考虑粒组分类影响的最小孔隙比分布及模型验证

最小孔隙比是确定岩土体的密实程度与孔隙特征的有效物理指标,如何快速有效地确定岩土体的最小孔隙比,可为岩土体的固结与稳定提供可靠参数。多数估算细粗混合材料最小孔隙比的模型参数与细粗粒径比一一对应,导致估算困难。在分析尾矿粒度组成、沉积规律和固结稳定的基础上,以8种不同粗细粒径,7～9种不同细粒含量尾矿为试验对象,拟合得到不同粒组尾矿最小孔隙比分布模型参数的函数关系;基于混合尾矿颗粒的粒组特征,给出了确定参数幂函数关系的指数值。分别采用模型参数要求粒组范围内的其他6组岩土材料和非粒组范围内的3组岩土材料进行验证。结果表明,考虑粒组分类影响下的模型,参数简单,对不同材料的最小孔隙比估算准确率较高,给出的最小孔隙比的分布规律合理,可为岩土工程领域最小孔隙比估算提供可靠的计算方法。     

粒度分析理论技术进展及其应用

粒度分析在区分沉积环境、判定物质输运方式、判别水动力条件和分析粒径趋势等方面具有重要作用。本文主要介绍粒径测试技术方法及其新进展,包括传统的直接测量法、筛析法、沉降法和以计算机为依托的激光粒度测试仪法;评述沉积物分类命名方法理论及其在区分沉积环境、判定物质输运方式和判别水动力条件等方面的应用,以及粒度分析在研究海洋环境中沉积物输运方向、即粒径趋势分析方面的重要作用。随着计算机技术的快速发展,粒度分析测试技术正朝向自动化和测试内容多样化方向发展,其在实践中的应用也将更加广泛。     

Dynamic recrystallization near the brittle-plastic transition in naturally and experimentally deformed quartz aggregates

The electron backscattering diffraction technique (EBSD) was used to analyze bulging recrystallization microstructures from naturally and experimentally deformed quartz aggregates, both of which are characterized by porphyroclasts with finely serrated grain boundaries and grain boundary bulges set in a matrix of very fine recrystallized grains. For the Tonale mylonites we investigated, a temperature range of 300–380 °C, 0.25 GPa confining pressure, a flow stress range of ~ 0.1–0.2 GPa, and a strain rate of ~ 10^− 13 s^− 1 were estimated. Experimental samples of Black Hills quartzite were analyzed, which had been deformed in axial compression at 700 °C, 1.2–1.5 GPa confining pressure, a flow stress of ~ 0.3–0.4 GPa, a strain rate of ~ 10^− 6 s^− 1, and to 44% to 73% axial shortening. Using orientation imaging we investigated the dynamic recrystallization microstructures and discuss which processes may contribute to their development. Our results suggest that several deformation processes are important for the dismantling of the porphyroclasts and the formation of recrystallized grains. Grain boundary bulges are not only formed by local grain boundary migration, but they also display a lattice misorientation indicative of subgrain rotation. Dynamic recrystallization affects especially the rims of host porphyroclasts with a hard orientation, i.e. with an orientation unsuitable for easy basal slip. In addition, Dauphiné twins within porphyroclasts are preferred sites for recrystallization. We interpret large misorientation angles in the experimental samples, which increase with increasing strain, as formed by the activity of fluid-assisted grain boundary sliding.     

土粒度分维的确定方法探讨

本文通过对目前国内外研究土的粒度分维的三种方法的理论进行分析并一实际土样进行了比较,得到利用质量法求得土的粒度是三维方法中最方便实用的方法。     

碎屑石榴石地球化学物源分析与解释:粒度的影响

单矿物地球化学分析是沉积物源分析研究的重要手段,运用广泛。沉积物中碎屑矿物的粒度组成,即水动力分选作用,是否影响到基于这种方法的物源解释,目前尚不清楚且受到的关注不多。通过研究柴达木盆地北缘地区第三系沉积物中的680颗碎屑石榴石(0.068~0.557 mm)的主量元素地球化学组成数据,解释了不同粒度的碎屑石榴石物源。结果显示,0.063~ 0.125 mm的碎屑石榴石的地球化学结果中Fe^2+与Mn^2+含量更高,表明其母岩的变质结晶程度较弱,故物源解释结果更可能为中—低级角闪岩相变沉积岩,而其他粒径的碎屑石榴石Ca^2+与Mg^2+含量更高,这说明其物源区的温压条件较前者高,因而物源解释结果为低级变质相,中酸性火成岩,榴辉岩等宽泛结果。这种碎屑石榴石粒度差异导致的地球化学组成的不同,说明碎屑石榴石的颗粒大小在一定程度上会影响物源解释结果。因此,在进行单矿物地球化学物源研究时,选取特定粒径(0.063~ 0.125 mm或0.125~ 0.25 mm)组成的碎屑矿物进行分析,可以消除水动力分选作用的影响,有助于获得更为准确的物源解释结果。     

