复小波变换反演重力异常

对国外最新研究位场连续复小波变换理论的一系列文章进行了系统归纳、推导与总结,推出了板状体重力场的小波变换系数解析式.对齐次场源形成的重力场进行柯西小波变换,等效于重力场向上延拓和求导两种运算相结合,并服从小波变换双尺度定律.利用小波变换系数模沿极值轴线的变化特征同时反演重力场源的几何形状、埋深、倾角.独立编写了所有程序,并对不同理论模型进行了大量计算,对所有结果进行了分析与讨论.此法为重力场反演提供了一条新的途径,实用于重磁资料自动化处理、反演与解释.     

利用位场连续复小波变换识辨磁场源(下)

基于齐次位场源的位场柯西小波变换，等效于位场向上延拓和求导两种运算相结合原理，建立了不同的理论模型，并编写了所有程序，通过合成资料的大量计算，对所有结果进行了验证与讨论。利用小波变换系数模沿极值轴线的变化特征，可以同时反演位场源的几何形状、埋深、倾角。实用于重磁资料自动化处理与解释，为磁场反演提供了一条新的途径。     

小波多尺度分析在煤田火烧区磁法探测中的应用

根据小波多尺度分析原理,分解磁异常。理论模型及实例分析表明,小波多尺度分析对分解后的磁异常,可按需要区分不同地质意义,突出目标地质体,抑制干扰,划分煤田的火烧区烧变岩边界。      

二代小波变换在重力场源分离中的应用

野外采集的重力数据是地下各类地质体重力场的叠加反映,如何有效地分离深源场和浅源场是重力资料处理中的一项重要内容。基于二代小波变换基本理论,在一维的基础上,给出了二维Haar预测算子的构造方法,并利用密度模型正演模拟,证明了二代小波变换实现多尺度分解的有效性,并以苏北某地区重力数据为例,应用二代小波变换开展浅部和深部重力异常场的分离。结果表明,该方法简单实用,在重力数据的场源分离中可以发挥重要的作用,对研究区域性断裂构造特征、划分构造单元、圈定隆坳格局等方面的地质问题具有参考价值。     

重磁场的变差函数特征及应用

用变差函数研究重磁场的区域变化特征.变差函数的变程反映重磁场的相干范围, 块金效应反映随机干扰, 基台值反映变异程度.重磁场的理论模拟说明: 重力场的相干范围大于磁场, 重磁场变程主要取决于场源深度, 浅源重磁场变差函数近似为球状模型或指数模型, 深源重磁场近似为连续性更好的高斯模型.磁场场源深度近似等于变程的一半, 重力场场源深度近似等于变程的四分之一.湖北大冶铁矿垂直分量磁异常具有几何各向异性, 北西-南东走向, 变差函数推测磁铁矿平均深度为250m.磁异常小波多尺度分解细节和逼近部分磁场具有协调几何各向异性, 变差函数的各阶场源深度估计结果与功率谱估计结果吻合.      

Two-dimensional Conditional Simulations Based on the Wavelet Decomposition of Training Images

Scale dependency is a critical topic when modeling spatial phenomena of complex geological patterns that interact at different spatial scales. A two-dimensional conditional simulation based on wavelet decomposition is proposed for simulating geological patterns at different scales. The method utilizes the wavelet transform of a training image to decompose it into wavelet coefficients at different scales, and then quantifies their spatial dependence. Joint simulation of the wavelet coefficients is used together with available hard and or soft conditioning data. The conditionally co-simulated wavelet coefficients are back-transformed generating a realization of the attribute under study. Realizations generated using the proposed method reproduce the conditioning data, the wavelet coefficients and their spatial dependence. Two examples using geological images as training images elucidate the different aspects of the method, including hard and soft conditioning, the ability to reproduce some non-linear features and scale dependencies of the training images.     

云南北衙铁金矿区小波多尺度分析综合解释方法应用效果

通过模型磁异常分解,结合功率谱分析及异常振幅计算场源深度并判断场源分布平面位置,表明小波多尺度分析在位场分离中的有效性.将该方法应用于北衙铁金矿区磁异常分析解释,通过功率谱分析估算了各阶细节及四阶逼近的场源深度,结合不同深度异常振幅推断了磁源空间展布关系特征.分析表明,区内北部和西部强磁异常主要由矿体引起,且矿体在中深部产状发生改变;而东部大范围磁异常区主要为二叠系玄武岩所致.     

