不整合空间结构与油气成藏综述

不整合是由不整合面及其上、下岩石三部分组成,在空间上具有三层结构,即不整合面之上的岩石、不整合面之下的风化粘土层以及风化粘土层之下的半风化岩石。风化粘土层在上覆沉积物压实作用下岩性较致密,具有良好的封盖能力。不整合面之上的高孔渗岩石(主要为砂岩、砾岩)和不整合面之下裂隙、溶蚀孔洞发育的半风化岩石(主要为砂岩、砾岩、碳酸盐岩、火山岩及变质岩)既可作为油气运移通道,又可成为油气聚集的有效储层。由于构造部位、岩性等因素的影响,不整合空间结构复杂多变,导致不整合油气藏成藏规律复杂,因此,不整合空间结构研究对不整合油气藏勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

Diagenesis of sandstones in the back-arc basins of the western Pacific Ocean

ABSTRACT Sandstones occur in back-arc basins of the western Pacific at DSDP sites 299 (Sea of Japan), 297 (northern Shikoku Basin), 445 and 446 (Daito-Ridge-and-Basin Province), 453 (Mariana Trough), 286 (New Hebrides Basin) and 285 (South Fiji Basin). These sandstones are dominantly volcaniclastic arenites derived from andesitic island arcs. The degree of sandstone diagenesis is dependent on original composition, burial rate, heat flow history of the basin, and timing of sandstone deposition with respect to rifting processes and associated high heat flow.
Sandstones containing a larger proportion of volcaniclastic components showed more diagenetic effects than sandstones containing a significant volume of other rock fragments and mineral components. Sandstones deposited during early stages of rifting (sites 445, 446) with a slow burial rate and high crustal heat flow showed the greatest degree of downhole diagenetic change. These diagenetic changes include early pore-space reduction and rim cementation by clay minerals followed later by calcite, and subsequent pore-fill cementation by clinoptilolite, heulandite, analcite and later calcite. Replacement of recognizable volcanic rock fragments by chert, calcite and zeolites was observed in the deepest part of the hole. Sandstones deposited after rifting under conditions of associated lower heat flow showed considerably less diagenetic changes, particularly if burial was rapid.
The high heat flow associated with earliest rifting, associated fluid circulation driven by thermal convection, and slow burial rate controlled the diagenetic history of these sandstones. Thus, timing of sandstone deposition with rifting stage and associated burial rates were key factors in controlling sandstone diagenesis in back-arc basins.     

Influence of deformation bands on sandstone porosity: A case study using three-dimensional microtomography

This study presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of porosity in deformation bands by applying X-ray micro-computed tomography in conjunction with microstructural analysis. Samples of compactional cataclastic bands and shear compactional bands identified in Early Cretaceous aeolian sandstones of the Paraná Basin were analyzed. The application of X-ray micro-computed tomography expanded the view of features in the porous framework of each type of deformation band studied and provided information that are not clear or was not observable with optical microscopy. The compactional cataclastic bands and shear compactional bands differ in geometry, thickness, microstructures and, mainly, in the distribution, shape and orientation of the remaining pores. Porosity analysis was also performed by comparing values of porosity (total, open and closed pores) of the parental rock and the deformation band in each sample. Results of these analyses show a reduction of total porosity and open pores and therefore an increase in the amount of closed pores in all types of deformation bands in relation to parental rock. In addition, it is observed that changes in porosity characteristics are related to the effect of different deformation mechanisms that operated in each type of deformation band.     

Patterns in the transformation of the composition and properties of volcanogenic rocks in hydrothermal-magmatic systems of the Kuril-Kamchatka island arc

Hydrothermal-magmatic systems of the Kuril-Kamchatka island arc were formed in Neogene-Quaternary volcanic rocks. Acting on host rocks, thermal waters induced their alteration and transformation into hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks, such as propylites, secondary quartzites, zeolitic rocks, argillic rocks, opalites, quartz-adularia metasomatites, etc. The dynamics of changes in rock properties during the hydrothermal process depends on a number of factors, including the features of primary rocks, temperature, pressure and composition of thermal fluids, fluid phase, fluid pH, and duration of fluid-rock interaction. Deep high-temperature fluids cause consolidation and hardening of the rocks, an increase in deformational properties, and a decrease in porosity and permeability, regardless of fluid composition. The chemical composition and acidity-alkalinity of thermal fluids have a significant influence on the alteration of rock properties during low-temperature hydrothermal processes.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密砂岩气田储集层特征与成因*

