基于CiteSpace国内干旱遥感监测的知识图谱分析

利用CiteSpace软件对1995—2017年中国知网的"SCI来源期刊"、"EI来源期刊"、"核心期刊"以及"CSSCI来源期刊"数据库中有关干旱遥感监测研究的642篇文献进行可视化分析得到知识图谱。结果表明:国内经历了传统基于站点的干旱监测、小范围的干旱遥感监测试验到大范围干旱遥感监测及应用三个阶段;干旱遥感监测主要从"干旱监测"、"遥感监测"、"温度植被干旱指数"、"土壤湿度"、"地表温度"以及"归一化植被指数"等方向展开;王鹏新、张树誉、张强等是主要的发文作者;中国科学院、中国气象局、中国农业大学等是主要的发文机构。基于多源信息的干旱综合监测模型、大范围干旱监测评估、预警以及决策支持系统、干旱遥感监测技术在社会服务方面的应用以及加强国内学者与机构之间的交流合作是未来国内干旱监测研究几个重要方面。     

Mapping the vulnerability of crop production to drought in Ghana using rainfall, yield and socioeconomic data

This study evaluates new multi-scale, multi-indicator methods for assessing the vulnerability of crop production to drought at a national and regional scale. It does this by identifying differences across and within ten regions of Ghana, a country that faces many climate and crop production challenges typical of sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, we illustrate how a quantitative national and regional study is a critical first step in assessing differences in the drought sensitivity of food production systems and show how such an assessment enables the formulation of more targeted district and community level research that can explore the drivers of vulnerability and change on a local-scale. Finally, we propose methodological steps that can improve drought sensitivity and vulnerability assessments in dynamic dryland farming systems where there are multiple drivers of change and thresholds of risk that vary in both space and time. Results show that the vulnerability of crop production to drought in Ghana has discernible geographical and socioeconomic patterns, with the Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions being most vulnerable. Partly, this is because these regions have the lowest adaptive capacity due to low socioeconomic development and have economies based on rain-fed agriculture. Within these regions we find considerable differences between districts that can be explained only partly by socioeconomic variables with further community and household-scale research required to explain the causes of differences in vulnerability status. Our results highlight that national and regional scale multi-indicator vulnerability assessments are a vital (and often ignored) first step in assessing vulnerability across a large area. These inputs can guide both local-level research and also demonstrate the need for region-specific policies to reduce vulnerability and to enhance drought preparedness within dryland farming communities.     

盐生植物萌发期对盐胁迫和干旱胁迫的适应研究进展

目前我国盐渍土地面积较大,尤其是青藏高原的盐渍地,常伴有干旱、半干旱的生境,导致植物不易生长,生态环境日渐恶劣,这种生态现状亟待解决。盐生植物具有一定的耐盐性和耐旱性,是改善盐渍地的首选植物,种子的活力决定了种子萌发的情况,多数学者为改善严峻的生态环境开始了盐生植物引种的研究。测定种子活力有直接方法和间接方法,大多数学者采用的是直接方法,即在实验室模拟一定条件直接测定萌发率。本文简述了盐生植物的概况、制造胁迫的主要方法以及检测种子活力的指标,综述了近年来各位学者对盐爪爪、白刺等具有代表性的22种盐生植物在种子萌发期的耐盐性以及抗旱性的相关研究,为改善盐渍地的生态环境、提升盐渍地的生产量提供了理论依据。     

The role of governance in community adaptation to climate change

The capacity to adapt to challenges such as climate change can be seen as largely determined by socioeconomic context or social vulnerability. This article examines the adaptive capacity of local actors in response to globalization and climate change, asking: how much of the desirable adaptation can be undertaken at a local level, and how much is determined by actors at other levels, for instance, when resource conflicts occur? Drawing on case studies of fishing in northern Norway and north-west Russia, the paper shows that adaptive capacity beyond the immediate economic adaptations available to local actors is, to a considerable extent, politically determined within larger governance networks.     

