三峡库区黄陵背斜形成机理及与滑坡群关系

黄陵背斜、秭归向斜是三峡地区构造地质研究热点之一,前人将其划归于秦岭造山带的组成部分,认为是东西向构造后期改造的结果;分布于此区的仙女山断裂是否穿越长江也是争论的焦点问题之一.这些问题的解决对澄清研究区地质灾害分布特征具有重要意义.笔者在前人研究的基础上,从沉积学、构造地质学角度,在大量野外地质研究工作的基础上,提出了新的看法:黄陵背斜、秭归向斜、当阳向斜、仙女山断裂同属统一的构造体系,其形成和演化与中国东西部构造格局的变迁一致,黄陵背斜具有断层相关褶皱的特点,秭归向斜具有前陆挠曲型盆地构造属性;仙女山断裂形成之初具有传递断层的属性,后期又经历了引张、挤压演化过程,不存在跨越长江向北延伸的问题;受秭归向斜沉降幅度以及东西向构造与南北向构造复合影响,在研究区形成3个滑坡聚集区,分别为贾家店滑坡聚集区、八字门向家店滑坡聚集区、兴山县城附近滑坡聚集区.     

Internal structure of a collapsed terrain: The Lújar syncline and its significance for the fold- and sheet-structure of the Alborán Domain (Betic Cordilleras, Spain)

Detailed structural analysis of the Sierra de Lújar in the western Alpujarras region (Betic Cordilleras, S Spain), a very representative area of the terrain known as the Alborán Domain, has revealed the existence of a very large N-vergent recumbent syncline which involves the whole mountain massif and neighbouring areas. The Lújar syncline and, probably, the associated recumbent anticline which crops out southeast of Sierra de Lújar show a great variation in the orientation of the hinge line. Although having a curved shape, the hinge line is contained in a plane whose attitude coincides with the main attitude of the axial-plane crenulation foliation (Sc), suggesting that it is a sheath fold.The strongly deformed overturned limb of the syncline is cut by two low-angle normal faults displacing towards the north. Similarity in the kinematics between the faults and the fold, and the association between the faults and the high-strain zone in the overturned limb of the fold, suggest that they are related. Regional constraints on the age of the crenulation cleavage and the low-angle normal faults indicate that they formed during the early Miocene late-orogenic extensional event in the Alborán Domain.We propose an alternate explanation for the structure of the Alpujarras region in which the Lújar syncline forms part of a recumbent syncline–anticline pair that extends along much of the Alpujarride outcrop in the southern Betic Cordillera. In several places, the fold is disrupted by low-angle normal faults, and it is overlain by an upper Alpujárride extensional sheet mainly composed of medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks. We suggest that all these structures arose from the extensional deformation under decreasing temperature conditions of a previously thickened and metamorphosed orogenic crust.     

南盘江盆地赖子山穹隆构造样式及沙箱模拟研究

贵州南盘江盆地发育一系列不同样式的穹隆状构造,其控制着低温矿床的分布,位于黔西南控制烂泥沟超大型金矿床的赖子山穹隆是其典型代表。在统计赖子山穹隆地层产状的基础上,通过π圆图解确定出轴迹分别为NW和NE向的稳定变形亚区,并依据亚区构造横剖面和几何投影解析得到亚区褶皱位态类型均为直立水平背斜。通过统计分析区内劈理并依据劈理与亚区褶皱轴面的平行关系筛选出轴面劈理,基于轴面劈理的切割关系、卷入变形的地层及前人获得的相关构造岩浆岩年代推断出组成赖子山穹隆亚区褶皱的发育时序,即NWSE向背斜发育于燕山早期,NNESSW向背斜发育于燕山晚期。基于地质构造分析,结合该地区地层岩石能干性强弱、地层缩短量和变形边界条件建立两个沙箱模型进行4组实验,通过改变软弱层材料、变形同时性模拟构造复合叠加和构造联合叠加的变形过程及样式,讨论影响叠加变形的因素。根据模拟结果,我们认为赖子山穹隆是NW向和NNE向纵弯直立水平褶皱经移褶性复合叠加形成的穹隆状构造,两期褶皱分别对应燕山早期雪峰山隆起对南盘江盆地的侧向挤压作用和燕山晚期黔西南由NW向SE的大型逆冲推覆作用;岩层能干性差异和构造变形的强弱是影响叠加褶皱构造样式和叠加类型的关键因素,当岩层能干性差异较大时,相对软弱的岩层起到分层变形作用,使得软弱层上下强硬层构造样式不同;后期变形较弱时,形成限制性、移褶性叠加褶皱,后期变形较强时,形成斜跨、横跨式叠加褶皱,分阶段变形形成复合叠加构造,同时变形或变形速度差较小时,形成弧形的联合叠加构造。     