加载历程对配径碎煤渗透特性影响的试验研究

为了证实加载历程对破碎煤样渗透特性的影响,利用一套由齿轮泵、换向阀、溢流阀和渗透仪等组成的渗透回路,在CMT5305型电子万能试验机试验系统上测试了配径碎煤在两种不同试验方案下的渗透特性,得到了两种方案配径碎煤的渗流速度、渗透率、非Darcy流? 因子与孔隙度的关系。研究表明：①第1种试验方案的渗流速度和渗透率与孔隙度的关系用幂函数拟合,第2种试验方案的渗流速度和渗透率与孔隙度的关系可用指数函数拟合。②孔隙度较大时,渗透率和非Darcy流? 因子与加载历程有关;孔隙度较小时,渗透率和非Darcy流? 因子趋于稳定,与加载历程无关。③随着孔隙度的减小,方案1非Darcy流? 因子由负变正,配径碎煤的渗透性加强;方案2非Darcy流? 因子始终为负值,配径碎煤的渗透性减弱。④两种方案的非Darcy流? 因子与孔隙度均可采用三次多项式拟合,多项式的系数与加载历程有关。     

An extreme value model for expressing grain size and bed thickness as functions of the spatial variation of grain frequency

An extreme value model is developed for the situation where a cloud of sediment particles moves away from the boundary of a defined source area while undergoing constant depletion due to deposition of the larger particles. Taking the particles deposited at distance xfrom the source boundary to represent a distribution of largest extremes derived from a parent distribution of smallest extremes, it is possible to express the mean size of the deposited sediment in terms of the parameters of the original distribution at the source area. Thickness functions can be obtained as the product of expected diameter and particle frequency. If the spatial distribution f(x)of particle frequency along a linear transect can be inferred from a physical process, then this provides sufficient information for the construction of particle size and bed thickness prediction equations. Alternatively, the model places some restrictions on distribution selection if an empirical choice of f(x)is necessary. Some generalizations are obtained for trends in the mean and variance of the deposited particles on the basis of the hazard function of f(x).     

平果铝土矿样品加工粒度的研究

为使样品加工粒度200目的过筛率平均达到98％以上，满足X荧光分析对样品粒度的基本要求，在实验过程中发现了饭颗粒存在并影响着过筛率，通过分析饭颗粒的成因，找出了有效抑制饭颗粒的办法——加入酒精在一定的条件下能抑制饭颗粒的产生并能保证样品加工粒度达到200目过筛率平均在98％以上。     

不同粒径的月球橄榄石二向性反射特征研究

研究月表矿物组成和分布,对于探测月表地质构造以及月球的起源和演化具有重要的意义。因此,物质成分探测一直是月球研究的重点课题之一。尽管人类已经能够从月球采集样品进行实验室分析,但遥感技术仍然是研究月球的主要手段。文中主要目的是模拟不同粒径下橄榄石的二向性反射特征。为此,首先提出模拟不同粒径下反射特征的方法,然后利用Hapke模型和Mie散射理论对不同粒径下富铁和富镁橄榄石的二向性反射特征进行了模拟。模拟结果显示,富镁橄榄石的二向性反射率较富铁橄榄石的反射率高。最后,分析了反射率差值和等效粒径的相关性。该结论为选择探月传感器的波段组合、识别橄榄石镁铁含量提供了理论依据,也为应用遥感数据的橄榄石的判别奠定了基础。     

A note on the generation of periodic granular microstructures based on grain size distributions

