苏北盆地新生代侵入岩分布特征及地质意义

岩芯观察和薄片鉴定表明,苏北盆地新生代侵入岩主要为辉绿岩,少量煌斑岩,具有明显不同于沉积岩的岩矿、测井响应和地震剖面特征。以钻井和测井的统计资料为基础,利用三维地震资料的解释结果,总结出苏北盆地新生代侵入岩分布特征:纵向分布层位以古新统阜宁组为主,其次为始新统三垛组和戴南组,单层厚度一般几米至几十米,有顺层侵入、穿层侵入和沿断面侵入三种产出形式;平面分布面积超过1000km2,以高邮凹陷和金湖凹陷分布广,呈碟状或串珠状分布。苏北盆地新生代侵入岩分布与深大断裂有关,同时对油气成藏具有重要的影响,是值得重视的研究领域之一。     

Spatial and temporal variability of Holocene temperature in the North Atlantic region

The early Holocene climate of the North Atlantic region was influenced by two boundary conditions that were fundamentally different from the present: the presence of the decaying Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) and higher than present summer solar insolation. In order to assess spatial and temporal patterns of Holocene climate evolution across this region, we collated quantitative paleotemperature records at sub-millennial resolution and synthesized their temporal variability using principal components analysis (PCA). The analysis reveals considerable spatial variability, most notably in the time-transgressive expression of the Holocene thermal maximum (HTM). Most of the region, but especially areas peripheral to the Labrador Sea and hence closest to the locus of LIS disintegration, experienced maximum Holocene temperatures that lagged peak summer insolation by 1000-3000 years. Many sites from the northeastern North Atlantic sector, including the Nordic Seas and Scandinavia, either warmed in phase with maximum summer insolation (11,000-9000 years ago) or were less strongly lagged than the Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea region. These spatially complex patterns of Holocene climate development, which are defined by the PCA, resulted from the interplay between final decay of the LIS and solar insolation forcing.     

The tephrochronology of Iceland and the North Atlantic region during the Middle and Late Quaternary: a review

The tephrochronology of Iceland and the North Atlantic region is reviewed in order to construct a unified framework for the last 400 kyr BP. Nearly all of the tephra layers described are also characterised geochemically. A number of new tephra layers are analysed for the first time for their geochemical signature and a number of pre‐Holocene tephra layers have been given an informal denotation. The tephrostratigraphy of Ash Zone II is highlighted. Where possible the rhyolitic tephra layers found outside Iceland have been correlated to known Icelandic tephra layers or to the volcanic source area. The application of tephra fallout in various depositional environments is described and discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Uplift and subsidence from oblique slip: the Ganos–Marmara bend of the North Anatolian Transform, western Turkey

Bends that locally violate plate-motion-parallel geometry are common structural elements of continental transform faults. We relate the vertical component of crustal motion in the western Marmara Sea region to the NNW-pointing 18° bend on the northern branch of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF-N) between the Ganos segment, which ruptured in 1912, and the central Marmara segment, a seismic gap. Crustal shortening and uplift on the transpressive west side of the bend results in the Ganos Mountain; crustal extension and subsidence on the transtensional east side produce the Tekirdağ Basin. We propose that this vertical component of deformation is controlled by oblique slip on the non-vertical north-dipping Ganos and Tekirdağ segments of the North Anatolian Fault. We compare Holocene with Quaternary structure across the bend using new and recently published data and conclude the following. First, bend-related vertical motion is occurring primarily north of the NAF-N. This suggests that this bend is fixed to the Anatolian side of the fault. Second, current deformation is consistent with an antisymmetric pattern centered at the bend, up on the west and down on the east. Accumulated deformation is shifted to the east along the right-lateral NAF-N, however, leading to locally opposite vertical components of long- and short-term motion. Uplift has started as far west as the landward extension of the Saros trough. Current subsidence is most intense close to the bend and to the Ganos Mountain, while the basin deepens gradually from the bend eastward for 28 km along the fault. The pattern of deformation is time-transgressive if referenced to the material, but is stable if referenced to the bend. The lag between motion and structure implies a 1.1–1.4 Ma age for the basin at current dextral slip rate (2.0–2.5 cm/year). Third, the Tekirdağ is an asymmetric basin progressively tilted down toward the NAF-N, which serves as the border fault. Progressive tilt suggests that the steep northward dip of the fault decreases with depth in a listric geometry at the scale of the upper crust and is consistent with reactivation of Paleogene suture-related thrust faults. Fourth, similar thrust-fault geometry west of the bend can account for the Ganos Mountain anticline/monocline as hanging-wall-block folding and back tilting. Oblique slip on a non-vertical master fault may accommodate transtension and transpression associated with other bends along the NAF and other continental transforms.     