Simulation for the Controlling Factors of Structural Deformation in the Southern Margin of the Junggar Basin

According to the differences of structural deformation characteristics, the southern margin of the Junggar basin can be divided into two segments from east to west. Arcuate thrust-and-fold belts that protrude to the north are developed in the eastern segment. There are three rows of en echelon thrust-and-fold belts in the western segment. Thrust and fold structures of basement-involved styles are developed in the first row, and décollement fold structures are formed from the second row to the third row. In order to study the factors controlling the deformation of structures, sand-box experiments have been devised to simulate the evolution of plane and profile deformation. The planar simulation results indicate that the orthogonal compression coming from Bogeda Mountain and the oblique compression with an angle of 75° between the stress and the boundary originating from North Tianshan were responsible for the deformation differences between the eastern part and the western part. The Miquan-ürümqi fault in the basement is the pre-existing condition for generating fragments from east to west. The profile simulation results show that the main factors controlling the deformation in the eastern part are related to the décollement of Jurassic coal beds alone, while those controlling the deformation in the western segment are related to both the Jurassic coal beds and the Eogene clay beds. The total amount of shortening from the Yaomoshan anticline to the Gumudi anticline in the eastern part is ~19.57 km as estimated from the simulation results, and the shortening rate is about 36.46%; that from the Qingshuihe anticline to the Anjihai anticline in the western part is ~22.01 km as estimated by the simulation results, with a shortening rate of about 32.48%. These estimated values obtained from the model results are very close to the values calculated by means of the balanced cross section.     

Mega arrowhead interference patterns in the central part of the Yanshan Orogenic Belt,North China

The Chengde-Pingquan region is located in the central part of the Yanshan Orogenic Belt (YOB). At Daheishan and Pingquan in the central YOB, thrusts and folds of variable trends are displayed in 2 km-scale fold interference patterns. Detailed field mapping was conducted to decipher the geometry of these two superimposed structures. Map-view geometry and stereonet plots for outcrop-scale folds indicate that the superimposed structures form arrowhead interference pattern where NW-SE-trending F₁ folds are refolded by later ENE-WSW F₂ folding. After remove the effects of later faulting, restored map-views of the superimposed structures show that when the F₁ folds have inclined axial surfaces but with no an overturned limb, an arrowhead interference pattern (here called modified type-2 pattern) can form. Our field data and reinterpretation of the findings of previous studies suggest that five major shortening phases have occurred in the Chengde-Pingquan region. The first two phases, which formed the superimposed folds, occurred earlier than the Late Triassic (D1) and during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic (D2). These two phases were followed by three deformation phases that are mainly characterized by thrusting and strike-slip faulting, which strongly modified the large-scale fold interference patterns.     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷构造变形对沉降中心迁移的控制

