Optimal design of flood-control multi-reservoir system on a watershed scale

Flood events have the highest damage costs and losses among natural hazards. There are different types of measures to mitigate flood damage costs and their negative consequences. Application of flood-control reservoirs or detention dams, as one of the main measures, may decrease devastating flood effects or even may cause to intensify flood damages in the watershed by a poor design with tremendous construction costs. Optimal design of a flood-control multi-reservoir system can simultaneously minimize investment costs of constructions and potential flood damage costs. This study proposes a simulation-based optimization approach to optimize the design of multi-reservoirs for flood control in the watershed by coupling the MIKE-11 hydrodynamic model and the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization model. The present approach provides the Pareto optimal solutions between two conflict objectives of minimizing total investment costs and the expected flood damage costs in the watershed. Application of the proposed model for a small watershed in central part of Iran as a case study shows that optimal designs of multi-reservoir systems can efficiently reduce construction costs, flood peaks and their corresponding damage costs at the downstream reaches of the basin.     

山东暴雨洪涝灾害的风险区划与分析

根据暴雨洪涝灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承载体易损性和防灾减灾能力4个一级因子,以山东地区为研究对象,综合考虑降雨、地形地势、河网密度、植被、人口和经济实力、道路交通信息等因子进行风险区划与分析。利用地理信息系统软件（ArcGIS）将上述因子进行归一化来获得标准化的多源栅格数据,结合层次分析法和自然断点法确定相关指标的权重,建立了暴雨洪涝灾害的风险评估模型,最后得到了山东地区暴雨洪涝灾害综合风险区划等级评估图。对研究区进行定性和定量分析后得出结论,山东地区暴雨洪涝灾害发生的高风险区在鲁中西部、鲁南及山东半岛东部沿海部分地区,此结论与历史数据基本吻合。研究结果为预防山东暴雨洪涝灾害提供了参考信息。     

洪水对非防洪工程建设项目影响评价方法研究

讨论了洪水对洪泛区或滞蓄洪区中非防洪工程建设项目影响评价方法,包括洪灾直接经济损失和间接经济损失的估算方法,洪灾发生时含有有毒物质的非防洪工程建设项目对环境的影响,以及对地下水的污染等影响评价方法.这些方法是洪水对非防洪工程建设项目影响评价的核心,也是整个影响评价的重点和难点所在.这些方法可为制定洪水对洪泛区非防洪工程建设项目影响评价指南或规范提供科学依据.     

A review of flood damage analysis for a building structure and contents

Natural Hazards - As a natural hazard, flood can cause a significant damage to buildings. Buildings are one of the important components of an economy which are providing the necessary space for...     

基于等可靠度法的变化环境下工程水文设计值估计方法

气候变化及人类活动影响的加剧,改变了水文极值系列产生的平稳性条件,给现行水文频率分析计算方法带来挑战,亟需发展非平稳性条件下的水文频率分析理论与方法。讨论了等可靠度法的基本思想,拓宽了该方法在变化环境下工程水文设计方面的应用,以解决变化环境下工程水文设计值中的两类问题:①对于待建工程,依据非平稳性的水文极值系列,如何推求给定标准的设计值;②对于已建工程,如何协调/调整已建工程的洪水设计值,以适应变化环境对其产生的影响。以黄龙滩1956—2014年共59年的15日洪量系列为对象,对等可靠度法进行应用示例研究,并分析了参数估计不确定性对水文设计值的影响。结果表明,在非一致性条件下,给定设计标准下的水文设计值随着工程设计使用年限的变化而变化,且设计值估计的不确定性随着工程设计使用年限的增加而增大。     

Risk analysis and influencing factors of drought and flood disasters in China

The risk analysis of flood and drought disasters and the study of their influencing factors enhance our understanding of the temporal and spatial variation law of disasters and help identify the main factors affecting disasters. This paper uses the provincial administrative region of China as the research area. The proportion of the disaster area represents the degree of the disaster. The statistical distribution of the proportions was optimized from 10 alternative distributions based on a KS test, and the disaster risk was analyzed. Thirty-five indicators were selected from nature, agriculture and the social economy as alternative factors. The main factors affecting flood and drought disasters were selected by Pearson, Spearman and Kendall correlation coefficient test. The results demonstrated that the distribution of floods and drought is right-skewed, and the gamma distribution is the best statistical distribution for fitting disasters. In terms of time, the risk of flood and drought disasters in all regions showed a downward trend. Economic development and the enhancement of the ability to resist disasters were the main reasons for the change in disasters. Spatially, the areas with high drought risk were mainly distributed in Northeast and North China, and the areas with high flood risk were mainly distributed in the south, especially in Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Anhui. The distribution of floods and drought disasters was consistent with the distribution characteristics of precipitation and water resources in China. Among the natural factors, precipitation was the main factor causing changes in floods and drought disasters. Among the agricultural and socioeconomic factors, the indicators reflecting the disaster resistance ability and regional economic development level were closely related to flood and drought disasters. The research results have reference significance for disaster classification, disaster formation mechanisms and flood and drought resistance.