Tectonics and global change - inferences from Late Cenozoic subsidence and uplift patterns in the Atlantic/ Mediterranean region

Quantitative subsidence analysis for a number of rifted basins in the northern Atlantic/Mediterranean region provides evidence for rapid phases of PlioQuaternary subsidence. The observed acceleration in tectonic subsidence occurs after a phase of general quiescence in subsidence in these basins and deviates from predictions of stretching models. The latter indicate a decay of subsidence with time after Mesozoic-Tertiary basin formatioh and a slow tectonic subsidence in Plio-Quaternary times. A possible explanation for the observed patterns of anomalous subsidence could be an increase in the level of intraplate compression in the northern Atlantic region. Intraplate stress changes in the Plio-Quaternary are related to the dynamics of African/ Eurasian collision processes and a reorganization of spreading directions in the AtlAntic, possibly reflecting a plate reorganization of global nature.
It seems that the Plio-Quaternary record reflects a period of increased levels of neotectonic activity, interplaying with periods of (de)glaciation. Stress-induced topography in the onshore parts of continental margins, coupled with the stress-induced subsidence in the offshore deeper parts of the basins, could have contributed to recent phases of uplift in Fennoscandia, augmenting the uplift induced by glacial unloading. Estimates of ice thicknesses are directly inferred from the observed uplift ignoring other driving mechanisms whereas topography plays a crucial role in the dynamics of glaciation. It is, therefore, important to quantdy the interplay of rapid tectonic uplift and subsidence phases with climatic effects during the Plio-Quaternary.     

喜马拉雅山脉新生代差异隆升的裂变径迹热年代学证据

裂变径迹年龄资料记录的雅鲁藏布江以南的喜马拉雅山脉的冷却年龄具有明显的时空差异性。在南北方向上,特提斯喜马拉雅的冷却年龄主要在8 Ma以前,局部为5.0~2.6 Ma,而高喜马拉雅的冷却年龄集中在5 Ma以后,大多数在3 Ma以来;在东西方向上体现在喜马拉雅东西构造结之间的高喜马拉雅带上,东喜马拉雅的不丹东部区域的裂变径迹热年代学数据揭示了8.0~3.0 Ma的冷却剥露的历史;东喜马拉雅的不丹西部区域为7.0~1.4 Ma;中喜马拉雅的尼泊尔地区为5.0~0.2 Ma;西喜马拉雅的印度西北部地区为3.0~1.0 Ma。最年轻的裂变径迹年龄显示出由中间向两侧增大,反映了地质晚近时期东西构造结间的高喜马拉雅山脉的剥露幅度由中间向两边减弱的趋势,揭示了以中喜马拉雅为隆升中心向两边拓展的趋势。综合有关裂变径迹年代学资料表明,喜马拉雅山脉的隆升主要发生在中新世以来,其表现为18~11 Ma、9 Ma以来的两个快速隆升期。喜马拉雅山脉隆升的动力体制可能由早期的挤压隆升—中新世的伸展隆升—上新世以来构造隆升为主,局部气候作用和构造作用耦合的山脉隆升机制。     

华北东部中、新生代岩石圈地幔的不均一性：来自橄榄石的组成填图结果

华北中、新生代玄武质火山岩和基性脉岩携带的地慢橄榄岩捕虏体中橄榄石和／或橄榄石捕虏晶系统的组成填图显示华北东部中、新生代岩石圈地幔存在明显的时空分布规律和不均一性。这与通过岩石圈地幔源基性岩石的地球化学反演获得的华北中生代岩石圈地幔的时空不均一性及其块体特征完全一致。太行山和鲁皖地区新生代岩石圈地慢的差异演化主要反映古老地幔橄榄岩与熔体相互作用时熔体性质和来源的不同。同时,橄榄石Fo填图还揭示了郯庐断裂对华北东部中、新生代基性岩浆活动及其岩石圈地幔演化的重要制约作用。而且,华北东部中生代岩石圈减薄后尚存古老岩石圈地幔残留。因此,华北东部岩石圈减薄的整体拆沉模式很难成立。     

Holocene bipolar climate seesaw: possible subtle evidence from the deep North East Atlantic Ocean?