Magnetics in geoexploration

The magnetic method is the oldest and one of the most widely used geophysical techniques for exploring the earth’s subsurface. It is a relatively easy and inexpensive tool to employ, being applicable to a wide variety of subsurface exploration problems involving horizontal magnetic property variations occurring from near the base of the crust to within the uppermost meter of soil. Successful applications of the magnetic method require an in-depth understanding of its basic principles and careful field work, data reduction, and interpretation. Commonly, interpretations are limited to qualitative approaches which simply map the spatial location of anomalous subsurface conditions, but under favourable circumstances the technological status of the method will permit more quantitative interpretations involving specification of the nature of the anomalous sources. No other geophysical method provides critical input to such a wide variety of problems. However, seldom does the magnetic method provide the complete answer to an investigation problem. As a result, it is generally used in concert with other geophysical and geological data to limit its interpretational ambiguities.     

重磁场多尺度分析原理

介绍了连续小波变换,离散小波变换,框架理论和多分辨分析（多尺度分析）等小波分析的基本方法原理以及第二代小波（升降方案）,以及近年来小波分析在重磁场中的应用成果（包划常识别,异常分离,信号云噪,重磁下延,反演成像等方面）。在对其进行仔细分析的基础上,指出目前小波分析在重磁场领域应用中存在的问题,诸如如何选择一个较优的小波母函数,并提出相应的解决思路－模型小波。     

Real-time Uncertain Geological Boundaries Updating for Improved Block Model Quality Control Based on Blast Hole Data: A Case Study for Golgohar Iron Ore Mine in Southeastern Iran

One main problem in the modeling of mineral deposits is to design a block model that divides the deposit into homogeneous subdomains. The spatial uncertainty in the geological boundaries becomes a critical factor prior to the modeling of the ore properties. For this reason, reducing the uncertainty of geological models leads to an improved mineral resource evaluation. This research work addresses the problem of updating the geological models by using actual online-sensor measurement data. A novel algorithm is provided, which integrates the discrete wavelet transform to the Ensemble Kalman Filter for assimilating online-sensor production data into geological models. The geological realizations in each time step are transformed to frequency coefficients and, after each assimilation step, the updated realizations are back-transformed to the original categorical distribution. Furthermore, a reconciliation process is performed to compare the online-sensor data derived from the production blocks and the updated realizations in each time step. The algorithm is illustrated through an application to the Golgohar iron deposit located in SW of Sirjan, Iran, and proves to reproduce the statistical parameters and connectivity values of the primary geological realizations.

     

Geomagnetic field anomalies over the Lombok Island region: an attempt to understand the local tectonic changes

During the last years, several investigations on the earthquakes and related tectonic structures along the Java Trench have been conducted. In this study, we focus on the Lombok Island—West Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia), which lies between the centres of the highest intensity of contiguous negative–positive geomagnetic anomalies in this region. The geological and tectonic structures, however, are not known in detail for this island, whereas a better knowledge of these conditions could lead to better estimate the potential earthquake risks and thus a possible improvement of the existing early warning system. We have performed a ground-based geomagnetic survey at 56 stations in the Lombok Island during October–November 2006 for a detailed mapping and interpretation of geomagnetic anomalies related to the geological and tectonic characteristics. The 2D and 3D magnetic maps show a general geomagnetic anomaly pattern in the Lombok Island which consists of repeated contiguous negative–positive anomalies. Two forward models have been proposed for a profile connecting a strongest apparent dipolar structure. The first model assumes a uniformly magnetized sphere as the source of the anomaly, and could be interpreted as a specific local structure composed by a quite large magnetic body. The second model considers several rocks with different susceptibilities and magnetizations, and could be interpreted as a discontinuity in the geological structures. This model agrees with the local geological surface conditions and the known large scale regional tectonic structure. Therefore, it is used to interpret our results in terms of tectonic characteristics, which suggests the potential existence of a new tectonic element (e.g. a local normal fault) in this region.     

