出下伏矿体的赋存部位。土壤全汞因为本底汞的影响不能很好地反映矿化信息,利用土壤全量汞与热释汞含量的比值来抑制本底汞,突显热释汞,能更清晰地显示深部的矿化信息,是示踪深部矿化信息的有用的地球化学指标。     

江西九江城门山铜矿汞气测量找矿方法

在城门山铜矿系统开展了土壤壤中汞、热释汞、全汞的测量.结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩和破碎带上覆的土壤中具有明显的壤中汞气、热释汞的富集,土壤中汞气的主要源是深部的硫化物矿体.汞异常能够准确地反映出下伏矿体的赋存部位.土壤全汞因为本底汞的影响不能很好地反映矿化信息,利用土壤全量汞与热释汞含量的比值来抑制本底汞,突显热释汞,能更清晰地显示深部的矿化信息,是示踪深部矿化信息的有用的地球化学指标.