The occurrence of a millennial‐scale bipolar climate seesaw has been documented in detail for the last glacial period and Termination. There is, however, debate whether it occurs during interglacials and if it does what influence it could have on future climate. We present here new evidence from a North East Atlantic Ocean deep‐sea core which supports the hypothesis for a Holocene bipolar climate seesaw. BENGAL Site 13078#16, from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, is 4844 m deep and situated at the North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) interface. Planktic foraminiferal fragment accumulation rate data at this site is an indicator of coarse carbonate dissolution, which is highly sensitive to the incursion of under‐saturated AABW. Five dissolution peaks have been identified, which seem to occur approximately 500 a after each of the North Atlantic 'Bond' ice rafting pulses, suggesting a subsequent subtle shallowing of AABW. This indicates a possible lagged climatic link between North East Atlantic surface water conditions and AABW production in the Southern Ocean during the Holocene. This provides the first tentative evidence that there was a Holocene bipolar climate seesaw and that the deep ocean was involved. This study also suggests that extremely sensitive locations need to be sought as the Holocene bipolar climate seesaw seems to be very subtle compared with its glacial counterparts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

营口—潍坊断裂带新生代走滑拉分—裂陷盆地伸展量、沉降量估算

应用通过营口—潍坊断裂带及相关新生代盆地的地震剖面,采用专业软件分别计算了潍北凹陷、青东凹陷、莱州湾凹陷、黄河口凹陷、渤中凹陷、渤东凹陷、辽中凹陷和辽东凹陷的伸展量及构造沉降量,表明虽然同受断裂带走滑和软流圈上涌控制,但不同区段新生代伸展作用方向、主要发生时间和强度都有差别。南段是南北方向伸展,伸展作用主要发生在古新-始新世孔店组—沙河街组三段沉积时期;中段渤中—辽东湾南部地区具有多向伸展特征,近东西方向和南北方向伸展作用最为强烈,主要伸展作用发生在中-晚始新世、渐新世和新近纪,特别是以新近纪强烈伸展作用区别于其它地区;北段即辽东湾中-北部地区主要是北西—南东方向伸展,主要伸展活动发生在中始新世沙河街组三段和渐新世东营组沉积时期。文章总结了4种不同类型的沉降,指出新生代的构造活动随时间有自南向北推移和自两侧向中间迁移的规律,提出不同方向断裂带的活化和新近纪北东东向新生构造的形成是裂陷强度向中间迁移并产生4种不同沉降类型盆地的原因。     

中国东北—华北新生代火山活动的深部动力学机制

在综合地质年代学、数值模拟和岩石学研究成果的基础上,作者提出中国东北—华北地区新生代玄武质火山活动是岩石圈发生拆沉失稳,导致软流圈地幔发生强迫对流的结果。发生在东北—华北地区中部的岩石圈拆沉失稳诱发了早第三纪火山活动,而地幔对流环的扩展引起的热机械侵蚀作用使得周边地区相继发生岩石圈拆沉,从而导致晚第三纪第四纪火山活动的产生。拆沉失稳机制得到了大地热流、布格重力异常反演和新构造运动研究结果的支持。     

Seasonal Dependence of the North Pacific and North Atlantic SST Predictability and Forecast Skill

In this paper, the decadal predictability and forecast skill of the Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA) in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Ocean were investigated by conducting three sets of perfect model forecast experiments using a global coupled general circulation model. The results show that the annual mean SSTA in the North Pacific is less predictable on decadal time scale, with the forecast skill notably weaker than that of the North Atlantic. By analyzing the predictability and forecast skill of seasonal mean SSTA, it is found that the decadal predictability and forecast skill of the winter mean (JFM) SSTA in the central and western North Pacific are significantly higher than those of other seasons, and the magnitude is comparable with that of the North Atlantic. The predictability and forecast skill of the North Atlantic SSTA also show seasonal variations. Further analysis indicates that the seasonal dependence of the SSTA decadal predictability and forecast skill in the North Pacific is due to the winter-to-winter reemergence mechanism of SSTA in the North Pacific, which results from the seasonal variation of the mixed layer depth of the North Pacific Ocean. While the seasonal dependence of the North Atlantic SSTA predictability and forecast skill might be related to seasonal variations of other processes, such as the Atlantic Decadal Oscillation. The results of this paper suggest that for decadal climate prediction, if the forecast skill of the seasonal mean is taken into account, we might obtain higher than annual mean forecast skill for some seasons.     

