An adaptive compromise programming method for multi-objective path optimization

Network routing problems generally involve multiple objectives which may conflict one another. An effective way to solve such problems is to generate a set of Pareto-optimal solutions that is small enough to be handled by a decision maker and large enough to give an overview of all possible trade-offs among the conflicting objectives. To accomplish this, the present paper proposes an adaptive method based on compromise programming to assist decision makers in identifying Pareto-optimal paths, particularly for non-convex problems. This method can provide an unbiased approximation of the Pareto-optimal alternatives by adaptively changing the origin and direction of search in the objective space via the dynamic updating of the largest unexplored region till an appropriately structured Pareto front is captured. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology, a case study is carried out for the transportation of dangerous goods in the road network of Hong Kong with the support of geographic information system. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the approach.     

Detecting vehicle traffic patterns in urban environments using taxi trajectory intersection points

Abstract

Detecting and describing movement of vehicles in established transportation infrastructures is an important task. It helps to predict periodical traffic patterns for optimizing traffic regulations and extending the functions of established transportation infrastructures. The detection of traffic patterns consists not only of analyses of arrangement patterns of multiple vehicle trajectories, but also of the inspection of the embedded geographical context. In this paper, we introduce a method for intersecting vehicle trajectories and extracting their intersection points for selected rush hours in urban environments. Those vehicle trajectory intersection points (TIP) are frequently visited locations within urban road networks and are subsequently formed into density-connected clusters, which are then represented as polygons. For representing temporal variations of the created polygons, we enrich these with vehicle trajectories of other times of the day and additional road network information. In a case study, we test our approach on massive taxi Floating Car Data (FCD) from Shanghai and road network data from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project. The first test results show strong correlations with periodical traffic events in Shanghai. Based on these results, we reason out the usefulness of polygons representing frequently visited locations for analyses in urban planning and traffic engineering.     

一种基于道路网络模型减少车辆轨迹数据量的算法

定位及移动通信的发展使我们可以获取和传输车辆在道路网络上的轨迹信息。除实现定位或导航等基本功能外,从车辆轨迹数据中还可以提取大量的交通信息,成为交通规划和管理的一个重要的信息来源。通过建立轨迹数据与道路网络之间的拓扑关系,提取轨迹数据中能代表主要信息的特征点来代替大量的轨迹数据,以达到减少轨迹数据量的目的。特征点通过一个综合了网络关系、速度币口方向的筛选方法进行提取,该方法也同时有利于建立轨迹数据检索结构和定义查询语言,系统的实验和分析验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

A hybrid approach to modeling territorial control in violent armed conflicts

Territorial control is central to the understanding of violent armed conflicts, yet reliable and valid measures of this concept do not exist. We argue that geospatial analysis provides an important perspective to measure the concept. In particular, measuring territorial control can be seen as an application of calculating service areas around points of control. The modeling challenge is acute for areas with limited road infrastructure, where no complete network is available to perform the analysis, and movements largely occur off road. We present a new geospatial approach that applies network analysis on a hybrid transportation network with both actual road data and hexagon‐fishnet‐based artificial road data representing on‐road and off‐road movements, respectively. Movement speed or restriction can be readily adjusted using various input data. Simulating off‐road movement with hexagon‐fishnet‐based artificial road data has a number of advantages including scalability to small or large study areas and flexibility to allow all‐directional travel. We apply this method to measuring territorial control of armed groups in Sub‐Saharan Africa where inferior transport infrastructure is the norm. Based on the Uppsala Conflict Data Program's (UCDP) Georeferenced Event Data (GED) as well as spatial data on terrain, population locations, and limited transportation networks, we enhance the delineation of the specific areas directly controlled by each warring party during civil wars within a given travel time.     

