全极化微波辐射计对环境参数敏感性分析

为衡量全极化微波辐射计各通道对不同环境参数的探测能力,在构建全极化微波辐射传输正演模型的基础上,采用敏感性分析的方法,在固定背景场条件下,对全极化微波辐射计不同频率、各极化通道亮温对海面风速、海面风向、海面温度、大气水汽含量和云中液态水含量等重要环境参数的敏感度进行了分析和量化计算,对正演模型仿真亮温、星载全极化微波辐射计Wind Sat实测亮温相对于真实背景场参数、NCEP分析场资料和TAO/TRITON浮标实测海面风场数据的敏感性进行了分析。分析结果验证了全极化微波辐射计对海面风场的观测能力,衡量了上述重要环境参数对星载全极化微波辐射计各通道的单独影响程度,为中国自主研制全极化微波辐射计时通道指标设计、环境参数反演通道选取及算法提供支持。     

A Multivariate Regression Approach to Adjust AATSR Sea Surface Temperature to In Situ Measurements

The Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) onboard Envisat is designed to provide very accurate measurements of sea surface temperature (SST). Using colocated in situ drifting buoys, a dynamical matchup database (MDB) is used to assess the AATSR-derived SST products more precisely. SST biases are then computed. Currently, Medspiration AATSR SST biases are discrete values and can introduce artificial discontinuities in AATSR level-2 SST fields. The new AATSR SST biases presented in this letter are continuous. They are computed, for nighttime and best proximity confidence data, by linear regression with different MDB covariables (wind speed, latitude, aerosol optical depth, etc.). As found, the difference between dual-view and nadir-only SST products explains most of the variability (26%).     

利用分裂窗算法提取晴空导风示踪物的数值模拟与应用

气象卫星热红外通道能够探测到晴空区域内由大气水汽、沙尘气溶胶等物质含量分布不均所导致的微弱的纹理信息,通过追踪水汽和沙尘气溶胶纹理的移动可以反演出风场。然而这些信号很容易受地表温度变化的影响,需使用合适的算法来减弱地表温度干扰、提取微弱的示踪物信号。本文结合分裂窗差值理论,对使用分裂窗差值算法提取晴空区微弱示踪物信号进行数值模拟分析,并应用于晴空区风场的实例反演。数值模拟图像的结果显示,分裂窗差值算法可以削弱地表对示踪物信号的影响,突出水汽和沙尘气溶胶的分布特征,验证了分裂窗差值法的可行性与优越性。实例分析也表明,使用分裂窗差值图能够反演出单通道云图难以得到的晴空区低层风场,且反演结果与NCEP风场资料比较一致。     

HJ-1 CCD数据大气校正方法研究

本文开展了HJ-1CCD相机数据大气校正方法的研究工作。基于辐射传输模型构建了不同大气条件下的大气校正系数查找表;大气校正中用到的气溶胶光学厚度数据基于浓密植被区域红蓝波段地表反射率之间的关系反演得到。与对应当天的MODIS地表反射率数据的对比分析表明,本文提出的大气校正方法具有较高的精度。本文还从气溶胶光学厚度的反演精度、大气水汽含量的变化、辐射定标精度、海拔高度等方面对大气校正的不确定性进行了分析。     

Intercomparison of deep convective cloud fractions from passive infrared and microwave radiance measurements

The common method to detect deep convective clouds is from satellite infrared (IR) measurements, which is based on thresholds of cloud-top temperatures. However, thick cirrus clouds with high cloud tops are difficult to screen out using IR methods, resulting in an overestimation of deep convective cloud fractions. Two aircraft cases with simultaneous Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer, Multispectral Atmospheric Mapping Sensor, and ER-2 Doppler radar measurements during the Convection and Moisture Experiment 3 in August 1998 are analyzed to investigate the influence of high thick cirrus clouds on two previously developed IR methods. In contrast, a microwave method based on the brightness temperature differences between the three water vapor channels around 183.3 GHz of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) (183.3/spl plusmn/1,183.3/spl plusmn/3, and 183.3/spl plusmn/7 GHz) can screen out high thick cirrus clouds efficiently. The tropical deep convective cloud fractions (30/spl deg/S-30/spl deg/N) estimated by the IR methods and the AMSU-B method are compared. Although their geographical distributions are in well agreement with each other, the total fractions detected by the IR methods are about 2-3.5 times greater than that detected by the AMSU-B method. Moreover, the overestimation of deep convective cloud fractions by the IR method (11-/spl mu/m brightness temperature less than 215 K) can result in a displacement in the detected location of the deep convective clouds. The average thick cirrus clouds cover 2.5 times the area of the deep convective clouds that generates them.     

