南海北部金线鱼生长、死亡和最适开捕体长研究

根据 1 997～ 1 999年期间在南海北部海域采集的金线鱼生物学资料 ,应用 Fi SAT 软件进行金线鱼的生长和死亡参数估算。用 EL EFAN 技术拟合的 von Bertalanffy生长方程参数分别为L∞ =33.0 8cm ,k=0 .30 a-1 及 t0 =- 0 .86 a,用 Pauly经验公式计算的自然死亡系数为 M=0 .6 8,以长度变换渔获曲线法估算陆架区和北部湾的总死亡系数分别为 2 .0 7和 2 .0 2。运用 Beverton- Holt模型分析的结果表明 ,该群体的最适捕捞死亡系数为 F=2 .4 ,最适开捕年龄和体长分别为 1 .8a和 1 6 .5cm。研究表明 ,目前该群体已处捕捞过度状态 ,尤以捕捞幼鱼的问题较为突出。为可持续利用金线鱼资源 ,建议南海北部金线鱼的最小可捕规格应为体长 1 6 .5 cm。     

沿岸物质搬运现场观测与模拟的比较

过去 3 0年间 ,研究者提出了许多用于计算波浪和海流条件下沉积搬运的公式和模型。目前研究对象是具预测能力的 6个沉积物迁移搬运的公式 ,它们用于计算沉积物的离岸分布和沿岸沉积速率。这些公式在预测沿岸沉积搬运速率计算上已被世人公认。1　公式简述此次调查的 6个公式见表 1 ,表中列出了公式及公式所应用的系数值、浪和海滩条件。表 1　沉积物沿岸搬运公式公式沉积物沿岸搬运公式系数核实数据D/ mm tanβ实验条件Bijkerqb,B=Ad50 VC gexp - 0 .2 7(s- 1) d50 ρgμτb,wcqs,B=1.83qb,B I1ln 33hr +I2A=1～ 5(非破波—破波 )0 .2 3…     

一个简单可靠的深度传感器的设计及其性能分析

海洋测深一般用回声测深仪，但海洋仪器或水下物体在水下沉放深度的测量方法则是另一回事。比较经典的方法是在绞车上装一个计数器，测放出纲丝绳的长度，同时用偏角器测出纲丝绳的倾斜角度，再计算仪器的深度；另外，还可以采用开端颠倒温度表进行深度的测量。     

珠江口水域鳓鱼生长和死亡参数估算

根据1996—1998年期间在珠江口及邻近海域采集的鳓鱼(Ilisha elongata Bennett)生物学资料，应用FiSATⅡ软件进行鳓鱼的生长和死亡参数估算。用ELEFANI技术拟合的von Bertalanffy生长方程参数分别为L∞=53．13cm(叉长)、κ=0．37a^-1及t∞=-0．62a，用Pauly经验公式计算的自然死亡系数为M=0．74，以长度变换渔获曲线法估算的总死亡系数为Z=2．53。运用Beverton-Holt模型分析该群体的最适捕捞死亡系数为F=2．5，最适开捕年龄和叉长分别为1．6龄和29．8cm，目前该群体已处于捕捞过度状态，尤其以捕捞幼鱼的问题较为突出。建议南海北部鳓鱼的最小可捕规格应为叉长30cm。     

轴线倾斜海底管道冲刷速率试验研究

通过物理模型试验研究水流作用下轴线倾斜海底管道的三维局部冲刷问题。利用超声波探头监测管道下部冲刷沿管轴线方向的扩展过程,分析海底管道三维局部冲刷的动态发展机理。由模型沙的冲蚀试验,建立沙床面剪切应力与泥沙表观侵蚀速率之间的关系式,并引入经验公式对沙床面剪切应力放大系数、泥沙表观侵蚀速率以及远场床面剪切应力之间的关系进行表达。由倾斜管道模型试验,在分析冲刷扩展位置随时间变化数据的基础上,结合上述经验公式以及沙床面剪切应力放大系数与管道埋深的关系,建立轴线倾斜海底管道冲刷扩展速率的预测公式。     