一种时空路径支持下的车辆油耗与排放估计方法

交通运输中能耗与污染物排放给人类环境带来了严峻挑战。本文提出了一种时空路径支持下的油耗、排放估计新方法。该方法首先在时空集成的三维坐标系下建立个体车辆的时空路径并从中识别移动/停留行为,然后根据时空路径段与提取的运动参数利用COPERT模型估计车辆的油耗和排放,最后提出一种时空路径的N维表达模型,将车辆的运动特征与时空路径段的油耗与排放统一进行可视化。试验中利用武汉市GPS轨迹大数据估计并分析了单辆车与路网片区的油耗与排放,结果显示本文提出的时空路径支持下的车辆油耗与排放估计方法在估计精度与可视化方面优于传统的基于平均速度估计方法,能够更加准确地估计和表达车辆油耗与排放。     

A topographically preserved road‐network tile model and optimal routing method for virtual globes

Virtual globes enable the combination of heterogeneous datasets for optimal routing analyses in transportation, environmental ecology, and construction engineering. In this study, considering the advantages of the hierarchical tiling structure and topography of virtual globes, we propose a tile‐based optimal routing method for large‐scale road networks in a virtual globe. This method designs a topographically preserved road‐network tile model by partitioning roads into tiles and constructs the road‐network pyramid from the bottom to the top. During construction, a TileArc is calculated and flagged as the shortest path in a tile. Based on the built road‐network pyramid carrying hierarchical TileArcs, a multi‐level and flexible shortest path query can be executed efficiently. The proposed method is implemented with large road networks with different road grades in a virtual globe. Experimental results verify its validity, efficiency, and exactness. Moreover, the length of the shortest path with surface distance is approximately 1.3 times longer than that with Euclidean distance.     

基于GPS基准网的GPS快速静态定位及动态定位方法

介绍基于GPS基准网进行GSP快速静态定位和动态定位的原理和方法。通过计算基准网改正数及其空间分布，利用内插方法求出用户站的模型误差改正数，不仅可以提高GPS整周模糊度的可靠性，而且能够大大改善GPS测量的精度。利用香港GPS基准网2001年3月的实测数据进行了解算，发现地区在该时间段内受强电离层活动的影响，采用常规GPS测量方法很难确定整周模糊度。利用传统的快速静态定位方法对香港GPS基准网其中一条边（9.2km）24h的观测数据按每15min计算，模糊度确定的准确率仅为45％。采用基准网内插改正数后，仅利用L1的观测数据模糊度确定的准确率提高到100％。点位精度平面位置由2cm提高到5mm，高程精度由4cm提高到3cm。     

利用浮动车GPS轨迹识别与提取城市道路交叉口

道路交叉口作为道路交汇的枢纽,是路网的重要组成部分,也是最重要的基础地理信息数据之一。浮动车GPS数据具有易获取、低成本和数据量大等优点,但工作同时伴随不少噪点。为了降低噪点对交叉口提取过程的影响,提高计算效率,本文运用KNN算法建立空间索引;计算向量夹角,判定道路出入口,粗筛取交叉口附近点;分别采用K-means算法、DBSCAN算法和层次算法进行聚类分析,进一步确定交叉口位置。最后以成都某区域浮动车GPS数据为例,提取道路交叉口并进行了对比分析,进一步表明本文方法可以服务于智能交通研究与应用。     

利用反向流和冲突消除进行人车混行疏散路网优化

城市突发事件时人员会选择不同的交通方式（步行、驾车等）进行疏散,在交叉口处极易出现人车混行。提出了一种利用反向流和冲突消除策略的人车混行疏散路网优化方法,对主要疏散路径进行人、车流的反向以扩大通行能力,并在交叉口处禁止人、车的部分转向来进行人车分流以消减人车冲突。建立了以平均疏散时间和平均疏散路径长度最小为目标的优化模型,并利用遗传算法求解最优的人车分流方案。以武汉市2 km范围内的路网为例进行实验,并针对不同的人车混合比例进行模型敏感性分析。结果表明,所提方法能通过人车混行网络设计提高疏散效率,在行人比例较高的情况下,平均疏散时间及疏散路径长度的改善较明显。     

基于高分辨率影像的道路交通可达性分析

基于完善的交通规划理论和模型,以某市为例,借助RS技术的空间数据获取能力和GIS技术的空间分析能力,综合考虑最短出行距离、最短出行时间以及网络节点人口密度3个因素,研究分析某市的道路交通可达性,并对现有的道路交通网络进行评价,为未来城市道路交通规划以及城市建设提供科学可靠的参考依据。     