     

Benefit analysis of flood adaptation under climate change scenario

Natural Hazards - Typhoon Morakot of 2009 caused the worst flooding in the history of Taiwan. Because research on climate change has indicated that similar extreme disasters are expected to become...     

地震滑坡风险分析研究

为定量评价地震滑坡风险管理,对地震滑坡风险分析各因子取值方法进行了量化分析。针对承灾体在坡下及距离灾害体有一定距离的两种情况分别讨论。重点对一次地震过程中滑坡潜在滑移距离及扩展范围进行了计算,从而对风险分析中滑坡到达承灾体概率这一因子进行了量化。研究成果可为地震滑坡风险管理的量化分析提供理论依据,为滑坡风险管理由定性评价向定量评价发展提供参考。     

水库洪水调度系统通用化模板设计与开发

采用水库调洪数值解法、多目标模糊优选决策模型、人机交互决策方法、面向对象技术和数据库技术,设计与开发了模块化、接口通用化和通用的水库洪水调度系统。在实际应用中,针对一个新水库,用户使用这一系统,输入水库防洪调度的基本资料,可实现水库调度方案的迅速生成、制定、仿真模拟、评价与选择等过程。     

复杂边界条件多洪源防洪保护区洪水风险分析

为了定量获取防洪保护区在多洪源和复杂边界条件下的溃堤洪水风险信息,以非恒定流控制方程为理论基础,建立了多洪源一维河网水动力学模型和防洪保护区二维洪水演进模型,利用溃坝模型实现河道与保护区的耦联,并采用局部网格加密和相似建筑物模拟等方法处理保护区内道路等复杂边界的导阻水作用。利用所建模型模拟了长江、汉江和东荆河3种不同洪水来源, 在4种不同位置溃堤情况下汉南至白庙长江干堤防洪保护区的洪水淹没情景,采用基于淹没水深的损失率关系法对比分析了4种计算方案的淹没面积、经济损失和受灾人口。结果表明:模型构建合理、稳定性和适应性好,复杂边界对洪水演进过程影响明显,不同洪源溃堤情形的风险信息差异较大;在计算条件下,以长江发生1954年型300年一遇洪水向新溃口情形下的淹没损失最严重,其淹没面积达3 790 km2,受灾人口为196.8万人,经济损失约802亿元。研究成果可为洪水风险管理与避洪转移决策提供有力的技术支撑。     

上海市外滩防汛墙结构沉降的预测研究

以上海市外滩防汛墙改建工程为背景,依据外滩防汛墙多年的沉降观察资料,使用黏弹性有限元反分析,对未来防汛墙结构沉降进行预测。整理和分析了从1993年建成之时到2002年的结构沉降观测资料,选取了用于结构沉降反演计算和预测的典型断面和测点,并分别绘制了防汛墙结构沉降随时间发展的曲线。通过二维平面应变有限元正分析,确定了影响结构沉降的主要地层。基于外滩防汛墙二期结构沉降量测数据,采用黏弹性有限元反分析方法对防汛墙结构沉降进行反算,得到主要压缩土层的等效弹性模量,进而预测未来防汛墙结构沉降的发展趋势。其研究成果可为上海市防汛墙建设和技术管理工作提供依据。     

融雪洪水跳跃变异对其参数估计不确定性影响分析

利用Pettitt非参数检验法和Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验法,分析年最大洪峰流量序列的非一致性,确定序列的变异形式,采用“分解-合成”理论对其进行一致性修正,得到过去、现状两种条件下年最大洪峰流量序列,根据贝叶斯理论对序列一致性修正前后参数不确定性进行估计,并对其预报区间优良性进行评价。研究结果表明：年最大洪峰流量序列变异点发生在1993年,序列整体上升趋势不显著,在1957-1993年子序列呈显著下降趋势,而1994-2006年子序列变化趋势不显著,跳跃变异为序列主要变异形式;给出了实测、还原及还现序列参数后验分布估计值及95%置信区间,将其结合优化适线法进行P-Ⅲ型频率分析,得到修正前后设计频率年最大洪峰流量预报区间估计值;还原、还现序列与实测序列相比,预报区间覆盖率均提高24%,平均带宽分别减少39.59%、23.17%,平均偏移幅度分别减少28.45%、11.39%。通过对非一致性年最大洪峰流量序列还原/还现计算,可减小参数估计不确定性对其计算产生的影响,从而提高预报区间的可靠性。     

三峡水库动态汛限水位洪水调度风险指标及综合评价模型研究

汛限水位是综合利用水库运行和调度的重要参数之一,也是协调防洪和兴利矛盾的焦点所在。现行的汛限水位过多地考虑了小概率洪水事件,不能充分挖掘水库汛期的兴利效益,因此,采用动态汛限水位进行调度,对综合利用水库的运行具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。根据三峡水库围堰发电期的调度规程,建立预报预泄调度模型,采用宜昌站1882-2001年汛期实测日流量资料,实现了考虑预报信息的动态汛限水位洪水调度模拟;提出了多目标风险指标体系;计算了9种动态汛限水位方案下的风险指标值,通过综合评价模型对各方案进行比较和优选,得到了相对合理的动态汛限水位方案。     

