SURVEY OF PALESTINE: THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS

Abstract

I suppose most of you look at a map nearly every day and I expect you know a good deal more about them after following the blitzkriege of armies in Europe—and Africa. My advice is, go on learning, for a map has become the means of picturing allsorts of things closely connected with our lives ; modern methods of reproduction have made maps so picturesque and useful that they should be companions to all those who take the trouble to understand them.     

The Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland: An Outline of its History and Present Mapping Tasks

Abstract

This explains the formation of the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland as a separate institution in 1921, when it took over the map series which until that time had been part of the Ordnance Survey (U. K.) responsibility. As happened with many mapping organisations, replanning and reorganisation took place after 1945; this included a triangulation for Northern Ireland to provide a basis for a new Irt"sh Grid, and the introduction of the 1:1250 scale for major urban areas.

The technical problems of reproduction and revision are then considered, and details given for each of the main series.     

MAP MAINTENANCE,POLICY AND TECHNIQUE

Abstract

Introduction.—Although much has been written on the various branches of surveying, few text-books do more than give the problem of Map Maintenance a passing mention. It is true that probably the major problem of the surveyor, when considering the world as a whole, is the urgent need of any sort of accurate map for most of its surface, yet at the same time quite considerable areas have already been surveyed, and the maintenance of these areas forms a very formidable problem in itself. Moreover, it is not generally realized that problems of maintenance necessitate a complete reorientation of technical outlook in comparison with questions of an initial survey. Clearly, when maps are being made in the first instance, the primary requirement is an adequate framework, whose main essentials are accuracy; rigidity and permanence. The filling in of the topographical detail and the final reproduction are matters of necessarily secondary importance. Furthermore, as the time required for the field work is large in comparison with the office stages, there is little actual or apparent gain in reducing the time taken on drawing and reproduction. In these circumstances the problem of an initial survey is essentially mathematical in its technique, little attention being required for the final stages of drawing and reproduction, which can be carried out, by craftsmen, at the unhurried pace which it has been their privilege to maintain in the past.     

Recent Literature - Bookcase

Abstract

A map has long been considered to be a legitimate communication medium, made by the cartographer for different map users. Valuable contributions to the scientific fundamentals of cartography should be expected from the critical investigation of communication aspects of the map, particularly map signs. This article first attempts to analyse the signs used in cartographic communication from the point of view of semiotics - especially semantics - then redefines the map, our communication tool, under its ascertained characteristics.     

THE CADASTRAL MAP

Abstract

In the Empire Survey Review for April 1934 (No. 12, pp. 382–4), the Editor has raised the question of the function of the cadastral map. As he remarks, the question is not simple, but it is easier to say what the function of the map is than to decide of what the map should consist in order that it may fulfil its function. Broadly speaking we may state that the function of the map is to record the boundaries of landed property in such a manner as not only to afford a pictorial representation but also to supply data for the identification of these boundaries on the ground when occasion requires. Apart from this the map should show the areas of properties, as this information may be required for taxation purposes.     

Objective and Subjective Comparison in Choroplethic Mapping

Abstract

Visual map comparison can supplement statistical analysis by providing information as to where and how spatial correspondence occurs. The associations that may be discovered are influenced by the nature of the map features being compared and the criteria used for making the comparisons. In this paper the author has tried to identify the elements of visual recognition that map readers use to associate or differentiate geographical distributions represented by choropleth maps. The main components of the multivariate map reading process are pointed out, including the perceptual interactions between the actual locations of map tones and the overall similarity between map patterns.     

The Earliest Maps of Southampton

Abstract

In editing the early maps of Southampton for reproduction, the City Archivist has made a detailed study of their origins. This account demonstrates the precautions which must be taken in dealing with old maps and plans.     

The Conversion of Aerial Photography to Symbolised Maps

Abstract

The use of the aerial photograph as a basis for a topographic map is currently one of the most interesting developments in cartography. A member of the staff of the Army Map Service, who is primarily concerned with investigations into map design, presents some possible lines of development in this field.     

Pictorial Navigation Displays

Abstract

A pictorial navigation display for aircraft is described, in which the aircraft's ground position and track are continuously displayed, superimposed on the projected image in colour of a topographical map stored on microfilm. The microphotographic technique developed for preparation of the map films is also described. A navigation display of this type will be incorporated in the prototype Concorde supersonic airliner.     