基于多源遥感数据的甘肃省农业干旱研究

干旱是农作物生长发育的主要环境胁迫因子,也是制约农业丰产丰收的关键自然要素。农业干旱监测通常基于气象站点观测数据,这在一定程度上难以反映区域尺度的农业干旱状况。以甘肃省为研究区,基于MODIS、TRMM、ESA CCI等遥感数据产品和气象站点数据,利用随机森林回归模型构建综合气象干旱指数（CMDI）,并对甘肃省2011—2019年农作物生长季（4—9月）旱情时空格局及变化规律进行分析。结果表明：（1）CMDI与实测值的决定系数（R2）在各月均高于0.634,且与标准化降水蒸散发指数（SPEI）在空间上具有一定的相关性,表明该指数可反映农业干旱的发生发展过程。（2）甘肃省农业干旱呈现明显的地域分异规律,干旱程度由东南向西北逐渐加重,其中河西地区多为特旱区和重旱区,陇中地区为重（中）旱区,陇南、陇东、甘南地区为干旱-无旱波动变化区。（3）2011—2019年甘肃省农业干旱在年、月尺度上均呈现较大的波动趋势,其中2012年干旱程度最轻,2017年则最为严重;甘肃省大部分地区在4月和6月,陇东、陇南地区分别在5月和9月以及甘南地区4—9月农业旱情有所减轻外,其余地区在农作物生长季的旱情呈加重趋...     

Study on inter-seasonal and intra-seasonal relationships of meteorological and agricultural drought indices in the Rajasthan State of India

Use of rainfall anomaly based Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and satellite-derived Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) are becoming common to assess the impacts of drought on crops. This study analysed spatio-temporal intra-seasonal and inter-seasonal relationships for 24 years between rainfall and NDVI and between SPI and VCI to understand crop response to water availability in the Rajasthan State, India. To separate the effect of weather and technology on crop growth over time, a modification in VCI was proposed and called “Trend Adjusted VCI” (VCI_Tadj). The VCI_Tadj was computed for early, mid, late and whole crop seasons by deriving pixel wise crop phenology metrics from NDVI profile. Significant linear relationships were found between NDVI and rainfall but phase of crop season affected the strength of this relationship. The SPI and VCI_Tadj were linearly related in all the four seasons, the strength of relationship improved with the progress of crop season and these relationships were stronger than between rainfall and NDVI. These relationships broke down in irrigated croplands. As a result, the anomaly indices of SPI and VCI_Tadj and their intra-seasonal relationships can be used to study the response of crops to water availability for early detection and better prognosis of agricultural drought.     

基于MODIS数据新疆土壤干旱特征分析

干旱是一种常见的自然灾害,严重影响着新疆的农业生产。利用中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS影像MOD11A2数据和MOD13A2数据,数字高程模型(DEM)对Ts进行了纠正,提取归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(Ts)构建NDVI-Ts特征空间,并依据特征空间计算的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)作为监测土壤湿度指标,反演了新疆2013年5、6、7三个月每16 d的土壤湿度。较好地反映地表图层土壤湿度,分析了新疆土壤湿度的时空分布特征,新疆北部地区土壤湿度高于南部,西部的土壤湿度高于东部,且土壤湿度由西北向东南逐步减小,依次表现为湿润>正常>轻旱>中旱>重旱>极旱;由5月到7月土壤湿度不断增大,这与新疆降水量分布和实地土壤含水率十分吻合,监测结果可信,能够为决策部门防旱抗旱提供有力的信息支持。     

Relationship between NAO and drought disasters in northwestern China in the last millennium

North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) plays an important role in the Northern Hemisphere climate system. Although there is growing interest in the connection between NAO and precipitation change in China, there are few studies concerning that connection in northwestern China. Based on fine-grained historical drought disaster records and NAO proxies, we explored quantitatively their possible connection in northwestern China over the past millennium at the multi-decadal to centennial timescales. Statistical results show that NAO and drought disaster were negatively correlated, as positive modes of NAO caused northward-displaced, stronger-than average mid-latitude Westerlies with an enhanced latitudinal water vapor gradient into the central Asian drylands, resulting in reduced drought frequency and intensity in northwestern China. But, their correlation was out-of-phase during the Little Ice Age because of the southward shifting of monsoon, Westerlies, and the East Asian Jet Stream brought by long-term land surface cooling. As it has been indicated that the precipitation in northwestern China is also determined by El Niño-Southern Oscillation and North Atlantic sea surface and air temperature aside from NAO, further studies are needed to evaluate their individual roles and combined impacts upon the drought disaster there.     