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密砂岩储集层普遍以低孔低渗为主要特征,但在低孔低渗的背景上发育相对优质储集层。应用偏光显微镜、恒速压汞等技术手段,从碎屑岩的粒度、碎屑组分、孔隙结构等分析入手,对比神木气田、榆林气田和苏里格气田3个大气田的储集层特点,并对致密砂岩中相对优质储集层的成因进行了分析。研究认为：高石英类矿物含量、适量的可溶性组分(包括长石、火山岩岩屑及凝灰质等）及残余少量粒间孔形成的酸性流体的渗流通道是形成相对优质储集层的必要条件;而较高含量的千枚岩屑、泥板岩等软组分,在上覆地层压力作用下被压实变形、充填孔隙,造成残余粒间孔全部丧失和酸性流体渗流通道的缺乏,因而形成低孔低渗的致密砂岩储集层。     

粤北大瑶山地区前泥盆纪地层中的火山岩特征及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄

通过1︰5万地质填图及剖面测制,作者在粤北大瑶山地区的震旦-寒武纪地层中首次发现多层火山岩,岩性主要为火山-沉积碎屑岩类的变质凝灰质不等粒岩屑石英砂岩、变质凝灰质不等粒长石石英砂岩、沉凝灰岩等,局部见变流纹质熔结凝灰岩。对变流纹质熔结凝灰岩、变质凝灰质砂岩用LA-ICP-MS法测定锆石U-Pb年龄,206Pb/238U年龄介于614~2869 Ma之间,年龄值较为分散,说明碎屑锆石是多来源的。火山岩年龄数据与地层时代归属矛盾,粤北大瑶山地区前泥盆纪地层的时代归属值得进一步探讨。     

Stratigraphy and geochemistry in the proterozoic mafic volcanic rocks of the Nagu-Korpo area,SW Finland

The volcanic rocks of the Nagu-Korpo area in SW Finland form a thin (< 1000 m) formation that is folded into narrow synforms separated by migmatite-filled antiforms. In Nagu the volcanic formation comprises three units: a lower unit of subvolcanic banded gabbro sills, a middle unit of amphibolitic volcanic rocks and an upper unit consisting of a thin ultramafic volcanic rock layer. The volcanic formation is interlayered within a thicker sequence of metasedimentary gneisses. Geochemically the metavolcanic rocks are tholeiitic and plots based on Ti, Y, Zr and other trace elements show that they resemble recent within-plate lavas. MORB- and mantle-normalised trace element plots show patterns strongly differing from those of recent arc lavas, indicating a tectonic environment of (plate boundary related?) initial rifting. The upper ultramafic lavas are enriched in LREE relative to the lavas of the much thicker amphibolitic middle unit below. A model for the initial formation of the volcanic rocks of the Svecofennian fold belt must acknowledge both the episode of initial rifting and the later evolution of an island arc-like environment.     

沉积岩型铅锌矿床的成矿系统研究

沉积岩型铅锌矿床是铅锌矿床中重要类型之一。在系统论述沉积岩型铅锌矿床成矿背景、地球化学和矿床类型的基础上,分别阐明了沉积喷流型(SEDEX)、密西西比型(MVT)和砂岩型(SST)3个成矿系统的成矿要素、作用过程、矿床和异常组合以及成矿模式。对3个铅锌成矿系统作了全面对比,获得一些认识:(1)SST矿床的矿化表现为对构造和高孔隙度有利岩性而不是地层层位的依赖性;(2)云南会泽碳酸盐型铅锌矿(MVT)成矿物质除热卤水沉淀来源外,还有火山岩系的提供,属后生混合流体成矿作用;(3)沿古陆边缘同生断裂构造发生的海底热水喷流沉积作用为SEDEX型铅锌成矿奠定了物质基础;裂谷伸展期常有“双峰式”火山活动,提供部分矿源、热源、水源;同生断层长期活动提供热水循环通道和矿质沉积场所;(4)风化剥蚀的变质基底为三者提供了成矿物质,成矿热卤水在盆地中经过了演化过程。     

辽东-吉南硼矿的控矿因素及成矿作用研究

文章从区域成矿理论出发,分析了含硼岩系、镁质容矿岩石、区域变质及混合岩化热液交代作用、构造控制和改造等4大控矿因素在成矿过程中的作用。研究表明,含硼岩系、镁质容矿岩石是硼矿形成的物质基础,区域变质及混合岩化作用、构造改造活动是硼矿形成的必要条件;辽东-吉南硼矿的成矿作用为原始火山-沉积初始富集和部分熔融含硼热液交代镁质岩石的成矿作用过程。     