海拉尔盆地是叠置于内蒙-大兴安岭古生代碰撞造山带之上的中、新生代盆地,乌尔逊凹陷是海拉尔盆地中部的1个二级构造单元,自早白垩世开始,经历了3次伸展作用、2次挤压作用,盆地中地层厚度和沉降中心的迁移主要受同生断层和与之伴生的断层相关褶皱所控制。在伸展作用时期：当发育1个犁式正断层,在其上盘形成1个箕状断陷,沉降中心位于断层上盘、靠近断层的区域,在伸展量较大的部位形成1个或多个沉降中心;当发育多个控陷正断层,在其上盘形成多个相互独立的箕状断陷,但每一个断陷都有各自的沉降中心,不同方向断层的交汇部位往往就是断陷的沉降中心。随着伸展量的增大,断陷的沉降中心不断向控陷正断层滑动的相反方向迁移,盆地的规模也随之增大。在第一次挤压作用中,早期NS向控陷断层F₁发生反转作用,其上盘靠近断层的部位发生隆升,远离断层的部位作为大型断层传播褶皱背斜前翼也发生旋转式隆升,乌尔逊凹陷成为NS向大型断层传播褶皱背斜的前翼向斜,地层的沉积厚度在靠近断层的部位和远离断层的部位都很薄;向大型断层传播褶皱背斜前翼向斜部位,地层的沉积厚度逐渐增大,盆地的沉降中心向向斜的低洼区域迁移。在第二次挤压作用中,早期NS向控陷断层F₂发生反转作用,在乌尔逊凹陷中部形成1个规模较大的NS向断层传播褶皱背斜或突发构造,背斜或突发构造的顶部被剥蚀,盆地的沉降中心位于中部背斜带前、后翼向斜的低洼区域。     

Structural architecture and tectonic evolution of the Maghara inverted basin,Northern Sinai,Egypt

Large NE–SW oriented asymmetric inversion anticlines bounded on their southeastern sides by reverse faults affect the exposed Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of the Maghara area (northern Sinai). Seismic data indicate an earlier Jurassic rifting phase and surface structures indicate Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary inversion phase. The geometry of the early extensional fault system clearly affected the sense of slip of the inverted faults and the geometry of the inversion anticlines. Rift-parallel fault segments were reactivated by reverse slip whereas rift-oblique fault segments were reactivated as oblique-slip faults or lateral/oblique ramps. New syn-inversion faults include two short conjugate strike-slip sets dissecting the forelimbs of inversion anticlines and the inverted faults as well as a set of transverse normal faults dissecting the backlimbs. Small anticline–syncline fold pairs ornamenting the steep flanks of the inversion anticlines are located at the transfer zones between en echelon segments of the inverted faults.     

Dépliage 3-D des anticlinaux bordant le synclinal fermé de la vallée des Ponts, Jura central, Suisse

The Ponts valley syncline is a closed basin within the Neuchâtel Jura fold and thrust belt. This syncline, apparently uplifted to an altitude of around 1000m is closed in the SW by an anticline with an oblique WNW-ESE direction. The 3-D geometry of the entire structure is examined and unfolded in detail. This syncline is filled with an unexpectedly thick series (~400m) of Tertiairy Molasse, as revealed by the CS-AMT (controlled source audio-magneto-telluric) and a reflexion seismic line. The latter also documents internal compressional structures within the well layered upper freshwater Molasse series. The 3-D configuration of the top Malm limestones has been constructed for the entire area based on new detailed geologic and structural mapping, hundreds of dip measurements, as well as geophysical data. The Malm marker bed displays three distinct types of structures: 1) Thrust faults with shallow dips, vergent to the NW and/or SE that are associated with folds interpreted as fault bend folds; 2) high angle inverse faults, mostly with a SE vergence are interpreted as inverted normal faults, inherited from a modest Oligo-Miocene extensional phase in a NW-SE direction; and 3) tear faults with a dominant N-S direction, probably inherited from an Oligocene extensional phase in association with the opening of the Rhine and Bresse grabens. Tear faults accommodate important lateral changes in fold geometry during the Late Miocene main folding-and-thrusting phase. All deformations are easily explained in an entirely thin-skinned fashion, taking place above a thick detachment horizon within Triassic evaporite series.Manuscrit reçu le 31 mars 2003 Révision acceptée le 23 juin 2004     