This short communication discusses an algorithm suited for the generation of periodic microstructures of granular media. Its particular features are a user‐defined grain size distribution, a representative volume element which is intrinsically periodic ab initio and a user‐defined termination criterion, controlled by an increase of volume fraction. For low densities our particle packings resemble fluids or gases, while we aim to reach for rather dense particle packings, similar to granular solids. The generated microstructures can thus be readily incorporated into large multiscale simulations, e.g. on the integration point level of a finite element analysis of a particular sand or concrete. The individual grain size distribution of the granular medium is incorporated through the introduction of different growth rates governing the final particle size distribution. We briefly sketch the generation of the representative volume element within a serial event‐driven scheme and demonstrate how periodic boundary conditions are ensured throughout the representative volume element generation process. The potential of the suggested algorithm will be illustrated through the generation of two different periodic multi‐disperse microstructures. They are based on different given grain size distributions, one for a quartz sand with a low non‐uniformity index and one for concrete aggregates classified as A32 by the German standard norm DIN 1045 to have a rather large variation in grain size. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤系高岭石的原始晶粒尺寸及结晶度对插层作用的影响

采用SEM、XRF、XRD和IR研究了大同、平朔和淮北煤系高岭石的结构、粒度及其特性,探讨了粒度大小对高岭石插层作用的影响及其机理。研究发现:粒度中等且结晶有序的平朔煤系高岭石插层率最高,其次为晶体粗大但结晶有序的大同高岭石,粒度最小且结晶无序的淮北高岭石插层率最低。研究认为高岭石原始晶粒粒度对高岭石插层作用有重要影响,中等粒度最有利于高岭石插层作用的进行,粒度过大或过小均不利于高岭石插层作用的进行,其原因是由于不同粒度的高岭石插层作用过程中导致的差异弹性变形引起的。结晶有序度对高岭石插层作用也有重要影响,结构无序不利于插层作用的进行。     

全新世以来冲绳海槽北部S9孔粒度变化特征及其古气候响应

通过对冲绳海槽北部沉积物柱状样S9进行AMS 14C 测年和粒度分析,获取了全新世以来高分辨率的古环境演化记录.结果显示,千年尺度上,S9柱粒度组成呈现明显的两段式变化特征:10.5~8.0ka B.P.,平均粒径逐渐变粗并达到最高值,粉砂含量逐渐增加并达到最高值; 8.0~1.0ka B.P.,沉积物平均粒径呈现递减的趋势,粘土含量相对增加.S9柱粒度千年尺度上变化与区域海平面变化密切相关,显示了海平面对区域物质输运的控制作用.7.5ka B.P. 以来,海平面趋于稳定,粒度特征呈现出百年尺度上波动.S9柱粒度变化参数与源区指示季风降雨量石笋记录的 δ18O具有良好的相关性,7.5ka B.P. 以来持续减小的平均粒径对应持续减弱的区域夏季风降雨.此外,S9柱记录了约8.2ka B.P.,6.5ka B.P.,4.2ka B.P. 以及3.8ka B.P. 等多期粒度显著变细的百年尺度的气候事件,对应了区域季风降雨的减少时期.S9柱粒度组成信息揭示了全新世以来区域海平面变化及季风降雨的强弱对冲绳海槽沉积物组成的影响,同时也为利用海洋沉积物来重建区域季风降雨提供了有力的手段.     

河道沉积物粒度沿程变化特征及其影响因素

河流系统是研究构造、气候和生态系统的重要载体，也是地貌学的重要研究内容之一。河流系统中河道沉积物运移深刻影响着地貌演化的进程，而沉积物粒度的沿程变化特征与趋势则可以揭示有关泥沙动力学的重要信息。目前，关于河道沉积物粒度存在沿程变化现象已有大量研究，但河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的具体机制尚存争议。此外，河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的主要控制因素及其对河床演变的影响也尚未明确。本文总结了全球河流河道沉积物粒度沿程变化及其不确定因素的分布状况，并调查了磨蚀、水力选择性搬运及综合作用对沉积物粒度沿程细化的影响。结果表明，在沿程细化机制研究中，磨蚀作用过程的探析相对较少。磨蚀由研究区岩性决定，并且非耐磨性岩性颗粒会产生强烈的质量损耗。虽然磨蚀对河道沉积物沿程细化的影响有限，但在河道上游以劈裂和切削方式引起的磨蚀过程不能忽视。相较于磨蚀，水力选择性搬运或分选过程受到广泛关注，说明水力分选在自然界河流沉积物粒度沿程细化过程中发挥着重要作用。此外，也有部分研究探讨了河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的综合影响因素，并且发现由于有些因素干扰河床沉积物在沿程方向也会存在粗化现象。粗化一般发生在山区坡度较陡、河流源头崩积河段，而引起粗化的因素主要有支流的汇入、沉积物横向输入、高能泥石流以及冰川作用补给、人为河道改造和大坝修建等。现有的研究表明河道沉积物粒度沿程变化是一个复杂的过程，其变化特征受多时空因素的影响，河道沉积物粒度沿程变化特征及其与外界因素的关系有待进一步研究。因此，在后续的工作中，仍需要利用大量室内室外调查和分析，揭示不同时空尺度河道沉积物侵蚀搬运过程，深化对河流地貌演化及其驱动机制方面的研究。     

