太平洋次表层海温异常年际变率的信号通道与ENSO循环

利用SODA海洋同化资料,分析了太平洋次表层海温异常(SOTA)年际信号变异特征与ENSO循环的联系。结果表明,热带太平洋的年际变率表现为以160°W为纵轴的东西向和以6°—8°N为横轴的南北向的跷跷板分布,南太平洋和北太平洋中高纬度海洋的SOTA则与热带西太平洋SOTA同号,但强度较弱,这些变化都与ENSO事件密切相关,是ENSO事件的两个主要模态,具57和44个月显著周期。ENSO循环期间,热带西太平洋SOTA强信号中心沿赤道东传,到达赤道东太平洋后加强并北扩,导致ElNi?o或LaNi?a事件,同时从热带西太平洋有较弱SOTA信号向东北和西南传播,在南、北太平洋中高纬度海域产生弱SOTA;同期位于热带东太平洋反号的SOTA强信号中心沿10°—15°N(平均12°N)西传,至热带西太平洋后加强并南扩,为下次LaNi?a或ElNi?o事件准备条件,同时在北太平洋中高纬度海洋还存在着反号弱的SOTA。如此周而复始,完成ENSO循环。太平洋次表层海温年际变化信号除在赤道及以北的热带太平洋存在一个逆时针方向的传播通道外,同时在热带西太平洋有异常信号向南、北太平洋中高纬度海域传播,并指出ENSO循环期间太平洋次表层海温异常年际变率信号传播的可能通道。     

《海洋与湖沼》2010 年第5 期论文导读

<正>太平洋次表层海温异常年际变率的信号通道与ENSO循环利用SODA海洋同化资料,分析了太平洋次表层海温异常(SOTA)年际信号变异特征与ENSO循环的联系。结果表明,热带太平洋的年际变率表现为以160°W为纵轴的东西向和以6°~8°N为横轴的南北向的跷跷板分布,南太平洋和北太平洋中高纬度海洋的SOTA则与热带西太平洋     

2009/2010年El Ni(n)o事件变化特征及其机理

应用TAO (Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project)热带太平洋实测海温和风场资料,分析研究了发生在2009/2010年的El Ni(n)o事件的变化特征,讨论了此次El Ni(n)o事件发生过程中,赤道东、西太平洋次表层异常海温的变化特征及其传播过程,特别是对赤道太平洋次表层异常海温变化的...     

海温距平的ENSO模和类ENSO模的三维结构

用美国马里兰大学提供的海洋同化(SODA)月平均资料,深入揭示了ENSO模的海洋三维结构及其年际和年代际变率。研究结果指出,ENSO海洋模随深度呈明显规律变化。在热带太平洋,它由热带中东太平洋表层显著海温异常分布型随深度增加逐渐过渡为热带西太平洋次表层显著反号海温异常分布型;在赤道太平洋以赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温显著异常与赤道中东太平洋表层海温反号显著异常为主要特征。El Nino期间,热带中东太平洋表层为强海温正距平中心,西太平洋暖池次表层为强海温负距平中心,在年际尺度上,160°E以西的西北太平洋副热带海域还存在一个与西太平洋海温异常变化反号、与热带东太平洋同号的区域;La Nina期间正好相反。ENSO循环主要由ENSO年际变率所决定,年际ENSO模具有东部型ENSO事件的海温异常分布特征,其循环是东部型冷暖事件之间的转换,在200m以浅,它具ENSO模相同的三维结构和3-5年的显著年际变化周期;年代际类ENSO模具有中部型ENSO事件的海温异常分布特征,年代际ENSO循环是中部型冷暖事件之间的转换,其影响主要限制在200m以浅的海洋上层,具有ENSO模相似的三维结构和9-23年的显著周期。     

赤道太平洋次表层海温异常年际和年代际变率特征与ENSO循环

用美国马里兰大学提供的海洋同化(SODA)月平均资料,分析了赤道太平洋次表层海温异常年际和年代际变率的演化特征,讨论了它们对ENSO循环的影响.结果指出,赤道太平洋次表层海温异常年际和年代际变率具相似的ENSO模分布和演变过程,二者均以赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温显著的异常中心与赤道东太平洋表层海温异常中心显著反号为主要分布特征,其演变过程通过赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常中心沿海洋气候温跃层向东向上传播来完成.赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常年际变率决定了ENSO循环,年代际变率对ENSO循环也有重要影响,其影响主要在中太平洋, 造成ENSO模的年代际变化.当年代际变率处于正常状态时,ENSO循环基本上是东部型冷暖事件之间的转换;当年际和年代际变率位相相同时,ENSO事件强度将会加强和持续,并出现中部型ENSO事件;当二者位相相反时, ENSO事件强度将会减弱.     