农户尺度的黄土高原乡村干旱脆弱性及适应机理

干旱脆弱性及人类对干旱的适应机理分析是干旱及半干旱地区人地关系研究的重要内容,也是西北地区乡村人地系统可持续性研究的新视角。本文运用Turner脆弱性分析框架,将其改进应用到黄土高原乡村农户的干旱脆弱性及其适应领域,选取榆中县和长武县气象数据和农户调查数据,应用主成分分析、综合指数法、差异性分析和鲁棒性分析等方法分别对指标权重、农户干旱脆弱性指数及其差异性与脆弱性指数的不确定性进行分析与检验,并从适应能力、适应策略和适应模式三个层面揭示适应机理。主要结论为：①中连川乡农户干旱脆弱性指数大于洪家镇,且不同村落间农户干旱脆弱性指数差异显著;②农户干旱适应机理为暴露—敏感性影响农户收入,农户生计系统是适应干旱暴露扰动的决定因子,农户类型、生计方式、土地利用、灌溉设施和政策扶持的差异性产生不同的适应模式和适应效果;③农户干旱脆弱性指数排名出现频率较高且排名变化范围较小,具有较强的鲁棒性,表明农户干旱脆弱性计算结果具有稳健性。     

Two Mediterranean irrigation communities in front of water scarcity: A comparison using satellite image time series

Although a number of studies have analysed the methods to monitor crop water needs, the integration of phenological dynamics and irrigation using water stored in reservoirs has received little attention. This study is an example of such analysis applied to two irrigation communities (IC) located in a Spanish Mediterranean area, one with less water resources than the other, which it was carried out between 2002 and 2008. These years comprised periods of water surplus and water scarcity including the 2007–2008 drought considered by the Catalan public water authority the worst since 1944. The dynamics of maize, alfalfa, fruit trees and poplars were analysed using greenness and wetness extracted from remote sensing data. A statistical analysis was applied in order to find out the relationship between crop wetness and stored water. Results show that the IC used two methods for water-saving: crop substitution, by decreasing the area of maize, and timing the crop cycle, delaying or advancing sowing depending on water availability. In conclusion although one IC is drier in rainfall terms than the other, a similar crop wetness status was detected and no difference was observed between periods of water scarcity and water surplus.     

2000—2018 年锡林郭勒地区干旱时空变化及其气候响应

温度植被干旱指数（Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index,TVDI）是一种反映干旱状况的重 要方法。以内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒为研究区,基于温度植被干旱指数,采用趋势分析、R/S 分析方 法,探究了锡林郭勒地区 2000—2018 年温度植被干旱指数 TVDI 时空变化特征及其降水、气温气候 因子对 TVDI 变化的影响关系。研究表明：（1）19 a 间,TVDI 的偏差值呈现先减少后增大的趋势, 19 a 平均 TVDI 值为 0.55,TVDI 值范围为 0.51 ~ 0.61,说明锡林郭勒地区整体处于轻旱状态。（2）19 a 间,锡林郭勒地区 TVDI 呈明显增加的面积占 9.48%、轻度增加的面积占 18.52%,增加的趋势主要 分布在东乌珠穆沁旗东北部地区;TVDI 呈明显减少的面积占 28.65%、轻度减少的面积占 9.03%,减 少趋势的主要体现苏尼特右旗、苏尼特左旗、阿巴嘎旗和镶黄旗地区。19 a 来锡林郭勒地区变化趋 势为：东部强于西部。Hurst 指数的平均值为 0.44,大于 0.44 的地区占总面积的 47.7%,整体干旱持 续性略弱于反持续性。（3）TVDI 与年平均气温相关关系较弱,而与月平均气温又较强的相关性。     

Assessment of aeolian desertification trends from 1975's to 2005's in the watershed of the Longyangxia Reservoir in the upper reaches of China's Yellow River

