Diversity and distribution of landscape trees in the compact Asian city of Taipei

The promotion and preservation of biodiversity in urban areas remains scant, especially in Asian cities. This study focuses on spatial pattern and diversity of landscape trees in compact Taipei. Aggregate species diversity of three urban habitats (streets, urban parks and riverside parks) exceeded the countryside's secondary forests. Urban parks with site heterogeneity and multiple functions accommodate the highest richness, and streets with acute site limitations the poorest represented by popular native species. More affinities exist between urban and riverside parks. Low diversity in riverside parks echoes natural site constraints and primary use for river discharge and flood control. The compact urban form has not stifled species diversity and spatial variability of urban forests. Development history and park area have no significant relationship with species diversity. Understanding species composition in urban ecosystems could frame conservation strategies to augment species richness, appropriate site selection, habit preservation and wildlife recruitment.     

面向“多样化联系空间”的企业区位选择——基于SGWR模型的城市微区位分析

文章引入“多样化联系空间”视角,使得空间附着了更多的社会、经济、制度和文化等内涵,并以此作为城市微区位和企业区位选择的空间基础。理论上,企业在城市微区位的选址不仅是通过市场机制与经济因素发生,也特定于区位的经济、社会和地理的紧密交织及其交互作用,其理论机制是空间的多样化联系以“成本共担”的形式降低企业的生产成本和交易成本,从而引致企业的区位选择和空间集聚;并以深圳市的高新电子信息企业为例,应用OLS回归、地理加权回归（GWR）和半参数地理加权回归（SGWR）模型,对城市微区位、多样化联系与企业区位选择的耦合进行实证分析,结果显示城市微区位存在显著的空间异质性,且存在全局变量和局部变量的差别,这在一定程度上验证了城市微区位的多样性、异质性。     

Gathering Places for America's Dead: How Many,Where, and Why?

Recent availability of a place-specific roster of 99,625 named cemeteries appearing on USGS quadrangles renders possible for the first time the study of such places at more than the state or localized scale. County-level plotting of named sites for the eastern United States yields two unexpected results: a band of exceptionally high densities of named cemeteries traversing much of the Upper South and a parallel tract of low densities dominating the South Atlantic States. Region-specific cultural processes could apply since population density, physical geography, longevity of settlement, social diversity, and land costs, factors operating moderately well elsewhere, work poorly here to explain the pattern, as does diffusion.     

湖南省种子植物物种丰富度与地形的关系

为探讨区域尺度物种丰富度与地形的关系,利用湖南省地方植物志资料和地形图,借助GIS软件等手段,在定量分析湖南省地形的海拔分异特征的基础上,研究了湖南省种子植物的物种丰富度和物种密度沿海拔梯度的变化趋势,以及他们与地形复杂度的关系,得到如下结果：(1) 随着海拔的升高,科、属、种丰富度和物种密度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,也即物种丰富度和物种密度均在中海拔地区达到最高;(2) 随地形复杂度的增加,物种丰富度和物种密度呈现先增大后减少的趋势,即中等复杂程度的地形,具有较高的丰富度和物种密度。     

Can severely fragmented patches of riparian vegetation still be important for arid-land bird diversity?

The vegetation of riparian habitats is often distinct from that of the surrounding landscape, thus representing unique habitat for a variety of biota. Although highly mobile, birds often exhibit distinct species assemblages associated with habitat. Therefore, degradation or removal of riparian habitat, particularly in arid environments, may threaten bird diversity. Along the Vaal River, South Africa, mining and agriculture have reduced natural riparian habitat to ca. 9% of its former extent in the Northern Cape Province. We surveyed bird assemblages within intact riparian, savanna and bush-thickened habitats along the Vaal River to ascertain their importance to bird diversity. Avian abundance and species richness did not differ between the three habitats. Species composition of riparian bird assemblages was significantly different to that of savanna and bush-thickened habitats, however, which were not significantly different from each other, and more species were characteristic of riparian habitat (17 species) than bush-thickened (seven species) or savanna (one species) habitats. Of three species reaching the south-western limit of their African distribution, all occurred in riparian habitat. Thus, despite its fragmented nature, the riparian vegetation on the Vaal still supports an important component of avian diversity, and a landscape-level approach is required to manage this relatively rich, arid-land, river.     