热带太平洋第二类El Nio事件及其对中国气候的影响

基于热带太平洋次表层海温资料,分析了热带太平洋第二类El Nio事件海温异常的分布特征及其形成机制,讨论了与经典El Nio事件、El Nio Modoki、WP(西太平洋暖池)及CT(冷舌)El Nio事件之间的关系,揭示了第二类El Nio事件对中国降水的影响,得到以下结论。(1)第二类El Nio事件表征为热带太平洋次表层海温异常第三模态,占总方差贡献的4.7%。在海洋表面层,第二类El Nio事件暖期赤道东太平洋为沿赤道西伸的冷舌,热带中西太平洋为环绕冷舌的马蹄型大范围暖区。该型具11a和30~40a年代际振荡及3~4a年际变率,峰值多出现在春季。第二类El Nio事件是热带太平洋异常海面风应力场和赤道两侧的风应力旋度共同作用的结果,在赤道东印度洋-中西太平洋与赤道东太平洋-南美洲上空出现以反号垂直运动为特征的异常Walker环流。(2)El Nio Modoki与第二类El Nio事件有密切关系,它实质上是第二类El Nio事件次表层海温与近海面大气相互作用的结果,捕捉了第二类El Nio事件的主要信息。(3)第二类El Nio事件对中国春季及夏初降水有一定影响。在事件暖期,东海地区存在一个显著的异常反气旋性环流,其南侧的中国南方地区盛行异常东北气流,水汽来源减少,导致该地区少雨,其西侧的异常偏南气流北上直达华北地区,异常多水汽向北输送,并与北方的偏北流场相遇,导致该地区降水偏多。在第二类El Nio事件冷期相反。本文结果还指出,WP与CT El Nio事件是由经典El Nio事件第一模态与El Nio Modoki事件组合而成,它们不是独立的El Nio类型。此外,还讨论了夏半年El Nio事件对大气环流影响的物理过程。     

全球海洋环流模式中上层海洋对表面强迫的响应和调整Ⅰ.年际变率

利用一个较高分辨率的全球海洋环流模式在COADS 1945～1993年逐月平均资料的强迫下对海温和环流场进行了模拟试验,研究了全球热带海洋(主要是热带太平洋)海温和环流场的年际变化特征及模式ENSO冷暖事件演变的控制机理.结果表明,模式成功地再现了和观测一致的海温和环流的年际变化以及ENSO演变特征.其中热带印度洋年际SST变率的主要模态表现为与ENSO相联系的海盆尺度的一致性增暖或变冷现象,次级模态为热带印度洋偶极子模态;热带大西洋的SST年际变率表现为类ENSO的年际振荡现象.在热带太平洋,SST年际变化主要表现为ENSO型,环流的年际变率表现为与ENSO相对应的热带海洋质量循环圈的年际异常.对应于暖(冷)事件,前期赤道海洋垂直环流圈显示出减弱(增强)的特征.其中南赤道流异常的位相较Nino3区海温总体要超前5个月左右的时间;赤道上翻流异常的位相在表层要超前4个月,并随时间由上至下扩展;赤道潜流的异常则显示出东传特征,其中最早的较为显著的异常发生ENSO成熟前3个月180°附近.在模式ENSO冷暖事件的演变过程中,次表层海温异常沿赤道的东传起了关键作用,模式的ENSO模态主要表现为"时滞振子"模态.     