冯记沟矿区地质构造分析及其意义

根据冯记沟矿区主要构造的走向、形成期次、平面展布规律,分析了该区应力状态及构造演化,总结了矿区构造特征、地质应力作用与构造赋存规律的关系。认为矿区经受过多期地质构造运动的破坏,整体表现为一系列走向近南北向褶皱群以及与之相伴的断层构造。由于受较强烈的近东西向挤压,总体为一西翼窄、东翼宽缓的不对称背斜构造（尖儿庄背斜）,北端翘起、向南倾伏,被断层切割呈“簸箕状”。断裂多表现为高角度逆冲断层。从各种构造的切割关系分析,在东西向主压应力作用下．发育了一系列的近南北向的逆冲断层以及褶皱（矿区北部的尖儿庄背斜、马家滩向斜、冯记沟背斜等）,同时还派生了与主压应力相互垂直的右行平移正断层（DF2）及北东向的斜交逆断层（DF3）。     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起北缘阿恰基底卷入构造

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起为第四系不整合覆盖的古隆起,在其西北缘发育NW走向的阿恰断裂、萨拉姆布拉克背斜、向斜和隐伏的乔来麦提断裂。地震剖面和钻井资料显示,阿恰断裂为倾向南的基底卷入逆冲断裂,向北逆冲,错断层位从前寒武系基底一直到中寒武统膏岩,从西向东逆冲断距减少。乔来麦提断裂则以中寒武统膏岩为滑动面,向南逆冲,并在断层端部发育萨拉姆布拉克断层扩展褶皱。这两种类型构造样式的断裂(基底卷入断裂和盖层滑脱断裂),在剖面上组成典型的楔形构造几何形态,平面上形成三角形构造。遥感影像解译指出阿恰断裂和萨拉姆布拉克向斜向北西方向延伸进入柯坪逆冲带,并在该带有相应方向的地表构造显现,与北东走向的柯坪逆冲带组成叠加构造。生长地层分析确定基底卷入构造形成于始新世—中新世,而柯坪逆冲带形成于第四纪,明显晚于巴楚隆起形成时代。     

湘中盆地龙山穹窿构造样式及其成因机制

本文选取湘中盆地龙山穹窿体为研究对象,主要沿二条近正交剖面开展了详细的野外地质调查、构造解析工作。系统地对龙山穹窿体进行了地层产状、轴面劈理产状、逆冲断层及其擦痕线理进行了测量和统计。根据褶皱样式与轴面劈理的配套关系,并结合卷入叠加变形的地层,以及轴面劈理的错切关系综合分析,确定NE-SW向褶皱叠加在近WNW-ESE向(近EW向)褶皱之上,确定叠加干涉样式属于Ramsay分类中典型的穹盆叠加样式。在区域地质关系与演化对比基础上,确定龙山穹窿是加里东期和燕山期褶皱复合叠加变形的结果;依据剖面构造分析及前人研究成果,确定泥盆系与前泥盆系间的区域性角度不整合和南华系与基底间拆离断层为两套区域性潜在滑脱层,并认为滑脱层在龙山穹隆体形成和发育过程中具有控制作用。通过对二期古构造应力场的恢复,重建了区域构造演化,建立了龙山穹窿体由拆离断层及软弱层控制的褶皱叠加构造模型。龙山穹窿体的褶皱叠加过程在华南大陆,特别是雪峰山造山带构造演化中具有代表性,表明加里东运动和燕山运动的叠加和复合是雪峰山造山带的重要构造表现形式,这为深入研究雪峰山造山带结构与演化提供了依据。     

老挝万象平原盐类矿床控矿构造研究

老挝万象平原盐类矿层赋存于古近纪古新统塔贡组中,主要含钾矿物为光卤石,少量钾石盐。成矿期塔贡组及盐类矿层主要受北西向的边界断裂及塔贡向斜控制;成矿期后盐类矿层主要受褶皱（盐向斜、盐背斜）控制。在盐类矿层沉积后,先在水平应力作用下形成宽缓褶皱。由于向斜部位相对沉降,沉积速度较快,盐类矿层上部的碎屑岩较厚;而背斜部位相对上升,其上沉积的碎屑岩较薄。盐类矿层与碎屑岩存在较大的密度差,加之向斜与背斜上部的碎屑岩厚度不同,背斜与向斜的盐类矿层之间产生"差异负载"。向斜部位的盐类矿层受到较大的载荷向背斜塑性流动,使背斜部位矿层增厚,形成盐背斜,而向斜部位的矿层厚度明显变小。盐背斜部位往往盐类矿层厚度巨大,埋藏浅,上覆地层常常缺失,甚至于盐背斜进一步发育使钾盐矿层刺穿上覆泥岩层而暴露于相对的淡水环境中而遭受溶蚀。      