深远海声速资料对比及校正方法研究

为准确获取深远海海洋声速资料,充分了解深水声速规律,选取了西太地区两个水深超过5000m的S1和S2站位的声速资料为研究对象,以SVP(声速剖面仪)实测资料为参考标准,通过对CTD资料利用Chen-Millero、Del-Grosso以及Wilson的3种经验公式计算的声速与SVP资料进行对比分析,得出Del-Grosso经验公式计算的声速误差最小。为进一步提高声速资料精度,对Del-Grosso公式进行修正,并利用另外3个站位数据进行验证,发现利用校正后的公式计算的声速资料精度明显提升,这为其他深远海区利用CTD或其他温盐深资料获取高精度声速资料提供参考。     

黄海北部海域沉积物反硝化细菌数量及反硝化速率的季节变化

用乙炔抑制法和最大或然数（most probable number,MPN）法对黄海北部海域沉积物反硝化速率及反硝化细菌数量的季节变化进行了研究,结果表明,该海域反硝化速率在夏季最大,范围在3．2～7．5μmol／（m^2·h）之间,平均值为4．85μmol／（m^2·h）;而在春、秋季其范围分别为0．26～2．65μmol／（m^2·h）和1．21～4．12μmol／（m^2·h）。该研究海域3个季节反硝化细菌数量差别较大,春、夏、秋季分别在1．78×10^4～8．12×10^4,1．18×10^6～6．18×10^6和0．72×10^5～4．50×10^5个／g之间。春、秋两季反硝化速率和反硝化细菌数量之间呈显著性正相关,相关系数分别为0．759和0．750（P〈0．05）。本结果可为黄海北部海域氮循环机制研究提供重要参考。     

华南沿海明代自然灾害的时间序列分析Ⅱ.混沌分析

对我国明代华南沿海自然灾害发生次数的混沌特征分析发现 ,嵌入维数取不同值时均存在分形特征 ,且反映这种分形特征的关联维数随着嵌入维数逐渐增大而趋于一个稳定值。稳定的关联维数为 2 8,相应的饱和嵌入维数为 1 0。关联维数的稳定值为分数 (2 8)反映了控制明代华南沿海自然灾害发生次数的动力系统是一个混沌系统。构筑该系统最少需要 3个自由变量 ,最多需要 1 0个。对反映该混沌系统混沌特征强度的指标———Kolmogorov熵K值进行了计算 ,发现当嵌入维数逐渐增大到 7时K值开始稳定于 0 3 8,由此得到我国明代华南沿海自然灾害发生次数这一时间序列的可预报时间平均长度为 2 6a。     

壳聚糖特性粘度的快速测定

对比不同生产厂家、不同分子量 (或粘度 )、不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖产品在 2种不同测定条件 (30℃ ,0 .1mol· L-1CH3 COONa- 0 .2 mol· L-1CH3 COOH为溶剂 ;2 5℃ ,0 .2 mol· L-1Na Cl-0 .1mol· L-1CH3 COOH为溶剂 )下利用常规外推法和常用一点法经验公式所得的壳聚糖的特性粘度值表明 :一点法经验公式计算所得的壳聚糖的特性粘度值与用常规外推法所得的特性粘度值间的偏差最小 ,适合于快速测定壳聚糖特性粘度 ,进而可求得其粘均分子量     

堆石防波堤不规则波浪反射系数试验研究

结合物理模型试验,分析斜坡坡度、波陡、相对水深、护面类型和破波参数等因素对堆石防波堤不规则波浪反射系数的影响规律。将常用的Van der Meer公式,Seelig公式,Postma公式和Davison公式计算值和实测值进行比较,并结合试验数据,基于有效波高和平均周期定义的Iribarren数,得出堆石防波堤不规则波浪反射系数经验公式。结果表明,该公式能较好地计算不规则波作用下块石和扭王块体护面堆石防波堤波浪反射系数。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.