2010/2011年中部型La Nia事件形成机理及其垂直环流异常

应用TAO(Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project)热带太平洋实测海温和风场资料,分析研究了2010/2011年La Nia事件的变化特征,讨论了此次过程中赤道太平洋次表层异常海温的变化特征及其传播过程,以及上层海温场的异常变化机理。结果表明,2010/2011年的La Nia事件与传统事件不同,是一次明显的中部型La Nia事件(简称CPP La Nia),其爆发过程主要存在两个不同机制的响应过程:一是西太平洋暖池(WPWP)区域次表层异常冷海温通过赤道潜流的作用沿温跃层东传,导致赤道东太平洋上层海洋温度场出现异常降温:二是赤道中东太平洋出现强的距平东风,通过上升流作用,导致冷海温上传影响中太平洋上层异常海温场。前者是导致La Nia事件的必要条件,后者则是形成此次中部型La Nia事件的关键过程。由分析结果还表明,日界线以东赤道太平洋纬向风变化对中西太平洋上层海温场变化有重要影响,是导致此次中部型事件爆发的重要机制。文章进一步分析了此次中部型La Nia事件过程中热带垂直环流的变化,结果表明经向和纬向大气环流都表现出明显的异常。     

PDO的三维空间结构和时间演变特征

利用再分析次表层海温资料和CCSM3模式的1870-1999年130 a模拟试验的结果,分析了北太平洋年代际变化(PDO)的三维空间结构和时间演变特征.结果表明,CCSM3模式较好的模拟了北太平洋年代际变化的主要特征,对再分析资料和模式结果的分析都表明从北太平洋表层至次表层的中层,年代际变化是非常显著的,PDO不仅仅局...     

全球海洋环流模式中上层海洋对表面强迫的响应和调整 I. 年际变率

利用一个较高分辨率的全球海洋环流模式在COADS1945～1993年逐月平均资料的强迫下对海温和环流场进行了模拟试验,研究了全球热带海洋(主要是热带太平洋)海温和环流场的年际变化特征及模式ENSO冷暖事件演变的控制机理.结果表明,模式成功地再现了和观测一致的海温和环流的年际变化以及ENSO演变特征.其中热带印度洋年际SST变率的主要模态表现为与ENSO相联系的海盆尺度的一致性增暖或变冷现象,次级模态为热带印度洋偶极子模态;热带大西洋的SST年际变率表现为类ENSO的年际振荡现象.在热带太平洋,SST年际变化主要表现为ENSO型,环流的年际变率表现为与ENSO相对应的热带海洋质量循环圈的年际异常.对应于暖(冷)事件,前期赤道海洋垂直环流圈显示出减弱(增强)的特征.其中南赤道流异常的位相较Nino3区海温总体要超前5个月左右的时间;赤道上翻流异常的位相在表层要超前4个月,并随时间由上至下扩展;赤道潜流的异常则显示出东传特征,其中最早的较为显著的异常发生ENSO成熟前3个月180°附近.在模式ENSO冷暖事件的演变过程中,次表层海温异常沿赤道的东传起了关键作用,模式的ENSO模态主要表现为"时滞振子"模态.     

Variability in upper-ocean salinity stratification in the tropical Pacific Ocean

Using a gridded array for real-time geostrophic oceanography(Argo) program float dataset, the features of upperocean salinity stratification in the tropical Pacific Ocean are studied. The salinity component of the squared Brunt-V?is?l? frequency N~2( N_S~2) is used to represent salinity stratification. Layer-max N_S~2(LMN), defined as the N_S~2 maximum over the upper 300 m depth, and halocline depth(HD), defined as the depth where the N_S~2 maximum is located, are used to specifically describe the intensity of salinity stratification. Salinity stratification in the Topical Pacific Ocean has both spatial and temporal variability. Over the western and eastern equatorial Pacific, the LMN has a large magnitude with a shallow HD, and both have completely opposite distributions outside of the equatorial region. An obvious seasonal cycle in the LMN occurs in the north side of eastern equatorial Pacific and freshwater flux forcing dominates the seasonal variations, followed by subsurface forcing.At the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool around the dateline, significant interannual variation of salinity stratification occurs and is closely related to the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation event. When an El Ni?o event occurs, the precipitation anomaly freshens sea surface and the thermocline shoaling induced by the westerly wind anomaly lifts salty water upward, together contribute to the positive salinity stratification anomaly over the eastern edge of the warm pool. The interannual variations in ocean stratification can slightly affect the propagation of first baroclinic gravity waves.     