Mastering the Niger. James MacQueen’s African Geography and the Struggle Over Atlantic Slavery

Abstract

Since the publication of the first waterway map in 1990, the Inland Waterways of Britain series has expanded to a total of twenty three individual maps, a national route planning map, the first ring atlas and a directory of the inland waterways which explores aspects of preservation, restoration and heritage. Many of the titles have featured in walking guides, directories, promotional literature and web sites. This paper outlines the development of the series from the first map, describing the maps themselves, tracking the evolution of production methodologies, defining marketing and sales strategies and discussing the decision-making processes behind the publication and introduction of new titles.     

The Peters Phenomenon

Abstract

In 1967 Dr Arno Peters made his first public claim to have designed a world map superior to Mercator and all others. Although professional cartographers have pointed out that the projection is not original or unique, the map has gained a not inconsiderable measure of political acceptance.     

Moving On. Where Should the University Map Collection be Going?

Abstract

This paper argues for the importance of retaining a map library presence on UK university campuses at a time when many are under threat of closure, and access to geospatial data is increasingly moving to web-based services. It is suggested that the need for local expertise is undiminished and map curators need to redefine themselves as geoinformation specialists, preserving their paper map collections, but also meeting some of the challenges of GIS, and contributing to national developments in the construction of distributed geolibraries and the provision of metadata, especially with regard to local data sets.     

Recent Literature - Bookcase

Abstract

Why should a specialist sport require a map of its own? Trout fishing is not dependent on map use, but a carefully researched and presented map is a useful addition to the angler's tackle bag. The sport does not require the absolute planimetric accuracy of, say, an orienteering map, but careful research and selection of features is just as important. What information is essential to the angler and what is helpful? What is background information; and what, if anything, should be left off?     

REPORT OF THE SURVEY OF SOUTHERN RHODESIA FOR 1941

Abstract

1. General.—The size of this Report has been curtailed as far as possible in the interests of economy of reproduction and stationery. The usual annexures giving details of the work in the Drawing Office, the Lithographic Reproduction Press, and the Trigonometrical Survey have been relegated to the Departmental Records for use as required.     

Reflections on Cartography as the British Cartographic Society Celebrates its Golden Jubilee

Abstract

A questionnaire to 128 drivers included map reading tasks using ½-inch to 1 mile maps produced by Philips (Shell Motoring Maps) and by the Ordnance Survey, followed by questions about which of the two maps was preferred and about the features required in a road map.     

Testing the Effectiveness of Road Speed Maps and Conventional Road Maps

Abstract

This paper presents the results of two independent tests undertaken by a broad sample of motorists in the selection of minimum time routes using both the experimental road speed map and the traditional road map as the basic information. The tests are described, the results analysed, and certain conclusions drawn.     

Problems of mapping a nature reserve: Aberlady Bay LNR and SSSI

Abstract

A new five-colour map of Aberlady Bay Local Nature Reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest at 1:7,500 scale is published as a loose insert with the June 1993 issue of The Cartographic Journal. This accompanying paper describes the problems of producing the map at minimal cost, considers some of the cartographic issues particular to the site, and provides specification details of the compilation.

Such individual map sheets, which are used for environmental planning, research and teaching, have in the past been produced mainly by universities with the support of conservancy and countryside agencies. Future production costs at universities will inevitably rise although some economies may be possible by the use of digital database methods of cartography.     

A bevy of area-preserving transforms for map projection designers

ABSTRACT

Sometimes map projection designers need to create equal-area projections to best fill the projections’ purposes. However, unlike for conformal projections, few transformations have been described that can be applied to equal-area projections to develop new equal-area projections. Here, I survey area-preserving transformations, giving examples of their applications and proposing an efficient way of deploying an equal-area system for raster-based Web mapping. Together, these transformations provide a toolbox for the map projection designer working in the area-preserving domain.     

IMPROVEMENTS IN REPRODUCTION METHODS OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY

Abstract

The following six notes describe some of the ways in which reproduction methods of the Ordnance Survey have recently been improved. They have been written by different officersof the Ordnance Survey and Ministry of Supply whose initials appear at the end of each note.     

Continuity markers as an aid for children in finding the peripheral continuity of world maps

ABSTRACT

Many map readers, including both children and adults, find it difficult to determine where they would be located along the edge of a world map after crossing that edge. Different types of markers have long been drawn close to the map’s edge – for example, in an atlas – to help map readers identify the map upon which they will find themselves if that edge is passed. In this study, a method similar to that used to show the continuity between maps in an atlas has been tested to determine whether continuity markers can also be used to help map readers find a world map’s actual peripheral continuity. The study involved children between the ages of 10 and 13 years and showed that continuity markers do help children determine the map’s actual peripheral continuity, in combination with a lesson that describes how to find the actual peripheral continuity of a world map. This article, therefore, concludes that continuity markers for world maps can be a useful part of map design that clarifies how the edges of a world map fit together for children who have learned to use this tool.