区域地质调查与资源勘查高精度磁测找矿效果——以青海尕林格矿区为例

青海尕林格铁矿区地表有近200 m厚的第四系覆盖层,地质工作几乎无法开展,加之钻井控制有限,增加了该区勘探的难度。笔者在前人工作的基础上,运用小波多尺度方法分析了该区的平面磁异常,发现小波一阶、二阶细节突出了3线附近的断裂特征,同时对3线设计剖面作正演计算,也表明该剖面处在断裂位置。该推断已经被钻探验证。另外小波四阶细节（场源似深度456 m）表现为区域场特征,推断该区深度456 m以下存在磁铁矿体的可能不大,对位于异常中心的5号地质剖面的正演计算没有发现剩余异常,也映证了该区深部没有隐伏铁矿体。小波多尺度分析与2.5维人机交互反演技术等综合方法技术的应用,加深了对该区磁异常特征的认识,可以为钻孔布置提供有力的佐证。     

Aeromagnetic contributions to the study of the Paleozoic basement structure of Southern High Plateaus (Eastern Morocco)

The observed aeromagnetic anomaly map of Southern High Plateaus provides general information about the magnetization variations that are associated with subsurface magnetic sources, but it does not bring clear information about all geological elements of the study area. In this work, we attempt, by analyzing these aeromagnetic data, to determine structures of Paleozoic basement that may indicate the presence of major deep-seated structures in this area. To better understand and outline the basement geological structures, two approaches have been performed. Such analysis includes application of a low-pass filtering and spectral analysis, which permits an enhanced visual interpretation of the magnetization sources and leads to a better knowledge of the geological structures especially basins or intrusive bodies. The results obtained show magnetic anomalies indicating geological features trending NE–SW. They also reveal two depths of magnetic sources in the area. The deeper sources range from 1074 to 4057 m and reflect the Paleozoic basement. However, the shallower sources range from 153 and 596 m reflecting magnetic sources shallower than the basement. The outcomes of this study suggest a new structure and will contribute to better understand the characteristics and organization of the basin as well as the improvement of the geological map of the area for hydrocarbon exploration.     

Using stratiform magnetic anomalies to map near-surface architecture: insights from the Amadeus Basin

The Amadeus Basin displays subtle magnetic anomalies that trace strata for considerable distance, highlighting complex folding patterns. Magnetic modelling techniques can be utilised on these stratiform anomalies to extrapolate the near-surface structure of the basin. However, because of the mathematical trade-off between the dip and magnetisation of bodies, the dips of the bodies cannot be known unless the magnetisation is also known. Normally it would be optimal to measure the magnetisation, but this is not always possible or feasible. In this study, we investigate the relationships between dip and magnetisation using an approach that would generally be considered a little backward, i.e. constraining magnetisation direction using geological data. Three study areas were chosen to investigate a number of stratigraphic horizons, the Waterhouse Range, Glen Helen and Ross River areas. Modelling results suggest that some layers primarily retain induced magnetisation, remanence is dominant in others, but both are present in most. Remanence is mainly associated with relatively oxidised units that contain only hematite (e.g. Arumbera Sandstone), and we have demonstrated that these magnetisations predate folding of the Ross River Syncline. In some cases, the anomalies represent redox zonation within units, e.g. the Pertatataka Formation near Glen Helen, where discrete magnetic layers correspond to thin grey (reduced, magnetite-rich) horizons interbedded with more prevalent red (oxidised, hematite-rich) horizons. We also found that where magnetised units are relatively thin and occur near the surface, their magnetic response is sharp, and in aeromagnetic data such adjacent anomalies commonly overlap to form a single anomaly, thus misrepresenting the magnetic field, and mis-mapping the actual magnetic horizons. While the magnetic properties of the causative bodies are variable, we have demonstrated that a better understanding of the magnetic properties of these magnetised horizons can be used to provide insights into the structure and tectonic history of the Amadeus Basin.     

南海北部缘重力异常的多尺度分析及其构造讨论

重力异常是由地下各种密度不均匀体所产生的叠加效果。采用二维小波多尺度方法对南海北部缘重力异常进行分析,解译了重力异常所反映的地下源体,对南海北部缘盆地构造进行认识。通过对南海北部缘重力异常进行分解,结合研究区域地形地貌,对盆地构造和地下岩体分布等地质特征进行分析。结果显示,四阶变换逼近主要由莫霍面起伏引起,小波变换细节主要由沉积基底面的起伏引起。利用小波多尺度对重力异常进行分析具有较好的效果,值得进一步推广研究。     