浙江桐庐自碎二长花岗斑岩的特征和成因

在中国东部的中生代断陷盆地中经常有大量次火山花岗斑岩类与陆相的中酸性火山岩共生,有时并与浅成侵入体共同构成火山侵入杂岩。其中有些次火山花岗斑岩的产状和结构比较特殊,对其成因有过长时间的激烈争论。确切地了解这些次火山花岗斑岩的特征,弄清它的形成机理是火山岩地区岩石学、基础地质及找矿工作中亟待解决的重要课题。浙江桐庐的自碎二长花岗斑岩就是这样一种次火山花岗斑岩。     

沉积盆地流体活动及其成岩响应

盆地流体活动通过改变成岩场的温压和孔隙水介质条件,进而影响到盆地内成岩作用序列、水—岩相互作用以及储层孔隙变化。对于碎屑岩而言,流体活动仅能导致母岩中少部分矿物的溶蚀以及孔隙内溶解与沉淀作用发生,富含二氧化碳和有机酸的流体活动为次生孔隙发育提供条件,超压环境下流体幕式释放既可导致超压体内次生孔隙的发育,又可以导致热流体活动影响区域内浅部储层的成岩异常;对于碳酸盐岩而言,由于碳酸盐岩具有很强的溶解性,盆地流体活动导致碳酸盐岩储层组构及空间发生巨大的变化,其中天水的下渗以及与深部热液或热流体沿断裂或裂缝释放均可导致碳酸盐岩成分、组构、储集空间发生根本性变化,故与盆地流体活动密切相关的风化壳型岩溶储层和构造热液白云岩储层构成碳酸盐岩中最为重要的储层类型。然而,盆地流体活动及其成岩响应研究仍存在许多亟待解决的难点问题,急待深入的研究探索。     

辽河盆地东部凹陷东营组火山岩特征及油气封盖作用

利用辽河盆地东部凹陷32口井11 431 m火山岩井段的岩芯、岩屑、测录井资料,通过火山地层-地震连井对比,研究了东营组火山岩的岩性、岩相、纵向序列及喷发期次;通过225口探井56923 m火山岩井段编制出东营组火山岩平面分布图;根据43口探井600余件实测孔隙度和渗透率数据分析东营组火山岩储集物性及其与沉积岩和下伏沙三段火山岩的相互关系。结果表明,东营组火山岩主要为玄武岩和粗安岩,归属为5个喷发期次,自下而上为基性-中性-基性火山喷发旋回;火山岩分布受边界断裂控制,在驾东断裂与其伴生断裂的交汇处火山岩厚度最大。火山岩和沉积岩的储集物性均随埋深变差,东营组埋深多2 500 m,其火山岩物性差于互层的砂岩,但好于埋深超过2 500 m的沙三段火山岩。揭示了东营组火山岩与油气成藏关系:1东营组火山岩孔渗(φ=15%,K=0.4×10-3μm2)相邻砂岩(φ=21%,K=29×10-3μm2),主要起封盖作用;2东营组火山岩储集物性通常好于沙三段火山岩(φ=10%,K=0.45×10-3μm2),但其不是储集层而是盖层,而沙三段火山岩多为有效储层,说明火山岩与互层沉积岩储层物性的相对高低是决定火山岩作为储层或者盖层的重要因素。     

通化盆地亨通山组沉积特征及储层发育规律

在野外地质调查、岩芯描述和测试分析的基础上,对通化盆地亨通山组的沉积相类型、沉积环境及演化进行研究,识别出冲积扇、扇三角洲、水下扇、浅湖-半深湖和火山机构5个沉积相类型,并分析了沉积相展布特征。根据孔隙度、渗透率和压汞分析,确定亨通山组储层发育的岩性,包括砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、凝灰质砂岩、凝灰岩和凝灰熔岩,确定储层为特低孔-低孔、超低渗透储层。研究认为亨通山组储层发育的有利沉积相为水下扇相和火山岩相。原生孔隙发育,保证了石油注入时的条件。后期受到较大的埋深、火山物质和成岩改造,虽然有一定的溶蚀孔隙出现,但原生孔隙破坏和大量的黏土矿物生成,堵塞了吼道,导致储层物性差。     

朱拉扎嘎金矿地质特征及成因研究

朱拉扎嘎金矿是一个大型矿床,赋矿围岩为中元古界变质钙质砂岩、粉砂岩、板岩、大理岩、流纹岩.主矿体和围岩产状基本一致.划分出两个矿带,总体走向35°.矿体受层间裂隙控制,共发现56个矿体,规模为长10余米到300 m,厚度几十厘米到4.5 m,延伸可达200 m.主要蚀变有透辉石化、阳起石化、绿帘石化、冰长石化,还有碳酸盐化、绿泥石化、硅化.矿石类型有蚀变变质砂岩型、蚀变火山岩型、交代岩型、喷流沉积岩型和石英脉型.自然金和银金矿是矿石中金的最主要赋存形式.含金较高的原始沉积岩层,比较发育的层间裂隙或破碎带,与多次构造活动相伴的多次热液活动和多次矿化作用,便形成本区的岩浆热液蚀变型金矿床.     