浑善达克沙地苔藓物种多样性

调查了浑善达克沙地10类植被地面生苔藓植物物种多样性及分布。结果表明：（1）该区共发现苔藓植物23科54属115种,其中苔类6科7属9种,藓类17科47属106种（包括变种）;具有4种生长型,其中茎叶体苔类4种,叶状体苔类5种,顶蒴藓类63种,侧蒴藓类43种;优势科有丛藓科（Pottiaceae）、真藓科（Bryaceae）、柳叶藓科（Amblystegiaceae）、青藓科（Brachytheciaceae）等;优势属有真藓属（Bryum）、青藓属（Brachythecium）、细湿藓属（Campylium）等;该区苔藓植物可分为10个区系地理成分,以北温带成分为主;白桦（Betula platyphylla）林、湿地、沙地云杉（Picea mongolica）林、爬地柏（Sabina vulgaris）灌丛等生境下苔藓植物多,且随着水分增加物种数量和生长型类型增加,优势种个体亦增大;（2）Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与Patrick丰富度指数变化趋势基本一致,而Simpson优势度指数变化相反,土壤水分和空气湿度是苔藓植物物种多样性和丰富度的主要影响因子;（3）除了沙地云杉林与臭柏灌丛和白桦林外,物种相似系数总体较低。     

基于地理加权回归的漫湾库区景观破碎化及影响因子分析

应用地理加权回归模型分析漫湾库区景观破碎化指数——有效筛网大小与相关因子之间的空间关系。选取的解释变量分别是距道路的距离、距乡村的距离、距河流的距离、坡度。结果表明：大坝修建后4种解释变量与有效筛网大小呈现较显著的正相关性。与线性回归模型相比,地理加权回归模型的拟合效果显著提高。1974~1988年,有效筛网大小对各影响因子最敏感的区域面积呈现显著的时空变化这为确定水电站建设及其他因素对景观破碎化影响的大小,并进一步改善库区景观破碎化的现状提供了依据。     

美国俄亥俄州土壤有机碳密度空间分布(英文)

Historical database of National Soil Survey Center containing 1424 geo-referenced soil profiles was used in this study for estimating the organic carbon(SOC) for the soils of Ohio,USA.Specific objective of the study was to estimate the spatial distribution of SOC density(C stock per unit area) to 1.0-m depth for soils of Ohio using geographically weighted regression(GWR),and compare the results with that obtained from multiple linear regression(MLR).About 80% of the analytical data were used for calibration and 20% for validation.A total of 20 variables including terrain attributes,climate data,bedrock geology,and land use data were used for mapping the SOC density.Results showed that the GWR provided better estimations with the lowest(3.81 kg m 2) root mean square error(RMSE) than MLR approach.Total estimated SOC pool for soils in Ohio ranged from 727 to 742 Tg.This study demonstrates that,the local spatial statistical technique,the GWR can perform better in capturing the spatial distribution of SOC across the study region as compared to other global spatial statistical techniques such as MLR.Thus,GWR enhances the accuracy for mapping SOC density.     

佛坪自然保护区植物群落物种多样性与海拔梯度的关系

用多元统计分析方法研究了佛坪自然保护区植物群落多种性及群落各生长型多样性特征沿海拔梯度的变化。结果表明：1）植物群落的Shannon指数与Simpson指数及物种丰富度与海拔梯度均呈显著负相关关系;2）乔木层的物种多样性沿海拔梯度的变化则体现了“中国高度膨胀”的规律,即中等海拔高度上多样性高而低海拔和高海拔多样性较低;3）灌木层丰富度指数在1600-1700m之间有个很不明显的峰值,而其它4个指标沿海拔呈单调的下降趋势;4）草本层植物多样性呈先降后升的趋势,在中等海拔高度较低。     

Language contact and ‘the Catch’: Norfolk Island fishing ground names

The author uses Norf'k fishing ground names on Norfolk Island (South Pacific) to illustrate how toponyms can be exposed to geographic, anthropological, and linguistic scrutiny. The grammar of the names demonstrates how Norf'k, the language of the Pitcairn descendants, typifies an esoteric insider language because of its ecologically connected toponyms and pragmatic determinants. Norf'k fishing ground names vary in their linguistic form and hence in their geography and spatiality. The toponymic and linguistic landscape of Norfolk Island reveals several processes that are significant for understanding sea-based geographies and the intertwining of creole languages, other contact languages, and the environment.     