杭州市滑坡地质灾害危险性区划与评价

基于证据权法构建滑坡地质灾害评价模型,进行杭州市滑坡地质灾害危险性区划研究。主要数据源包括1930－2009年杭州市域采集到的1 905个地质灾害个例以及杭州市地质图、土地利用数据及数字高程模型（DEM）等。利用Arcgis空间分析及信息提取功能,筛选强降水、地层岩性、坡度、坡向、坡高、河网与道路缓冲等证据因子,并运用证据权法客观确定各因子权重, 最后通过Arc-WofE扩展模块对多种优选因子的叠加,计算任意格网单元的滑坡发生概率,实现对潜在滑坡点位的空间预测。经分离样本法验证,区划准确率为88.3%,分析结果与现有滑坡的分布情况比较吻合。据此表明证据权法在多指标评价及其权重确定等方面具有普适性,值得在滑坡地质灾害危险性区划等方面推广应用。     

三参数小波分频处理在走滑断层识别中的应用

压扭应力场环境下形成的走滑断层一般具有断面陡立,在剖面上呈花状等特点,其构造特征复杂,剖面解释和空间组合难度较大。同一地震剖面的浅、中、深层的资料品质有差异,断点、断面的清晰度也不同。以地质背景为基础,针对不同层段采用不同主频的地震资料进行断层解释,能够增强其可靠性。三参数小波变换具有比傅里叶变换、Morlet小波变换更好的时频聚焦性,可以使断层在不同主频的地震剖面上取得最佳的成像效果,有利于人工解释并提高其可信度。南堡凹陷走滑断层发育,这里采用三参数小波分频处理技术,针对该区块的地震资料进行处理并用于断层解释,取得了较好的效果。     

利用位场连续复小波变换识辨磁场源(上)

对国外最新研究位场连续复小波变换理论的一系列文章进行了系统总结与高度概括，并利用水平面磁荷模型的垂直分量对齐次位场小波变换系数与位场导数向上延拓的等价关系进行了详细推导与归纳。基于Poisson半群核构成一类柯西小波，它将对位场的求导以及位场向上延拓这两种运算相结合，形成一简单算子，在作用于齐次场源的位场时，其小波变换系数与位场导数向上延拓是等同的，并服从小波变换双尺度规律。利用位场小波变换系数模沿极值轴线的变化特征分别反演磁场源的形态、埋深、倾角，同时利用其相位反演磁倾角。此法实用于重磁资料自动化处理与解释。     

Improving resolution of gravity data with wavelet analysis and spectral method

Gravity data are the results of gravity force field interaction from all the underground sources. The objects of detection are always submerged in the background field, and thus one of the crucial problems for gravity data interpretation is how to improve the resolution of observed information. The wavelet transform operator has recently been introduced into the domain fields both as a filter and as a powerful source analysis tool. This paper studied the effects of improving resolution of gravity data with wavelet analysis and spectral method, and revealed the geometric characteristics of density heterogeneities described by simple shaped sources. First, the basic theory of the multiscale wavelet analysis and its lifting scheme and spectral method were introduced. With the experimental study on forward simulation of anomalies given by the superposition of six objects and measured data in Songliao plain, Northeast China, the shape, size and depth of the buried objects were estimated in the study. Also, the results were compared with those obtained by conventional techniques, which demonstrated that this method greatly improves the resolution of gravity anomalies. Translated from Progress in Geophysics, 2007, 22(1): 112–120 [译自: 地球物理学进展]     

地磁异常数据处理技术在低纬度地区的应用研究——以柬埔寨王国Mesam金矿为例北大核心CSCD

柬埔寨王国位于低纬度地区,地质勘查程度较低,地面高精度磁测技术能够快速获取磁异常信息,进行找矿评价。在低纬度地区磁化方向主要以水平磁化为主,磁性体产生的磁异常以负磁异常为主。本文通过对柬埔寨王国Mesam金矿磁测数据进行倒相180°、化赤和低纬度化极处理对比,认为三种处理方法得到的结果都能够完整地反映磁场分布特点,在不能忽略剩磁影响的低纬度地区对实测数据进行低纬度化极后再进行解释更加贴近真实且细节更加丰富。通过对低纬度化极后的磁异常进行水平总梯度模和小波多尺度分解计算等位场异常处理,认为磁异常水平总梯度模计算能够较好地反映深部地质体的边界范围,小波多尺度分解计算能够提取特定深度地质体的空间信息,在该区选取的磁异常处理技术是有效的,为进一步扩大该金矿区远景储量提供了新的思路。