Fluid metasomatic genesis of stratiform skarn in the Suoerkuduke Cu-Mo deposit,East Junggar,NW China

Stratiform skarns associated with ore deposits are widespread in the north of East Junggar, particularly in the Suoerkuduke Cu-Mo deposit. The Suoerkuduke stratiform and stratoid skarns are hosted by Devonian intermediate-mafic volcanic and pyroclastic rocks, mainly andesite, andesitic porphyry and tuffaceous sandstone, without carbonate or calcareous rocks. The skarns consist of dominant andradite-grossular, epidote, diopside-hedenbergite and minor actinolite, quartz, magnetite and metallic sulfides. The garnet and epidote composition, especially Fe^3 + and Al contents, is largely a function of the bulk composition and physicochemical environment (particularly fO₂) during crystallization. Such mineralogy indicates a relatively oxidizing environment and medium acidity of solution during skarnization.The Suoerkuduke skarns are distinct from typical contact metasomatic skarn in wall rock, as no carbonate or calcareous rocks were found, and differ in the distribution patterns of skarn zonation in that gradually weakened skarn zones are not quite symmetrically distributed on both sides of the alteration center (a garnet skarn). Abundant remnants of andesite, andesitic porphyry and tuffaceous sandstone in the weakened skarn zone indicate that the protolith of the skarn is andesite, andesitic porphyry and tuffaceous sandstone. Magmatic water, meteoric and seawater are involved in skarn alteration. Moyite and granitic porphyry are not coeval with skarn, and their emplacement resulted in the hornfelization of wall rock instead of skarnization, and themselves keep away from skarn alteration. Therefore, there was probably a huge batholith supplying magmatic fluid for skarn formation. Mass balance estimates suggest that hydrothermal fluid must contribute a portion of Ca and Fe to ensure sufficient supply for skarn formation in the absence of local carbonate and calcareous rocks. In conclusion, the stratiform skarns in the Suoerkuduke are products of intermediate-mafic volcanic and pyroclastic rocks metasomatised by hydrothermal fluid that probably leached calcareous wall rock during ascent.     

卡林金矿带勘查的新进展

近年来对卡林金矿带上勘查工作,在其西北端和深部发现并勘探了新的超大型金矿床.延伸了卡林金矿带的范围.讨论了超大型金矿床的地质特征.其主岩为不纯碳酸盐或细屑岩,成矿与中酸性火成岩,新生代火山岩有关,并且与板块构造的演化有关.提出卡林型金矿与裂谷作用有关的认识.     

西非被动大陆边缘构造-沉积演化及其对生储盖的控制作用

西非海岸属典型的被动大陆边缘,经历了前裂谷、裂谷和被动陆缘等三个演化阶段,北段与中南段盆地裂谷作用的时间和方式不同。在由构造—沉积控制的盆地发展演化过程中发育三套主力烃源岩,即裂谷期盐下湖相页岩、被动陆缘期盐上海相页岩以及浅海相—三角洲相页岩;发育裂谷期湖相碎屑岩、被动陆缘期碳酸盐岩、滨岸砂岩、浊积体和三角洲砂岩等多套储层。阿普特盐岩为主要的区域盖层,形成了裂谷期的断块、断背斜、盐岩构造以及与被动陆缘期同生长断层相关的滚动背斜等众多构造和圈闭。     