Remote sensing of cirrus optical and microphysical properties from ground-based infrared radiometric Measurements-part II: retrievals from CRYSTAL-FACE measurements

The ground-based infrared radiance measurements acquired on July 14, 20, and 28, 2002 during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) campaign have been used for simultaneously retrieving the optical thickness and effective particle size on the basis of the retrieval algorithm reported in the preceding counterpart of this paper. The corresponding ice water path is derived from the retrieved optical thickness and effective particle size. Specifically, the data used for the retrieval include: 1) the infrared radiance spectrum observed by an atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer at the surface; 2) the sky condition and cloud height determined from a sky imager and a micropulse lidar; and 3) the sounding data for the profiles of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. For these three case studies, the retrieved cirrus optical thickness, effective particle size, and ice water path are in the range of 0.2-1.5, 18-42 /spl mu/m, and 2-15 g /spl middot/ m/sup -2/, respectively. Furthermore, error analyses show that the retrieval uncertainties of the optical thickness and effective particle size are less than 15% if the uncertainty of water vapor vertical profile is within 5%. The retrieval errors are within 10% if the uncertainty of cloud temperature is within 7 K.     

神舟四号飞船微波辐射计定标和检验（Ⅱ）——微波辐射计地物参数反演及其检验

针对神舟四号飞船微波辐射计(RAD)特殊入射角、频率的特点,开发了海面和大气参数的反演算法。然后用这个算法模拟RAD不同通道的亮温。最后用发射后重新定标的亮温结合国外大洋浮标、小岛上的气象探空数据以及其他星载微波辐射计产品,对RAD反演算法进行改进,最后给出海面温度、风速和大气水汽含量的反演的结果,并且对这些结果进行了检验。     

合成孔径雷达图像的近岸海面风场反演

根据海面微波散射原理，给出了星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像海面风场反演的方法。该方法包括SAR图像辐射定标、海面风向确定和风速计算。利用该方法由加拿大RadarsatSAR图像反演获得了中国海南省东南部近岸海区海面风场，并与预报风场作了比较。结果显示，二者相符得很好，风速的均方根误差为0.94m/s，风向的均方根误差为4.03°。     

Retrieval of chlorophyll from the sea-leaving radiance in the Arabian sea

Error estimates in chlorophyll retrieval in the sea from satellite data have always been higher compared to the errors in retrieval of sea surface temperature or wind speed from satellite data. This is due to the higher percentage of noise in optical signals compared to infrared or microwave signals reaching the satellite. The noise is introduced both at the sea surface itself and also while signal passes passage through atmosphere. In the present work, we have attempted to investigate the noise introduced at the sea surface. During the validation experiment of the optical sensor MOS-B onboard Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS-P3, simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll concentration and sea leaving radiance have been made along the satellite passes in the Arabian sea. The algorithms used in the present studies are not found to give satisfactory values of chlorophyll in about 30% of cases. The possible sources of errors in retrieving chlorophyll concentration have been discussed.     

The influence of wind speed on infrared temperature in impervious surface areas based on in situ measurement data

Wind perturbations can cause a relatively rapid decay in infrared temperature, thus resulting in abnormal spatial patterns of infrared temperature in urban areas and the subsequent reduction in the reliability of infrared temperature measurements. To increase the reliability of such measurements, the effects of wind speed must be evaluated and removed. However, studies on the quantitative estimation of wind speed effects on infrared temperature are limited. In this study, in situ infrared temperature measurements and synchronous meteorological data were used to evaluate the influence of wind speed on in situ infrared temperature measurements of impervious surfaces. Five different impervious surfaces were selected in this study. The technical schemes are proposed for quantitative estimation of wind speed effects: (1) the residual-based method from the diurnal temperature cycle model was proposed to estimate the infrared temperature decay (ITD) due to wind fluctuations; (2) quantile regression method was introduced to define the relationship between wind speed fluctuations and the ITD; and (3) An improved probabilistic prediction interval as well as a ratio method were developed to estimate the magnitude and duration of the ITD. The results indicated that relative extreme wind speed (EWS) was significantly correlated with the range of ITD over 5-min intervals; the hourly decay rate and impact duration of ITD varied with changes in relative wind speed and impervious surface type; and the impact duration of ITD increased with an increase in the relative EWS and lasted more than 1.3 h for the studied impervious surfaces. The above findlings provide us a guidance for in situ measurement of infrared temperature and could be utilized for correcting thermal infrared images.     

基于观测量校正的星载GNSS-R海面风速快速反演方法

快速反演(FDI)算法是一种典型的星载全球卫星导航反射技术(GNSS-R)海面风速反演方法,具有计算复杂度低、快速实时反演的特点,但是FDI算法中的反演观测量提取精度不高,导致风速反演精度低.针对于此,提出基于观测量校正的改进FDI算法,用于实现海面风速的快速高精度反演.该方法首先利用辅助测量信息对观测量进行校正以降低...     