How are large western hemisphere warm pools formed?

During the boreal summer the Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) stretches from the eastern North Pacific to the tropical North Atlantic and is a key feature of the climate of the Americas and Africa. In the summers following nine El Niño events during 1950–2000, there have been five instances of extraordinarily large warm pools averaging about twice the climatological annual size. These large warm pools have induced a strengthened divergent circulation aloft and have been associated with rainfall anomalies throughout the western hemisphere tropics and subtropics and with more frequent hurricanes. However, following four other El Niño events large warm pools did not develop, such that the mere existence of El Niño during the boreal winter does not provide the basis for predicting an anomalously large warm pool the following summer.In this paper, we find consistency with the hypothesis that large warm pools result from an anomalous divergent circulation forced by sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Pacific, the so-called atmospheric bridge. We also find significant explanations for why large warm pools do not always develop. If the El Niño event ends early in the eastern Pacific, the Pacific warm anomaly lacks the persistence needed to force the atmospheric bridge and the Atlantic portion of the warm pool remains normal. If SST anomalies in the eastern Pacific do not last much beyond February of the following year, then the eastern North Pacific portion of the warm pool remains normal. The overall strength of the Pacific El Niño does not appear to be a critical factor. We also find that when conditions favor a developing atmospheric bridge and the winter atmosphere over the North Atlantic conforms to a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern (as in 1957–58 and 1968–69), the forcing is reinforced and the warm pool is stronger. On the other hand, if a positive NAO pattern develops the warm pool may remain normal even if other circumstances favor the atmospheric bridge, as in 1991–92. Finally, we could find little evidence that interactions internal to the tropical Atlantic are likely to mitigate for or against the formation of the largest warm pools, although they may affect smaller warm pool fluctuations or the warm pool persistence.     

ENSO variability and the eastern tropical Pacific: A review

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) encompasses variability in both the eastern and western tropical Pacific. During the warm phase of ENSO, the eastern tropical Pacific is characterized by equatorial positive sea surface temperature (SST) and negative sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies, while the western tropical Pacific is marked by off-equatorial negative SST and positive SLP anomalies. Corresponding to this distribution are equatorial westerly wind anomalies in the central Pacific and equatorial easterly wind anomalies in the far western Pacific. Occurrence of ENSO has been explained as either a self-sustained, naturally oscillatory mode of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system or a stable mode triggered by stochastic forcing. Whatever the case, ENSO involves the positive ocean–atmosphere feedback hypothesized by Bjerknes. After an El Niño reaches its mature phase, negative feedbacks are required to terminate growth of the mature El Niño anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific. Four requisite negative feedbacks have been proposed: reflected Kelvin waves at the ocean western boundary, a discharge process due to Sverdrup transport, western Pacific wind-forced Kelvin waves, and anomalous zonal advections. These negative feedbacks may work together for terminating El Niño, with their relative importance being time-dependent.ENSO variability is most pronounced along the equator and the coast of Ecuador and Peru. However, the eastern tropical Pacific also includes a warm pool north of the equator where important variability occurs. Seasonally, ocean advection seems to play an important role for SST variations of the eastern Pacific warm pool. Interannual variability in the eastern Pacific warm pool may be largely due to a direct oceanic connection with the ENSO variability at the equator. Variations in temperature, stratification, insolation, and productivity associated with ENSO have implications for phytoplankton productivity and for fish, birds, and other organisms in the region. Long-term changes in ENSO variability may be occurring and are briefly discussed. This paper is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific.     

赤道太平洋西风爆发事件的时空特征

赤道太平洋西风爆发事件(简称“西风事件”)对厄尔尼诺有重要的触发作用。基于ERA-Interim和NCEP2(NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2)风场资料以及OI(NOAA OI SST V2 High Resolution Dataset)海表面温度资料,本文对西风事件的时空特征进行了研究诊断,并初步分析了ENSO(ElNi?o-Southern Oscillation)对西风事件的影响。结果显示,西风事件发展初期主要集中在中西部太平洋,季节性变化表现为冬春季较强,夏秋季较弱。西风事件频次和强度都有一定的年际变化特征,其中中太平洋西风事件的强度与ENSO信号的关系更紧密。当Ni?o3.4指数大于1℃时,西风事件的频次和强度与ENSO信号相关性好;当Ni?o3.4指数小于1℃时,西风事件频次的随机性增加,但其强度仍受到赤道中东太平洋海温异常信号的制约。     