基于道路标线布设方案的交通路网数据库构建研究

道路标线是交通规则的载体,它们布设在物理道路网络上为交通参与者分配路权,并规范其行为。通常,称这种加载了交通规则的物理道路网络为交通路网。本文首先提出了物理道路网络的表示模型;然后结合线性参考技术,以物理道路网络为基础,构建了基于的GIS道路标线布设方案数据模型;最后,本文选取示范路网,运用道路标线布设方案数据库,进行路网交通规则的推导,构建了基于车道级路网数据模型的交通路网数据库,为交通路网数据库的构建提供了一种参考。     

Automatic Road Extraction from High Resolution Satellite Image using Adaptive Global Thresholding and Morphological Operations

Road network extraction from high resolution satellite images is one of the most important aspects. In the present paper, research experimentation is carried out in order to extract the roads from the high resolution satellite image using image segmentation methods. The segmentation technique is implemented using adaptive global thresholding and morphological operations. Global thresholding segments the image to fix the boundaries. To compute the appropriate threshold values several problems are also analyzed, for instance, the illumination conditions, the different type of pavement material, the presence of objects such as vegetation, vehicles, buildings etc. Image segmentation is performed using morphological approach implemented through dilation of similar boundaries and erosion of dissimilar and irrelevant boundaries decided on the basis of pixel characteristics. The roads are clearly identifiable in the final processed image, which is obtained by superimposing the segmented image over the original enhanced image. The experimental results proved that proposed approach can be used in reliable way for automatic detection of roads from high resolution satellite image. The results can be used in automated map preparation, detection of network in trajectory planning for unmanned aerial vehicles. It also has wide applications in navigation, computer vision as a predictor-corrector algorithm for estimating the road position to simulate dynamic process of road extraction. Although an expert can label road pixels from a given satellite image but this operation is prone to errors. Therefore, an automated system is required to detect the road network in a high resolution satellite image in a robust manner.     

SARS沿交通线的“飞点”传播模型

2003年春SARS在中国部分地区暴发与蔓延,情况非常危急。全国集中力量对SARS病原学、实验室诊断和临床治疗以及传播模型、应急反应系统等展开研究。综观此次SARS的传播,除有以往流行性疾病传播的一些共同特点外,还有一个很明显的特点：远距离跳跃式传播。这是以往以及目前针对SARS建立的点源扩散模型无法单独解决的。因此提出建立沿交通线的“飞点”传播模型,以交通工具为一尺度,建立相对封闭的交通工具内的SARS传播模型,另以此为基础,建立沿交通线这一尺度上的有人员流动的空间传播模型,建立二尺度的“飞点”传播模型,模拟交通工具内SARS传播的主要影响因子,SARS疫区对非疫区疫情的影响效果,为SARS防治提供决策支持。     

SARS沿交通线的“飞点”传播模型

2003年春SARS在中国部分地区暴发与蔓延,情况非常危急。全国集中力量对SARS病原学、实验室诊断和临床治疗以及传播模型、应急反应系统等展开研究。综观此次SARS的传播,除有以往流行性疾病传播的一些共同特点外,还有一个很明显的特点：远距离跳跃式传播。这是以往以及目前针对SARS建立的点源扩散模型无法单独解决的。因此提出建立沿交通线的“飞点”传播模型,以交通工具为一尺度,建立相对封闭的交通工具内的SARS传播模型,另以此为基础,建立沿交通线这一尺度上的有人员流动的空间传播模型,建立二尺度的“飞点”传播模型     