长三角地区地名通名文化景观空间格局及影响因素北大核心CSCDCSSCI

地名通名是不同地方地名具有共性特点的通用部分,表征人类社会对自然环境和行政区划变迁的认知。梳理多学科视域研究进展诠释地名通名文化景观解析逻辑,基于EOF模型、地理探测器等方法构建地名通名文化景观解析模型,探究长三角地区地名通名文化景观格局及成因。研究发现:①长三角地名通名文化景观用字比例受河网水系影响最大,地名通名文化景观用字类型丰富度在41个单元中总体呈现内陆到沿海且沿东北-西南方向递减趋势。②长三角地名通名文化景观分布异质性显著,呈现典型非均衡集聚,空间上形成皖中、苏南、浙北和上海等东西条带状的一级中心位于长三角中部,两个团块状次级中心分列南北;长三角地名通名文化景观分布呈显著空间正相关,空间集聚特征较为明显,热点区为双中心格局且分布于安徽西部和浙江南部等地,冷点区为单中心格局且分布在东部沿海呈纵向连续带状分布。③长三角地名通名文化景观分布受自然环境和社会经济综合影响明显,主要分布在海拔0~200 m、地形起伏度小于20 m、坡度小于5°的平原地带,人口集聚、经济发展水平和交通便捷性对地名通名传承影响深远。地名通名文化景观解析模型研究有助于提升地名命名科学性和规划管理协调度,为推动地名文化遗产保护提供有益参考。     

区域土地利用及土地覆盖的空间格局研究--以广西梧州市为例

从分析梧州市土地利用现状入手, 总结其土地利用的现状特征, 而后在引入多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数和破碎度指数的基础上, 对梧州市土地利用／ 覆盖的空间格局进行了定量分析。最后, 根据计算结果得出有关结论。     

Factors influencing the presence or absence of tributary-junction fans in the Iberian Range, Spain

This paper analyses the factors which influence the presence or absence of tributary-junction fans in the Iberian Range, northern Spain. Two valleys were selected, both characterised by wide variations in lithology, altitude, land use and plant cover. Two groups of factors were studied: those related to the internal characteristics of the drainage basins, which particularly control sediment generation; and those related to the characteristics of the depositional area which control accommodation space and main river power. Among the internal factors, the development of alluvial fans was related to: (i) the capacity of the basin to yield large volumes of sediment, (ii) the occurrence of intense human pressure until recent times, a good indicator of sediment yield, and (iii) the capacity of the basin to quickly increase discharge during rainstorms (discharge density and torrentiality). It is suggested that the areas that were intensively cultivated in the past, and have therefore been affected by intense erosion, have played a decisive role on the development of alluvial fans. This would imply that many of these alluvial fans have a relatively recent origin, perhaps related to the beginning of a widespread deforestation. The basins without alluvial fans are characterised by relatively steep hillslope gradients (that is, slopes that never were subjected to historical cultivation), low drainage densities and dense forest and shrub cover, mostly coinciding with high altitude basins composed of quartzite and shale bedrocks. Regarding the external factors, the shape, size and longitudinal gradient of the main river to which the fans are tributary are the most relevant conditioning factors determining the development of alluvial fans.     

Global cities,cosmopolitanism, and geographies of tolerance

Scholarly attention devoted to global cities has emphasized their economic and political significance. Yet global cities are also deeply cultural and ideological in nature. Contrary to a long tradition of urban studies that views urban life as inherently alienating, this essay argues that the social and cultural diversity of global cities renders them mechanisms for the generation of tolerance and empathy. It opens with a brief review of global cities. Second, it traces the contours of cosmopolitanism as an ideology that fosters respect for social and cultural differences and a wider community of caring. Third, it reviews the empirical evidence of American global cities to make the case that their diversity leads them to generate a progressive cosmopolitan ethnics. It draws on the literature of social psychology, the work of Richard Florida, and indices of immigration, religious and linguistic diversity, homophobia, and voting patterns to substantiate the claim that cosmopolitan values are most evident and deeply rooted in globalized metropolitan centers.     