Global climate change will affect the ecology and environment of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, thus increasing attention is being paid to the aeolian desertification that is occurring in the watershed that supplies the Longyangxia Reservoir in the upper reaches of China's Yellow River. We must assess the aeolian desertification trends before developing a plan to restore the region's degraded eco-environment. In this study, land suffered from aeolian desertification was classified into four levels (slight, moderate, severe, and extremely severe) using a series of indices. Interpretation of Landsat MSS and TM data from 1975's, 1989's, and 2005's was used to establish databases of aeolian desertified land at these three times. We then derived the aeolian desertification trends during the study period by overlaying the consecutive databases, and we analyzed the driving factors responsible for the observed aeolian desertification. The results show a total of 1,721,478.02 ha of aeolian desertified land in 2005's, accounting for 13% of the region's total area. From 1975's to 1989's, the area of aeolian desertified land increased by 229,307.26 ha, which represents a 15% increase compared to the 1975's area; and from 1989's to 2005's, the area of aeolian desertified land decreased by 19,079.87 ha, which represents a 1% decrease compared to the 1989's area. The main driving factors responsible for this increased aeolian desertification were climate factors (high wind velocity and an increase in annual temperature, combined with low precipitation and high evaporation) as well as unsustainable human activities and inappropriate policy measures. A series of key national projects initiated to combat degradation of the study area's eco-environment led to a decrease of aeolian desertified land through obvious restoration of vegetation.     

基于决策树与监督、非监督分类方法相结合模型的遥感应用研究

遥感影像解译中的决策树分类法一般是引入NDVI植被指数、亮度阈值法、DTM、空间结构、纹理、和其它一些地貌特征来实现地物类别的分离;而传统的监督分类、非监督分类是直接基于像元的亮度值而进行的分类,两者各有优缺点。将两者在遥感影像解译中结合使用,建立统一的分类模型,并以皖东地区TM影像为例进行了分类实验,结果证明,采用该模型分类比单一的最大似然法分类精度提高了4.45%,Kappa指数提高了0.107,该模型能有效地提高影像分类的精度。     

浙江沿海20年土地利用变化分析

在资料收集的基础上,利用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,结合经济社会因子和数学模型,以浙江沿海地区1990年、2000年和2010年的土地利用数据为基础,对20年间土地利用变化动态进行研究。利用灰色动态系统建立模型分析浙江沿海地区各类土地利用的变化趋势,在此基础上探讨其变化驱动力,揭示其变化的主要方式、原因及发展方向,预测未来土地利用的发展趋势,以期能为浙江省沿海地区土地利用规划提供科学依据。     

台吉乃尔盐湖景观格局变化遥感分析(1990~2015年)

以1990年、2005年、2015年台吉乃尔盐湖区Landsat遥感影像作为数据源,从景观学角度分析了台吉乃尔盐湖区近25年来景观格局的动态变化。借助遥感和地理信息技术提取各类景观的信息,然后选取景观斑块平均面积(MPS)、景观破碎度指数(FN)、香浓多样性指数(SHDI)进行计算分析,同时研究了不同景观类型的面积变化情况。结果表明:1)台吉乃尔盐湖区景观空间格局以荒漠景观为主要特征,自然景观所占的比重明显高于人为景观,人为景观所占比重呈增加趋势;2)1990～2005年间,干盐滩、盐湖、荒漠为湖区主要景观,景观面积变化与景观格局变化主要受控于气候因素的影响,总体上各类型景观的变化幅度较小,但景观多样性有提高;3)2005～2015年间,干盐滩、荒漠为湖区主要景观,盐湖大面积减少,景观面积变化与景观格局变化主要受控于人类活动的影响,景观多样性降低。     

Using high resolution satellite imagery to estimate cropped area in Guatemala and Haiti

Guatemala and Haiti are two of the most food insecure nations in the Western Hemisphere. Measurements of food availability and access are instrumental in developing targeted hunger reduction strategies yet no estimates of cropped area (a critical input in the calculation of food production) at either a national or sub-national-level exist. The purpose of this research is to produce estimates of cropped area for Guatemala and Haiti using an area frame sampling approach and very high resolution (∼1 m) satellite imagery. Related research has combined livelihood data with topographic information to construct cropped area estimates in other settings using generalized additive models. We expand this approach with the inclusion of specific population variables in place of the livelihood data. We produce estimates of cropped area for the two countries and sub-national units and our results highlight the significance and complexity of incorporating explicit population characteristics into models of cropped area.     