华北地区晚新生代几个地层单元的讨论

阳原盆地晚新生界以其出露完好, 层序清楚, 富含古生物、古人类遗存而闻名于世。近年来, 随着研究精度的不断提高, 在地层详细划分与地层单元的使用上却不很统一, 甚至较为混乱。我们在开展《1:5万化稍营、北水泉幅区域地质调查及泥河湾层研究》和《我国北方晚更新世标准地层单元“许家窑组”再研究》等科研项目中, 对阳原盆地东部上新世红土、泥河湾层进行多重地层划分与地层单元的厘定。鉴于篇幅所限, 本文仅就阳原盆地上新世红层、许家窑组, 以及许家窑组与泥河湾层的关系等方面作一介绍。其主要成果有: 一、阳原盆地上新世红层从岩石地层、生物地层、磁性地层及古环境分析, 应属一套多成因的红层建造, 不应重复建组, 建议合并, 沿用石匣组。二、通过对许家窑遗址一带, 以火山灰层为标志的第四纪地质结构调查和剖面的测制, 化石的新发现, 证实含许家窑动物群、文化层之上的地层时代为晚更新世, 之下的岩石地层应属中更新世。这些成果为泥河湾盆地晚新生代标准地层单元的岩性特征及属性提供了新依据。     

青藏高原新生代隆升研究现状

新生代青藏高原的隆升过程倍受世界关注。国内外学者从不同角度围绕青藏高原成为统一整体(印度-欧亚碰撞)的时限、隆升阶段性和空间差异性、青藏高原作为高海拔高原形成的时间、青藏高原隆升的动力机制等重大事件进行了深入的研究。对印度板块-欧亚板块的碰撞时间存在70Ma、65Ma、55Ma、50Ma、45Ma和40～34Ma等多种观点。印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞不是在某个时间点完成的,其碰撞持续时间约10～15Ma。碰撞方式存在由西向东迁移、由东向西迁移等多种观点。青藏高原的隆升过程具有强烈的时空差异性。青藏高原新生代隆升阶段存在多种划分方案,流行的有3阶段、4阶段和5阶段强隆升过程。青藏高原作为高海拔高原形成的时间可归纳为约3.6Ma以来、13～8Ma、26～20Ma、40～35Ma和55～45Ma 5类观点。青藏高原的形成机制模型存在较大分歧,流行的模式可分为碰撞、俯冲、挤出和拆沉-板片断离4类。青藏高原多阶段隆升及构造-岩浆演化造就了高原复杂多样的大陆成矿作用。高原隆升与环境和气候演变具耦合关系。     

Synthetic generation of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index

In this article synthetic records of longer duration than the historic records of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index were compared. The synthetic records were obtained using the year interchange method and the Svanidze fragments method, as well as the Fiering method. These records can be used in simulation models for the longterm analysis of the behavior of the teleconnection index, predominantly vis-á-vis climate change scenarios.     

Astronomical time-scale for physical property records from Quaternary sediments of the northern North Atlantic

Deep sea sediment cores taken between 50° and 75°N in the North Atlantic, in water depths varying between 1340 and 3850 m, were examined to provide an astronomically calibrated late Quaternary time-scale based on physical property records. Magnetic susceptibility and gamma ray attenuation porosity evaluator (GRAPE) density changes of these cores revealed significant responses to orbital forcing in the eccentricity (100 kyr), obliquity (41 kyr) and precessional (23, 19 kyr) bands. At 75°N (Greenland Sea), a response to obliquity forcing was weak despite the fact that it should become more pronounced in sediments at high latitudes. Application of bandpass filtering at the obliquity period (41 kyr), however, showed that variance at this period did exist in the magnetic susceptibility record, but at a very low power. At 50°N stacked curves of magnetic susceptibility correlated strongly with the SPECMAP curve for the past 500 ka. Since about 65 ka, dropstone layers are recorded in both magnetic susceptibility and GRAPE data of Rockall Plateau sediments. Although Rockall Plateau sediments show peaks in physical properties that correlate with Heinrich events (H₁, H₂, H₄, H₅, H₆), such a relationship was not readily observed in Norwegian-Greenland Sea records. Heinrich events at Rockall Plateau sites indicate a northward flow of icebergs in the eastern North Atlantic. This flow pattern and the presence of Heinrich events during the past 65 ka raise the questions of whether similar events occurred before this time period, and to what kind of ice sheet dynamics and climatic-oceanographic conditions favoured major iceberg surges from the Laurentide ice sheet to the North Atlantic at 50°N.     