Modeling BVOC isoprene emissions based on a GIS and remote sensing database

This paper presents a geographic information systems (GIS) model to relate biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) isoprene emissions to ecosystem type, as well as environmental drivers such as light intensity, temperature, landscape factor and foliar density. Data and techniques have recently become available which can permit new improved estimates of isoprene emissions over Hong Kong. The techniques are based on Guenther et al., 1993, Guenther et al., 1999 model. The spatially detailed mapping of isoprene emissions over Hong Kong at a resolution of 100 m and a database has been constructed for retrieval of the isoprene maps from February 2007 to January 2008. This approach assigns emission rates directly to ecosystem types not to individual species, since unlike in temperate regions where one or two single species may dominate over large regions, Hong Kong's vegetation is extremely diverse with up to 300 different species in 1 ha. Field measurements of emissions by canister sampling obtained a range of ambient emissions according to different climatic conditions for Hong Kong's main ecosystem types in both urban and rural areas, and these were used for model validation. Results show the model-derived isoprene flux to have high to moderate correlations with field observations (i.e. r² = 0.77, r² = 0.63, r² = 0.37 for all 24 field measurements, subset for summer, and winter data, respectively) which indicate the robustness of the approach when applied to tropical forests at detailed level, as well as the promising role of remote sensing in isoprene mapping. The GIS model and raster database provide a simple and low cost estimation of the BVOC isoprene in Hong Kong at detailed level. City planners and environmental authorities may use the derived models for estimating isoprene transportation, and its interaction with anthropogenic pollutants in urban areas.     

车辆导航系统中最短路径计算的数据模型

在自主车辆导航系统中如何实现符合现实状况的大范围的最短路径查询，对道路等级、道路通行条件、转弯规制等限制进行抽象，建立了模拟现实道路网络的交通仿真模型：对于大数据量交通网(全国范围)的路径计算，提出按道路等级分层建立拓扑网和分区域建立区域小型拓扑网的解决方案。     

地基GPS技术遥感香港地区大气水汽含量

提出了分段多项式方法计算大气水汽含量,并结合无线电高空气象探测资料,分析并评估了地基ＧＰＳ遥感技术的精度。香港地区的可降水份计算结果表明,地基ＧＰＳ遥感技术的精度为１ ｍ ｍ ～２ ｍ ｍ     

基于水汽密度比例因子的三维水汽层析算法

针对传统水汽密度层析方法的缺点,设计并实现了一种基于水汽密度比例因子的三维水汽层析算法,提高了观测数据的利用率。利用香港CORS网的实测GPS和气象数据,并结合研究区域内45004探空站的探空数据,验证了该算法用于实测数据的可行性及精度,并分析了不同天气对层析新算法的影响。试验结果表明:该算法在观测数据的利用率上远大于传统层析方法,以探空数据为参考基准,RMS、水汽廓线相关系数和误差分布均优于传统方法。此外,降水天气对层析结果影响要比无降水天气的影响大。     

交通运输最短路径分析系统的设计与实现

针对目前交通运输效力发挥不足的问题,研究道路网络模型构建和道路数据库设计,探讨分析交通运输最短路径分析流程,基于Dijkstra算法的基本原理,设计实现交通运输最短路径分析系统,从而优化运输资源配置,实现高质高效的交通运输。     

A multilevel stratified spatial sampling approach based on terrain knowledge for the quality assessment of OpenStreetMap dataset in Hong Kong

With the development of Volunteered Geographical Information (VGI) data, the OpenStreetMap has high research value in terms of project activity, social influence, urban development, application scope, and historical richness and the number of buildings or roads is increasing every day. However, how to evaluate the quality of a large amount OpenStreetMaps efficiently and accurately is still not fully understood. This article presents the development of an approach regarding multilevel stratified spatial sampling based on slope knowledge and official 1:1000 thematic maps as the reference dataset for OpenStreetMap data quality inspection of Hong Kong. This multilevel stratified spatial sampling plan is as follows: (1) The terrain characteristics of Hong Kong are fully considered by dividing grids into quality estimate strata based on the slope information; (2) Spatial sampling for the selection of grids or objects is used; (3) A more reliable sampling subset is made, regarding the representation of the entire OpenStreetMap dataset of Hong Kong. This sampling plan displays a 10% higher sampling accuracy, but without increasing the sample size, particularly as regards building completeness inspection compared with simple random sampling and systematic random sampling. This research promotes further applications of the Open-Street-Map dataset, thus enabling us to have a better understanding of the OpenStreetMap data quality in urban areas.