Mapping the spatial and temporal distributions of woody debris in streams of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA

The objectives of this study were: (1) to document spatial and temporal distributions of large woody debris (LWD) at watershed scales and investigate some of the controlling processes; and (2) to judge the potential for mapping LWD accumulations with airborne multispectral imagery. Field surveys were conducted on the Snake River, Soda Butte Creek, and Cache Creek in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA. The amount of woody debris per kilometer is highest in 2nd order streams, widely variable in 3rd and 4th order streams, and relatively low in the 6th order system. Floods led to increases in woody debris in 2nd order streams. Floods redistributed the wood in 3rd and 4th order streams, removing it from the channel and stranding it on bars, but appeared to generate little change in the total amount of wood throughout the channel system. The movement of woody debris suggests a system that is the reverse of most sediment transport systems in mountains. In 1st and 2nd order tributaries, the wood is too large to be moved and the system is transport-limited, with floods introducing new material through undercutting, but not removing wood through downstream transport. In the intermediate 3rd and 4th order channels, the system displays characteristics of dynamic equilibrium, where the channel is able remove the debris at approximately the same rate that it is introduced. The spatial distribution and quantity of wood in 3rd and 4th order reaches varies widely, however, as wood is alternatively stranded on gravel bars or moved downstream during periods of bar mobilization. In the 6th order and larger channels, the system becomes supply-limited, where almost all material in the main stream can be transported out of the central channel by normal stream flows and deposition occurs primarily on banks or in eddy pool environments. Attempts to map woody debris with 1-m resolution digital four-band imagery were generally unsuccessful, primarily because the imagery could not distinguish the narrow logs within a pixel from the surrounding sand and gravel background and due to problems in precisely coregistering imagery and field maps.     

洞庭湖区近20年土地利用/覆盖变化的时空特征

在中国资源与环境时空数据库的支持下,利用20世纪70年代末期、80年代末期和90年代末期获取的陆地资源卫星图像和GIS分析方法,对洞庭湖区近20年的土地利用/覆盖变化的时空特征进行了研究。结果表明,变化比较显著的地类有3种:耕地减少了1 97%,各类建设用地总计增加了14 88%,水域面积增加的幅度为8 77%。耕地与水域相互之间的转变比较频繁。以80年代末为界,前后2个10年间,建设用地、水域和草地的面积在2个时期均持续增加,耕地、林地的面积都持续减少。后期土地利用的动态度大于前期;前期动态度最大的县域有岳阳市、沅江县和汉寿县,后期动态度最大的则为石首市、津市和岳阳市,全部为市级行政区或县改市区。     

Monitoring degradation in arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands: The case of the argan woodlands (Morocco)

Arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands (hereafter called «dryland forests»), in spite of their ecological and social importance, have received little attention in land change studies. Growing evidence shows that these forests have been receding at very high rates in many places, suggesting a need for a better understanding of the processes and causes of dryland forest degradation. Changes in the extent of dryland forests are debated in part because estimates of forest and woodland areas in drylands are uncertain. Causal explanations of the degradation tend to draw on the literature on desertification and tropical deforestation, and to emphasize either local or remote, and either social or biophysical drivers. This study contributes to a better understanding of dryland forest degradation as a basis for conservation policies. Firstly, we argue that monitoring arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands using area estimates may lead to an underestimation of the severity of change because tree density change often exceeds area change. Secondly, we argue that the analysis of degradation processes in these multifunctional landscapes should integrate both local and remote, and both social and biophysical factors. We use a case study of degradation in the argania woodlands in semi-arid to arid Southwest Morocco to test these two claims. We used gridded tree counts on aerial photographs and satellite images to estimate forest change between 1970 and 2007, and we tested several possible causes of change on the basis of original socio-economic field surveys and climatic and topographic data. We found that forest density declined by 44.5% during this period, a figure that is significantly underestimated if forest area change is used as a measure of degradation. Increasing aridity and, to a lesser extent, fuelwood extraction were related to forest decline. No effect of grazing by local livestock was found.     

Frontiers of urbanization: Identifying and explaining urbanization hot spots in the south of Mexico City using human and remote sensing

This article applies a multi-method approach to develop a better measurement of urbanization dynamics using remote and human sensing based on a GIS platform. The results demonstrate the benefits of bringing human and remote sensing sources together in a framework of hot spot analysis for a megacity such as Mexico City. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that human and remote sensing work well together in detecting the expansion of illegal urban settlements. Looking at the driving factors of illegal settlements, the existence of strong association between the expansion of illegal urban settlements and socioeconomic factors such as unemployment, provides some answers and reveals new questions. Illegal urban growth often leads to the loss of ecological areas in the urban frontiers, especially in areas where the urbanization potential is high. As a consequence, there are conflicts with legal settlers who dislike the illegal expansion. This approach can be extended to and replicated in new urbanizing areas, in particular in Africa and Asia.