洪水频率分析中PDS模型研究进展

为了从实测洪水资料中获取更多的信息,提出PDS(Partial duration series)洪水频率分析模型并得到发展。介绍了PDS模型及其导出的AMS(Annual Maximal Series)模型的基本理论,综述了两种模型之间的比较研究。总结了PDS模型应用的关键技术,包括独立性判别、阈值的选取、超定量次数概率分布的选择。描述了PDS模型在区域洪水频率分析、PDS模型与贝叶斯理论结合研究的新进展,展望了PDS模型进一步研究的前景。     

Modeling the effect of uncertainties in rainfall characteristics on flash flood warning based on rainfall thresholds

Natural Hazards - This study proposes a risk assessment framework for quantifying the reliability of the rainfall threshold used in flash flood warning, which should be influenced by the...     

断层防水煤柱可靠度分析

为了合理设计防水煤岩柱的宽度,使用了可靠度分析的“JC”方法,分析了水压力、煤层抗张强度及突水系数的不确定性,建立了防水煤柱可靠度分析的极限状态方程。并计算了与防水煤柱有关的可靠度指标、失效概率和安全系数。参考其它事故的死亡率,防水煤柱的失效概率为1× 10 -5~1× 10 -6比较合适。      

多种外界随机荷载综合作用下的坝坡风险评价

对于边坡的风险评价,目前研究领域主要涉及的是边坡系统在自身岩土体材料力学参数为随机变量情况下的风险性,而对于综合考虑外界多种自然因素随机性的影响却研究甚少。只有少数学者对随机水位与随机水平地震力共同作用下的边坡结构风险进行了初探,但进行水文分析时,仅考虑了随机水位情况下由静水压力所引起的边坡失效风险,而忽略了渗流因素对坝坡破坏风险的影响。针对这种不足,在以往研究的基础上,考虑了渗流因素的作用,对多种外界随机荷载综合作用下的坝坡风险进行了评价,并以沟后水库大坝下游坝坡为实例,将渗透变形与地震力作用滑坡风险进行了耦合,从而对多因素共同作用下的边坡风险进行了评价。     

Rainfall threshold determination for flash flood warning in mountainous catchments with consideration of antecedent soil moisture and rainfall pattern

Flash flood disaster is a prominent issue threatening public safety and social development throughout the world, especially in mountainous regions. Rainfall threshold is a widely accepted alternative to hydrological forecasting for flash flood warning due to the short response time and limited observations of flash flood events. However, determination of rainfall threshold is still very complicated due to multiple impact factors, particular for antecedent soil moisture and rainfall patterns. In this study, hydrological simulation approach (i.e., China Flash Flood-Hydrological Modeling System: CNFF-HMS) was adopted to capture the flash flood processes. Multiple scenarios were further designed with consideration of antecedent soil moisture and rainfall temporal patterns to determine the possible assemble of rainfall thresholds by driving the CNFF-HMS. Moreover, their effects on rainfall thresholds were investigated. Three mountainous catchments (Zhong, Balisi and Yu villages) in southern China were selected for case study. Results showed that the model performance of CNFF-HMS was very satisfactory for flash flood simulations in all these catchments, especially for multimodal flood events. Specifically, the relative errors of runoff and peak flow were within?±?20%, the error of time to peak flow was within?±?2 h and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency was greater than 0.90 for over 90% of the flash flood events. The rainfall thresholds varied between 93 and 334 mm at Zhong village, between 77 and 246 mm at Balisi village and between 111 and 420 mm at Yu village. Both antecedent soil moistures and rainfall temporal pattern significantly affected the variations of rainfall threshold. Rainfall threshold decreased by 8–38 and 0–42% as soil saturation increased from 0.20 to 0.50 and from 0.20 to 0.80, respectively. The effect of rainfall threshold was the minimum for the decreasing hyetograph (advanced pattern) and the maximum for the increasing hyetograph (delayed pattern), while it was similar for the design hyetograph and triangular hyetograph (intermediate patterns). Moreover, rainfall thresholds with short time spans were more suitable for early flood warning, especially in small rural catchments with humid climatic characteristics. This study was expected to provide insights into flash flood disaster forecasting and early warning in mountainous regions, and scientific references for the implementation of flash flood disaster prevention in China.     

土钉支护结构优化设计的有限元分析

考虑土钉-土体的相互作用,建立三维有限元模型,分析计算土钉支护结构的内力和位移,提出了变形控制和应力控制相结合的优化设计方法。采用遗传算法,以应力和位移为约束条件,以工程造价为目标函数,建立了土钉支护结构的优化设计数学模型,并编制了相应的计算程序,通过算例分析,并基于规范法的优化设计结果相比较,得出本文的设计方法更为合理的参考结论。