黄河三角洲新生湿地植物群落分布格局

为阐明黄河三角洲新生湿地植被群落的分布格局,以1996年后新淤积形成的湿地植被为研究对象,选取9个典型植被群落过渡带,测定分析其群落数量特征,以期能为更好的保护与管理黄河三角洲新生湿地提供数据支持。调查结果显示：黄河三角洲新生湿地植被群落沿河向海的方向呈同心环状发展,呈现出较明显的条带状。自河岸向海岸,植物的耐盐性逐渐提高。草本植物自河岸、海岸向中心陆地演替,而木本植物则由中心陆地向河岸、海岸演替。物种丰富度及香农-威纳（Shannon-Wiener）多样性指数自河岸向海岸,先升高后降低。土壤含盐量的变化与植物群落的组成结构之间具有密切关系,这说明土壤含盐量是影响黄河三角洲新生湿地植被分布格局的主要因子。     

Predictive mapping of soil total nitrogen at a regional scale: A comparison between geographically weighted regression and cokriging

Accurately mapping the spatial distribution of soil total nitrogen is important to precision agriculture and environmental management. Geostatistical methods have been frequently used for predictive mapping of soil properties. Recently, a local regression method, geographically weighted regression (GWR), got the attention of environmentalists as an alternative in spatial modeling of environmental attributes, due to its capability of incorporating various auxiliary variables with spatially varied correlation coefficients. The objective of this study is to compare GWR and ordinary cokriging (OCK) in predictive mapping of soil total nitrogen (TN) using multiple environmental variables. 353 soil Samples within the surface horizon of 0–20 cm in a study area were collected, and their TN contents were measured for calibrating and validating the GWR and OCK interpolations. The environmental variables finally chosen as auxiliary data include elevation, land use types, and soil types. Results indicate that, although OCK is slightly better than GWR in global accuracy of soil TN prediction (the adjusted R² for GWR and OCK are 0.5746 and 0.6858, respectively), the soil TN map interpolated by GWR shows many details reflecting the spatial variations of major auxiliary variables while OCK smoothes out almost all local details. Geographically weighted regression could account for both the spatial trend and local variations, whilst OCK had difficulties to capture local variations. It is concluded that GWR is a more promising spatial interpolation method compared to OCK in predicting soil TN and potentially other soil properties, if a suitable set of auxiliary variables are available and selected.     

中国亚热带丘陵山区植被沿海拔梯度分布格局(英文)

Knowledge of vegetation distribution patterns is very important.Their relationships with topography and climate were explored through a geographically weighted regression(GWR) framework in a subtropical mountainous and hilly region,Minjiang River Basin of Fujian in China.The HJ-1 satellite image acquired on December 9,2010 was utilized and NDVI index was calculated representing the range of vegetation greenness.Proper analysis units were achieved through segregation based on small sub-basins and altitudinal bands.Results indicated that the GWR model was more powerful than ordinary linear least square(OLS) regression in interpreting vegetation-environmental relationship,indicated by higher adjusted R 2 and lower Akaike information criterion values.On one side,the OLS analysis revealed dominant positive influence from parameters of elevation and slope on vegetation distribution.On the other side,GWR analysis indicated that spatially,the parameters of topography had a very complex relationship with the vegetation distribution,as results of the various combinations of environmental factors,vegetation composition and also anthropogenic impact.The influences of elevation and slope generally decreased,from strongly positive to nearly zero,with increasing altitude and slope.Specially,most rapid changes of coefficients between NDVI and elevation or slope were observed in relatively flat and low-lying areas.This paper confirmed that the non-stationary analysis through the framework of GWR could lead to a better understanding of vegetation distribution in subtropical mountainous and hilly region.It was hoped that the proposed scale selection method combined with GWR framework would provide some guidelines on dealing with both spatial(horizontal) and altitudinal(vertical) non-stationarity in the dataset,and it could easily be applied in characterizing vegetation distribution patterns in other mountainous and hilly river basins and related research.     

The politics of toponyms in the Pamir mountains

This paper is an original study of the relationship between landscape and ideology through an examination of Pamir mountain toponyms. The research analyses traditional, Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet Pamiri toponyms. It is the first study to compare mountain toponyms with existing research on the naming processes of urban Soviet and post-Soviet places. It also compares the Soviet political use of landscape with that by other political systems and ideologies, in particular Nazism. The paper finds that over time there are commonalities in the types of names selected for urban places and mountains and the rationale behind these choices. However, it also notes significant differences. These differences suggest that the concept of 'the mountain' did not carry the same political significance as the urban or other landscapes (the steppe and forest) in Russian, Soviet and post-Soviet ideological and nation-building constructions.