英吉苏凹陷中─新生代背驮式前陆盆地构造特征及成因机制

英吉苏中新生代凹陷是在古生代逆冲推覆构造背景之上发育起来的背驮式前陆盆地。盆地的沉积作用和变形作用严格受基底参与的逆冲断层的控制。中新生代构造由北向南可划分七个带：北部斜坡带；群克─新开屏背斜带；英北向斜带；阿拉干背斜带；英南向斜带；古城墟斜坡带和罗布庄断凸带。叠瓦式逆冲断层、冲起构造、构造三角带、断展褶皱和披覆构造是英吉苏凹陷的主要变形样式。自三叠纪以来，不同时期的沉积中心自造山带向前陆方向迁移。 中新生界变形的动力学和运动学是与塔里木板块南缘活动大陆边缘的板块拼贴事件和壳内拆离缩短作用有关。     

赤城煤田地质构造及其控煤作用

赤城煤田侏罗系中统延安组中赋存丰富的煤炭资源。研究该区地质构造及其控煤作用,对今后的煤炭资源勘查有一定的指导意义。本区煤系及煤层的分布规律受基底构造、同沉积构造及后期构造活动的改造等综合作用的控制,受其影响,该区煤系及煤层以NW-SE向的条带状分布于梁龙背斜两翼和赤城向斜的次级凹陷内,分布范围和埋藏深度受断层、褶皱等次级构造的控制,使煤系和煤层大致呈北部浅、南部深、东部浅、西部深的特点。因此,梁龙背斜的两翼和赤城向斜的次级凹陷是今后找煤的重点区域。      

纵向伸展断背斜类型及成因

纵向伸展断背斜是伸展断陷中重要的油气勘探领域。按照断背斜的几何形态将纵向伸展断背斜划分为双断型断背斜、单断型断背斜和叠合y型断背斜。根据渤海湾盆地新生代地质资料,讨论这3类纵向伸展断背斜的成因:(1)双断型断背斜发育于裂谷期,受对向双断断陷控制,主要是由于早期伸展过程中岩层局部缩短作用、晚期差异沉降和断块翘倾作用形成,其形成机制不同于前陆盆地的区域挤压作用产生的背斜;(2)单断型断背斜(或称逆牵引背斜)发育于裂谷期,受单断断陷控制,是由于控陷断层下降盘岩层下滑过程中岩层以逆牵引方式回倾、差异沉降和岩层弹性挠曲作用造成的,但岩层长度局部缩短作用仍是一个重要因素;(3)叠合y型断背斜发育于裂谷期后,受对称断陷和其中y形断洼控制,其形成与以纯剪切方式伸展运动和多期次断裂活动有关。它与走滑-伸展断背斜成因存在根本性差别,后者实质上不属于纵向伸展断背斜的范畴。     

Faulting and fracturing in the Jurassic carbonate ramp folds of southern Rif ridges (Northern Morocco)

In the South Rifian ridges (SRR), the dominated structures correspond to the faulted anticline characteristic of a foreland orogeny context, front of the Rif Alpine belt. These anticlines correspond to thrust propagation folds. Geometric model of these structures shows that the normal faults have controlled the Mesozoic sedimentation during extensive episodes and participated in determining areas of thrusting during Miocene compressional phases. However, the normal fault strike which is relative to the direction of the shortening determined the geometry of diverse folds whether into the frontal ramps, lateral, or oblique. In the meantime, the systematic fracturing study in the Jurassic limestone beds, in different parts of the folds with axes oriented E-W, NW-SE, and NE-SW, permits to propose a relative fracturing chronology and tries investigating the relationship between folding and fracturing. The three main fracture families, oblique, transversal, and axial, appear simultaneously during the amplification of the fold. The simple shear in the limb contributes the latest to the folding reactivation and the density of the intensification of these microfractures. Likewise, given the important downslope fold limb dip of the ramp propagation folds, theoretically the shear intensity is more important, and micro-fractures are more important in the downslope fold limb, thus the uphill one.     