双频共面合成孔径雷达海面风场反演

根据L/C双频共面SAR能够获取同一海域双波段电磁波后向散射系数,得到更多海洋目标特征信息的电磁散射特点,结合地球物理模型函数研究了一种新的SAR海面风场反演方法。利用L/C双频共面SAR的L和C两个波段的地球物理模型函数和后向散射系数等信息,通过地球物理模型函数联立以及构建和求解最小代价函数,直接从SAR数据本身获取海面风场信息,并借助辅助数据去除了风向的180°模糊,从而实现海面风场反演。仿真分析和海上机载同步飞行试验的研究结果表明,该方法可直接利用SAR数据本身获取精度较高的海面风速、风向;绝对辐射定标精度是决定海面风场反演精度的关键因素,海面风场反演误差随定标精度提高而减小;随着海面风速的增大,风速反演误差逐渐增大。论文提出的双频共面SAR海面风场反演方法解决了传统单波段单极化SAR海面风场反演存在的固有问题,机载同步飞行试验的海面风速和风向反演结果与调查船观测值的均方根误差分别为0.93 m/s和19.39°,可为星载SAR海面风场反演业务化和载荷研制提供支持。     

Remote sensing of cirrus optical and microphysical properties from ground-based infrared radiometric Measurements-part I: a new retrieval method based on microwindow spectral signature

The surface radiance spectrum within the terrestrial infrared window (i.e., wavelengths between 8-12 /spl mu/m or wavenumbers between 833-1250 cm/sup -1/) is sensitive to the optical and microphysical properties of cirrus clouds. Numerous microwindows where atmospheric absorption is minimum exist in the spectral regions of 820-960 cm/sup -1/ and 1100-1240 cm/sup -1/. The minimum radiances at the microwindows in these two spectral regions can be fitted by using two linear lines. The slope of the fitting line for the spectral region of 820-960 cm/sup -1/ is sensitive to the effective size of ice crystals within cirrus clouds, whereas the intercept of the fitting line for the spectral region of 1100-1240 cm/sup -1/ is sensitive to the optical thickness of the clouds. Based on this spectral feature, a new retrieval method has been developed for simultaneously retrieving cirrus optical thickness and the effective particle size of ice crystals. Furthermore, the ice water path of cirrus clouds can be estimated from the retrieved values of cloud optical thickness and effective particle size.     

Satellite Observations on Cyclone-Induced Upper Ocean Cooling and Modulation of Surface Winds—A Study on Tropical Ocean Region

In this letter, we evaluate the relationships between the sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and meteorological parameters over the Bay of Bengal region, India, using microwave satellite remote sensing data. Most of the cyclones in this region occur during the premonsoon period in April–June and are associated with SSTs greater than 26 $^{circ}hbox{C}$. We particularly analyzed the data from two recent cyclonic events: Mala that occurred in April 24, 2006 and Tropical Cyclone 01B (TC 01B) that occurred in May 11, 2003. We used two different remote sensing data sets, sea surface temperature (SST) from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission and the NASA QuikSCAT ocean surface wind vectors to characterize the ocean–atmosphere interactions in cold SST regions formed in the trail of the aforementioned two cyclone events. The results from the satellite data analysis suggested the systematic weakening of wind speed over the cold patch, along the trail of the cyclone. A cooling of around 4$^{circ}$–5 $^{circ}$ was observed to be associated with the passage of cyclone Mala. Wind speed gradually increased from 2 to 9 m/s from the center to the boundary of the cold patch and showed good correlation with SST $(r = 0.97)$. These observations have been validated with another cyclone data (TC 01B) over the Bay of Bengal region that occurred during May 2003. Our results were consistent with the Wallace hypothesis that SST modulates the surface winds via stability.      

天宫一号数据地表温度反演及其在城市热岛效应中的应用

针对天宫一号高光谱成像仪红外波段数据提出了一个单通道地表温度反演算法,算法的输入参数为大气水汽含量和地表发射率.利用模拟数据和黑河流域生态—水文过程综合遥感观测联合试验的地面实测数据对算法进行了精度评价,结果表明算法的均方根误差为2.72 K,能够满足大多数应用研究的需求.以北京市二环以内为研究区域,采用4个时相的天宫一号高光谱红外波段数据进行了城市热岛效应研究,结果表明天宫一号高光谱红外波段数据适合用来进行街区尺度的城市热岛效应研究,具有很大的应用潜力.     