断裂在纯净砂岩中的变形机制及断裂带内部结构

以纯净砂岩为对象,考虑了影响断裂变形的主要因素,包括成岩阶段、孔隙度、温度和围压,系统剖析了不同性质砂岩的断裂变形机制、微构造特征及形成断裂带的内部结构,对研究砂岩内断裂封闭性具有重要的指导意义。研究表明：纯净的砂岩在未固结-半固结成岩阶段发生断裂,变形机制为颗粒边界摩擦滑动,导致颗粒旋转和滚动,即为颗粒流,形成的微构造为解聚带,孔渗性同母岩比没有明显降低,断裂带尽管具有断层核和破碎带二分结构,但渗透率比母岩高,为流体垂向运移的通道;在固结成岩阶段（孔隙度大于15%）发生断裂,变形机制为碎裂作用,颗粒边界摩擦滑动导致颗粒旋转,即为碎裂流,形成的微构造为碎裂带,渗透率同母岩比一般降低1～3个数量级,形成侧向有一定封闭能力、垂向渗透的断裂带;固结阶段（孔隙度小于15%）发生断裂,开始由于破裂作用,形成断层角砾岩,伴随着碎裂流发生,形成碎裂岩,因此早期形成高渗透断裂带,后期断层逐渐封闭。固结成岩的砂岩在抬升过程发生断裂,变形机制为破裂作用,形成无内聚力的角砾岩,为高渗透断裂带。在不同成岩阶段发生变形,形成多类型变形构造的叠加,对于一条晚期形成的断层而言,由于不同深度变形机制及微构造类型不同,导致油气选择性充注,碎裂带和压溶胶结碎裂带阻止油气向高孔隙度砂岩中充注,解聚带会成为油气运移的通道,裂缝有利于油气优先充注。因此,高孔隙性砂岩中孔隙度较低的储集层由于碎裂带不发育常常含油气性最好,而低孔隙性砂岩由于裂缝产生含油气性较好。     

Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Geochemical Characteristics of the Volcanic Host Rocks from the Tongyu VHMS Copper Deposit in the Western North Qinling Orogen and Their Geological Significance

Precise in situ zircon U-Pb dating and Lu–Hf isotopic measurement using an LA-ICP-MS system, whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry were conducted on the volcanic host rocks of the Tongyu copper deposit on the basis of further understanding of its geological characteristics. Three zircon samples from the volcanic host rocks yielded 206Pb/238 U weighted average ages ranging from 436±4 Ma to 440±5 Ma, which are statistically indistinguishable and coeval with the ca. 440 Ma northward subduction event of the Paleo-Qinling oceanic slab. The volcanic host rocks were products of magmatic differentiation that evolved from basalt to andesite to dacite to rhyolite, forming an integrated tholeiitic island arc volcanic rock suite. The primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns for most samples show characteristics of island arc volcanic rocks, such as relative enrichment of LILE(e.g. Th, U, Pb and La) and depletion of HFSE(e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf). Discrimination diagrams of Ta/Yb vs Th/Yb, Ta vs Th, Yb vs Th/Ta, Ta/Hf vs Th/Hf, Hf/3 vs Th vs Nb/16, La vs La/Nb and Nb vs Nb/Th all suggest that both the volcanic host rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit and the volcanic rocks from the regional Xieyuguan Group were formed in an island arc environment related to subduction of an oceanic slab. Values of ISr(0.703457 to 0.708218) and εNd(t)(-2 to 5.8) indicate that the source materials of volcanic rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit and the Xieyuguan Group originated from the metasomatised mantle wedge with possible crustal material assimilation. Most of the volcanic rock samples show good agreement with the values of typical island arc volcanic rocks in the ISr-εNd(t) diagram. The involvement of crustal-derived material in the magma of the volcanic rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit was also reflected in the zircon εHf(t) values, which range from-3.08 to 10.7, and the existence of inherited ancient xenocrystic zircon cores(2616±39 Ma and 1297±22 Ma). The mineralization of the Tongyu copper deposit shows syn-volcanic characteristics such as layered orebodies interbedded with the volcanic rock strata, thus, the zircon U-Pb age of the volcanic host rocks can approximately represent the mineralization age of the Tongyu copper deposit. Both the Meigou pluton and the volcanic host rocks were formed during the ca. 440 Ma northward subduction of the Paleo-Qinling Ocean when high oxygen fugacity aqueous hydrothermal fluid released by dehydration of the slab and the overlying sediments fluxed into the mantle wedge, triggered partial melting of the mantle wedge, and activated and extracted Cu and other ore-forming elements. The magma and ore-bearing fluid upwelled and erupted, and consequently formed the island arc volcanic rock suite and the Tongyu VHMS-type copper deposit.     

赣南三百山盆地岩石地层划分的新认识及其意义

分析了赣南三百山盆地地层层序和岩石地层划分的研究现状及存在分歧的原因,提出前人建立的地层层序与野外新发现的地质事实不相吻合,三百山盆地不存在所谓的双峰式火山岩组合和推覆构造。依据地层层序律,将三百山盆地自下而上可划分为砂岩层、长英质火山岩层、镁铁质火山岩层和砂砾岩层四套;通过地层对比,将第一套砂岩层划归上侏罗统武夷群双峰岭组、第二套长英质火山岩层划归上侏罗统武夷群鹅湖岭组、第三套铁镁质火山岩层和第四套砂砾岩层划归下白垩统罗塘群白埠组。