An interpretation of the structure of the Blatherskite Nappe,Alice springs,Northern Territory

The basal unit of the Amadeus Basin sequence is the Heavitree Quartzite, and this formation usually forms a single east‐west ridge along the northern side of the MacDonnell Ranges. However, at Alice Springs there are two such ridges. Basement rocks crop out on the northern side of each ridge, and dolomite and shale of the Bitter Springs Formation crop out on their southern sides. The northern outcrop of dolomite and shale is tightly folded, and is separated from the southern outcrop of basement by a major fault. The bedding of the sediments, the axial plane of the fold, and the fault all dip south at about 45°. Inverted facings on parasitic folds indicate that the northern outcrop of quartzite and dolomite plus shale is an antiform in inverted rocks. Hence the southern outcrop of basement and quartzite is synformal, and is interpreted as the frontal part of a fold nappe. The nappe started as a recumbent anticline whose middle limb of quartzite sheared out as the anticline travelled several kilometres southwards relative to the dolomite and shale below, which formed a tight recumbent syncline. Later monoclinal uplift of the northern half of the area tilted the nappe into its present south‐dipping attitude, thus converting the recumbent anticline into a synform and the recumbent syncline into an antiform.     

An alternative interpretation for the formation of doubly plunging folds in sandstone terrains

Folds are marvellous features of mountain terrains, but despite extensive research, many fundamental problems have still not been solved. In terrains of sandstone, fold hinges are rarely straight lines but curved, forming a pattern characterized by doubly plunging, elliptical dome‐and‐basin structures. Such structures are an obvious manifestation of coeval or successive shortening deformation in two orthogonal principal directions in the horizontal plane. Based on an anatomic investigation of the fold pattern of sandstone beds at the rocky beaches of Saint‐Jean‐Port‐Joli (Quebec, Canada), we propose that the doubly plunging folds may result from a transition from a plane deformation to a constrictional deformation due to auxetic effects of quartz‐rich rocks. The sandstone beds possessed potentially such negative values of Poisson's ratio that, when placed under compression in one direction, they become contracted in the transverse direction, producing a series of doubly plunging folds. Further work is needed to approve or disapprove the interpretation.     

浅析铜陵地区地质构造对岩溶发育的影响

铜陵地区岩溶塌陷十分发育,先后有31处被列为岩溶塌陷地质灾害点,区内地质构造发育,对岩溶塌陷控制作用明显。文章在研究区域地质构造的基础上,对岩溶塌陷在地质构造上的分布形态及发育规律进行研究,重点探讨区内地质构造对岩溶发育的影响,研究可知:铜陵地区地质构造发育,主要为断裂和褶皱构造,其中北东、北北东向S型褶皱群对岩溶塌陷有明显控制作用。背(向)褶皱轴部由于拉张裂隙和张性断裂影响,岩体破碎,有利于地下水的溶蚀,岩溶作用较两翼更强烈,另一方面区内地貌格局背斜成山,向斜成谷,向斜地势较背斜低洼且开阔,地下水活动强烈,其塌陷分布较背斜密集;而断裂对塌陷的影响主要体现在对岩溶各种形态和发展的控制,尤其以北西、北东向张性或张扭性断裂带两侧岩溶塌陷最为发育。研究结果对城市规划、地质灾害防治具有重要意义。     

安徽巢湖大型平卧褶皱研究

巢湖平卧褶皱由一个背斜和一个向斜组成,枢纽呈NNE向,轴面微向NWW平卧背斜根部倾斜。卷入褶皱的地层为上震旦统至上三叠统,厚达3.1km。褶皱分布面积约380km~2,波长9km,波幅18km。后期直立褶皱叠加于平卧褶皱之上,褶皱缩短量达19.17km,缩短率约53.7％,褶皱受控于大玵台阶状滑脱断层。褶皱地层由NWW往SEE运动,是一种变动滑脱褶皱。