四川攀西地区晚新生代构造变形历史与隆升过程初步研究

基于TM遥感图像解译和野外调研，分析了攀西地区大渡河、安宁河深切河谷地貌特征和断裂带构造变形特征，建立了安宁河断裂带晚新生代5阶段变形历史。研究表明，中新世晚期—上新世早期，安宁河断裂以挤压走滑活动为主；上新世晚期至早更新世时期，断裂以斜张走滑活动为主，活动强度较弱；早中更新世之间发生的元谋运动使昔格达组湖相地层褶皱变形；中晚更新世时期发生断陷作用，形成安宁河两堑夹—垒的构造格局；晚更新世—全新世时期又以左旋走滑活动为主。综合安宁河、大渡河河谷地貌和晚新生代地层记录和变形特征，提出了攀西高原晚新生代4阶段隆升模式：中新世早中期(12Ma之前)以缓慢隆升与区域夷平化作用为主，中新世晚期—上新世早期(12～3．4Ma)是高原快速隆升与河流强烈下切的时期，上新世晚期—早更新世(3．4～1.1Ma)为昔格达湖盆发育时期，中晚更新世—全新世(1．1Ma以来)是高原快速隆升与河谷阶地发育时期。最后指出，至上新世晚期(3．4Ma以前)，攀西高原海拔高度可能超过了3000m。     

Progresses and Prospects for North Tropical Atlantic Mode Interannual Variability

North Tropical Atlantic Mode (NTAM) is the leading variability of the boreal spring sea surface temperature anomalies over the North Tropical Atlantic at interannual timescale. It is also known as the northern pole of the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM). NTAM shows significant impact on the shift of Intertropical Convergence Zone, the precipitation of the surrounding countries, the quasi-biennial oscillation of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the recent global warming hiatus. Despite its distinct influence on global climate, NTAM has not received equivalent attention as other tropical variability (e.g. ENSO). By revisiting previous studies, this paper summarized the triggers and mechanisms responsible for the evolution and development of NTAM, including remote forcing from ENSO, south tropical Atlantic as well as North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), local air-sea coupling, and the interactions among different triggers. Also, this paper detailedly introduced the ability of CMIP5 (The fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) model simulation. The prominent model biases over the equatorial Atlantic significantly limit the study of NTAM. Finally, a future prospective of NTAM interannual variability was presented.     

The mid- to late Holocene paleoceanographic changes in the northern North Atlantic

A high-resolution diatom record from core MD99-2275 shows a general paleoceanographic change in the northern North Atlantic since 5000 cal. a B.P. by Principle Component Analysis. Sea surface temperature (SST) increased gradually during 5000 and 3000 cal. a B.P. on the North Icelandic shelf as a result of increasing influence of warm Atlantic water mass from the Irminger Current. It apparently started to decrease since 3000 cal. a B.P. due to the weakening influence of warm water and enhanced influence of the Polar and Arctic water masses from the East Greenland Current and the East Icelandic Current. Abrupt decreases in SST and intrusions of Polar and Arctic water superimposed on the late Holocene cooling trend during 3000-2600, 1300-1000 and 600-200 cal. a B.P.. The paleoceanographic record revealed from core MD99-2275 corresponds well with δ¹⁸O record from the GISP2 and is generally consistent with other SST records based on diatom on the North Icelandic shelf. __________ Translated from Marine Science Bulletin, 2008, 27(5) [译自:海洋通报]     

北大西洋涛动对青藏高原夏季降水的影响

利用青藏高原中东部1961-2004年60个气象台站夏季(6-8月)降水资料,通过旋转经验正交函数分解发现青藏高原夏季降水存在南北反向变化的空间模态,分析表明这种变化模态与北大西洋涛动(NAO)密切相关.利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进行环流场分析,探讨了NAO对青藏高原这种降水空间变化模态的影响机制.结果表明:强NAO年份时,高原北部水汽输送通量强度增强,水汽辐合增强,而高原南部水汽输送通量强度减弱,此时高原切变线位置明显偏北,正是在这种水汽输送和环流形式配置下使得高原北部降水偏多而高原南部降水偏少;在弱NAO年份,上述情况基本相反.     

青藏高原北羌塘榴辉岩质下地质及富集型地幔源区——来自新生代火山岩的岩石地球化学证据

利用岩石地球化学的方法，研究了北羌塘新生代火山岩，结果表明，北羌塘第三纪火山岩可区分为碱性（钾玄岩质）和高钾钙碱两套不同的火山岩组合，它们分别起源于一个特殊的，不均一的富集型上地幔和一个加厚陆壳的榴辉岩质下地壳，由于青藏陆块之下软流层物质的上涌而形成幔源碱性岩浆活动，而幔源岩浆在Mobo面的底侵作用又为下地壳中酸性高钾钙碱系列火山岩的起源提供了热动力条件，该区两套不同系列和源区类型的火山岩正是在这种特殊的构造环境中形成。