航空遥感数据典型自然下垫面偏振特性分析

对于航空航天大气偏振遥感来说,下垫面偏振辐射噪声影响扣除至关重要。本文基于航空偏振遥感数据,探讨了典型自然下垫面对可见光及短波红外波段偏振敏感性。研究发现,在可见光波段与短波红外(2250 nm)波段,植被下垫面偏振反射率线性拟合斜率都接近1,相关系数大于0.95,表明植被偏振反射率对光谱波段不敏感。比较分析了平静水面和存在耀光水面在670 nm和2250 nm两波段的偏振特性,存在耀光的水面其偏振反射率大约是平静水面的3倍。此外,在实验室测量了红砂土和河沙土的偏振反射率,偏振反射率随波段的改变量很小,其与波段的线性拟合斜率仅为10-5量级,说明两者的偏振反射率对波段很不敏感。因此,利用典型自然下垫面在可见和短波红外波段的偏振反射特性,将能够有效进行地气解耦,提高大气偏振遥感精度。     

星载大气探测激光雷达发展与展望

从最早的星载激光雷达空间技术实验LITE出发,回顾了已成功发射的多颗星载激光雷达发展历程。详细阐述了LITE、CALIPSO等星载激光雷达在大气遥感领域,特别是气候环境变化和数值预报模式研究上所取得的成就。主要从全球气溶胶垂直结构及其辐射强迫、全球云垂直结构和特征、气溶胶-云-降水相互作用和气溶胶数据在雾-霾和沙尘天气预报中的应用等4个方面进行展开说明,并且深入分析了未来星载激光雷达在大气风场和大气成分探测方面所面临的需求和挑战。在大气风场探测需求方面,结合星载激光雷达探测优势从提高热带地区的天气预报准确率、提高非地转条件下中小尺度短时临近预报水平和填补卫星高/低空急流监测技术空白等3个方面进行详细论述。在大气成分探测需求方面,与传统被动探测仪器相比较,突出激光雷达在信噪比、CO2垂直结构和夜间探测上的明显优势。最后,指出全球风场和大气成分探测将成为未来星载激光雷达的重要发展方向。     

针对Terra/MODIS数据的改进分裂窗地表温度反演算法

针对Terra/MODIS数据提出改进的分裂窗地表温度反演算法。充分考虑了传感器观测角度(VZA)的影响,并对地表和有效大气辐射按照不同的亮度温度区间分别进行Planck函数简化。利用TIGR3大气廓线库中的875条晴空大气廓线,ASTER波谱库中的106条地物发射率波谱,结合MODTRAN4大气辐射传输模型模拟得到分裂窗算法系数。利用MODTRAN4模拟数据对算法精度进行验证,结果表明本文的改进算法和原算法的均方根误差RMSE分别为0.34K和0.65K。敏感性分析表明,在中等湿润的大气条件下,算法对大气水汽含量并不敏感。该算法降低了传感器观测角度带来的地表温度反演误差。利用2009年6月美国SURFRAD辐射观测网6个站点的实测数据对改进算法、原算法以及MOD11_L2地表温度产品进行了对比验证,RMSE分别是0.93K、1.49K和1.0K,表明本文算法可以提高反演精度。     

风能方向性参量遥感反演

目前可遥感反演的海上风能参量主要为平均风速和平均风功率密度,缺乏对风能方向性参量的反演。本文建立了以风向频率、风能密度方向分布为核心的风能方向性参量体系及相应的反演方法,使用2007年—2016年ASCAT星载散射计观测数据进行了反演实验,并利用海上现场观测数据对反演结果进行比较验证,通过理论分析和模拟实验对反演方法的数据量需求和误差传递进行了分析。结果表明,90%的反演结果通过了所有的同一性检验,验证了其有效性和准确性;风向频率和风能密度方向分布准确反演所需的最小数据量分别为350条和800条;遥感反演的风速风向数据的误差使得最终反演的风能方向性参量趋于离散,真实的风能方向分布越集中,对其影响越敏感。     

地物反射光谱对MODIS近红外波段水汽反演影响的模拟分析

在近红外辐射传输方程的基础上,利用近红外波段水汽的不同吸收属性,在MODTRAN的模拟下,深入分析了基于MODIS近红外数据的可降水汽反演算法,并着重讨论了地物反射光谱非线性在可降水汽反演中的影响。研究结果显示,当波段间反射率之比不等于1时,MODIS近红外波段反演水汽将存在较大偏差。同时,在地物光谱库基础上,计算了不同地物反射率比值,其分布表明,大部分地物波段反射率比值不等于1。研究表明,应用现有MODIS近红外波段水汽反演算法,如果不考虑地表反射率光谱变化的影响,由地表反射光谱造成的误差最大约为反射率比值与1偏差的15倍,同时,这一误差还与大气波段透过率之比有关。