热带太平洋与热带大西洋海表温度主模态的相互作用

根据英国Hadley气候中心的海表温度资料和美国NCEP/NCAR中心的大气资料,研究了热带太平洋与热带大西洋海表温度主模态的相互作用。热带太平洋的ENSO可以导致大西洋Nino模态或经向偶极子模态,这主要是通过热带海洋-大气相互作用,或大气的太平洋-北美遥相关过程实现的。大西洋Nino模态的暖(冷)位相会导致赤道中东太平洋的海表温度降低(升高)。这可能是通过两种途径完成的:一种可能是大西洋Nino使印度洋增暖(变冷),进而引起赤道中太平洋的东(西)风异常,通过海洋-大气相互作用正反馈机制能发展成为La Nina(El Nino),使赤道东太平洋海温降低(升高);另一种可能是大西洋Nino直接可以导致太平洋Walker环流增强(减弱),从而使赤道东太平洋海温降低(升高)。     

西太平洋暖池变异及其对西太平洋次表层海温场的影响

应用热带太平洋上层XBT温度资料,分析研究了西太平洋暖池区(0°～16°N,125°～145°E)上层海洋的变化特征以及与西太平洋次表层海温场之间的关系.研究表明,西太平洋暖池区的垂向温度存在显著的年际变化,尤其在次表层(120～200m)的变化最为明显.西太平洋暖池区的次表层冷暖信号明显早于西太平洋次表层的海温异常.分析发现,西太平洋暖池区的海温异常是导致整个西太平洋次表层海温场变异的关键区,当西太平洋暖池区的次表层冷暖信号加强时,3～4个月后西太平洋海温场出现大范围的冷暖异常.     

印度洋-太平洋暖池季节变化及其相应的大气环流形式

首先通过对英国大气科学数据中心海表面温度资料和Levitus随深度变化的海温资料的分析,给出了印度洋-太平洋暖池季节变化的详细描述.另外,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析大气资料中的风场数据,采取将水平风场分量分解为无辐散分量和无旋分量的方法,分析了相应于暖池季节变化的大气环流形式.得到了这样的结论：第一,印度洋-太平洋暖池的位置随季节变化南北移动;暖池面积在北半球的5月和9月达到两个极大值;无论就海表面温度还是深度而言,该暖池分别存在一或两个强度中心.第二,尽管印度洋-太平洋暖池中间被南亚大陆所间隔,但是暖池上空对流层大气运动对于暖池的季节变化却是作为一个整体响应的.     

Climatic variability in the vicinity of Wallis,Futuna, and Samoa islands (13°–15° S, 180°–170° W)

Mean conditions, seasonal, and ENSO-related (El Niño Southern Oscillation) variability in the vicinity of Wallis, Futuna, and Samoa islands (13°–15° S, 180°–170° W) over the 1973–1995 period are analysed for wind pseudo-stress, satellite-derived and in situ precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), sea level, and 0–450 m temperature and geostrophic current. The mean local conditions reflect the presence of the large scale features such as the western Pacific warm pool, the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), and the South Pacific anticyclonic gyre. The seasonal changes are closely related to the meridional migrations of the SPCZ, which passes twice a year over the region of study. During the warm phase of ENSO (El Niño), we generally observe saltier-than-average SSS (of the order of 0.4), consistent with a rainfall deficit (0.4 m yr⁻¹), a hint of colder-than-average surface temperature is also identified in subsurface (0.3°C), a weak tendency for westward geostrophic current anomalies (2 cm s⁻¹ at the surface), a sea level decrease (5–10 cm), together with easterly (5 m²s⁻²) and well marked southerly (10 m²s⁻²) wind pseudo-stress anomalies. Anomalies of similar magnitude, but of opposite sign, are detected during the cold phase of ENSO (La Niña). While these ENSO-related changes apply prior to the 1990s, they were not observed during the 1991–1994 period, which appears atypical.