Characteristics of particle size for creeping and saltating sand grains in aeolian transport

Creep and saltation are the primary modes of surface transport involved in the fluid‐like movement of aeolian sands. Although numerous studies have focused on saltation, few studies have focused on creep, primarily because of the experimental difficulty and the limited amount of theoretical information available on this process. Grain size and its distribution characteristics are key controls on the modes of sand movement and their transport masses. Based on a series of wind tunnel experiments, this paper presents new data regarding the saltation flux, obtained using a flat sampler, and on the creeping mass, obtained using a specifically designed bed trap, associated with four friction velocities (0·41, 0·47, 0·55 and 0·61 m sec^?1). These data yielded information regarding creeping and saltating sand grains and their particle size characteristics at various heights, which led to the following conclusions: (i) the creeping masses increased as a power function (q = ?1·02 + 14·19u_*³) of friction wind velocities, with a correlation (R²) of 0·95; (ii) the flux of aeolian sand flow decreases exponentially with increasing height (q = a exp(–z/b)) and increases as a power function (q = ?26·30 + 428·40 u_*³) of the friction wind velocity; (iii) the particle size of creeping sand grains is ca 1·15 times of the mean diameter of salting sand grains at a height of 0 to 2 cm, which is 1·14 times of the mean diameter of sand grains in a bed; and (iv) the mean diameter of saltating sand grains decreases rapidly with increasing height whereas, while at a given height, the mean diameter of saltating sand grains is positively correlated with the friction wind velocity. Although these results require additional experimental validation, they provide new information for modelling of aeolian sand transport processes.     

黄土高原黄土粒度的空间变化及其古环境意义

20世纪50~60年代,刘东生先生组织了黄河中游黄土区十条大断面（六纵四横）的野外考察和室内分析,从而证实了从西北到东南黄土粒度逐渐变细的现象,并划分出砂黄土、黄土和粘黄土带。从此,粒度成为黄土研究最基本、最重要的物理指标之一。时至今日,黄土粒度的古气候意义依然有待进一步明确。在前辈研究的基础上,我们对黄土高原57个S2以上剖面进行了详细调查和粒度分析,构建了典型冷暖时期粒度等值线。结果显示,无论是黄土还是古土壤,其粒度均从北向南变细,粒度等值线整体上呈现近东西向展布,表明粒度空间分异以南北向为主。地质记录综合对比显示,沉积区距物源区的距离变化对黄土粒度的影响是第一位的,冬季风风力变化的影响是第二位的。据此,我们构建了"黄土中值粒径-沉积区距源区最小距离"的模型。模型显示：距源区最小距离在400km以内为"快速分异区",粉尘沉积的粒度随搬运距离增加迅速变细,黄土高原黄土即在此区域;在400~2000km间为"缓慢分异区",粉尘粒度随搬运距离的增加缓缓变细,黄土高原新近纪红粘土即为典型代表;距源区2000km以上为粉尘沉积与搬运风力的"平衡区",粉尘粒度随搬运距离增加变化很小,深海粉尘沉积为典型代表。依据低空搬运的黄土"粒度-距离"模型推测的远距离（>2000km）搬运后的粉尘粒度为1~3μm,同高空搬运的北太平洋现代降尘和深海粉尘沉积粒度（2~4μm）非常吻合,表明该模型可能揭示了风力这样一种地质营力的内在动力学特征,这一点需要在今后研究中予以关注。     

大连长兴岛砂质沉积物粒度分布与石英表面结构特征研究

文章对位于渤海东缘的长兴岛地区发现的、以互层形式存在的黄土与砂土沉积剖面各层样品进行粒度分析与石英颗粒扫描电子显微镜观察,阐明了研究区沉积物的沉积特征,并探讨了物质来源与沉积环境。研究结果表明,长兴岛砂质沉积剖面上层黄土沉积（CXD5、CXD7）以粉砂为主,粒度分布频率曲线呈双峰分布且石英颗粒表面形态兼具风成与水成特征,推断其物质来源以近源为主,远源为辅;下层砂质沉积（CXD1、CXD2）粒度以中细砂为主,且石英颗粒表面水成特征明显,推测为近源物质搬运沉积;中间层（CXD3、CXD4和CXD6）粉砂含量显著增加,中细砂含量减少,且石英颗粒的硅质再沉淀作用显著,呈现过渡特征。研究结果表明,长兴岛砂质沉积物剖面存在砂层与黄土层相间分布的特征,且沉积环境以近源为主、远源为辅,为典型的陆架沙漠化沉积环境特征。

     

The effect of fluid composition on the behavior of well cemented, quartz-rich sandstone during faulting

Previous studies [O'Kane, A., Onasch, C.M., Farver, J., 2007. The role of fluids in low-temperature, fault-related deformation of quartz arenite. Journal of Structural Geology 29, 819--836; Cook, J., Dunne, W.M., Onasch, C.M., 2006. Development of a dilatant damage zone along a thrust relay in a low-porosity quartz arenite, Journal of Structural Geology 28, 776–792] found that quartz arenite within two fault zones in the Appalachian foreland thrust belt displays very different structural styles and histories despite deforming at similar pressures and temperatures during the Alleghanian orogeny. A comparison of the grain-scale deformation and fluid histories using transmitted and cathodoluminescence microscopy and fluid inclusion microthermometry, shows that fluid composition was a controlling factor for causing these differences. The Cove fault zone deformed in the presence of aqueous fluids, first a CaCl₂ brine and then an iron-rich fluid. The precipitation of quartz cement from the brine kept pace with brittle deformation, maintaining overall rock cohesion in the fault zone. The introduction of iron-rich fluids caused a switch from precipitation to dissolution of quartz, along with precipitation of goethite. In a damage zone along a backthrust in the Cave Mountain anticline, early deformation occurred in the presence of an aqueous fluid from which quartz was precipitated. The latest deformation, however, occurred in the presence of a methane-rich fluid, which inhibited the precipitation of quartz cement producing porous breccias and open fractures despite deformation at 6 km depth. Fluid composition not only affected cementation in the fault zones, but also the selection of grain-scale deformation mechanisms. Therefore, it is a controlling factor in determining the behavior and strength of these fault zones.     

基于等效粒径的无粘性泥沙起动条件对比研究

通过将等效粒径引入非均匀沙起动条件表达式,得到了基于等效粒径的非均匀沙起动条件统一表达式,并从反映泥沙的非均匀性引起的荫蔽(暴露)作用与分选作用角度对当前有一定影响的非均匀沙起动条件的等效粒径表达式进行了对比研究。结果表明,各家公式都能够反映泥沙的非均匀性引起的荫蔽(暴露)作用,较粗泥沙颗粒的等效粒径小于其自身粒径,容易起动,较细泥沙颗粒的等效粒径大于其自身粒径,较难起动。但是不同公式之间还是有一定的差异,主要反映在细颗粒的荫蔽作用方面。不同公式区分非均匀沙颗粒间荫蔽(暴露)作用的特征粒径是不同的。韩其为、张启卫、刘兴年公式能较好的反映泥沙起动时的分选作用。对于细颗粒泥沙而言,Egiazaroff、Hayashi与秦荣昱公式在冲刷时体现由于床沙粒径不同而产生的分选作用相对较差。     

祁连山内流河流域表土和终端湖沉积物粒度指标研究

通过对祁连山地区典型内流河——石羊河、丰乐河、石油河和布哈河流域表土及终端湖全新世剖面沉积物中粒度指标的分析和对比,结果表明:1)流域表土粒径随海拔变化具有明显的空间分异特征,大致以河流出山口海拔为界分为上下游两部分,除石油河外,上游以粉砂组分为主,粒度频率曲线表现为河流沉积的双峰特征,粒径波动较小并随海拔有降低趋势,反映河流初始水动力较强并逐渐减弱;下游以砂组分为主,粒度频率曲线具有风成沉积特征,指示干旱化趋势,粒径变化幅度和频率大,表明受人类活动影响强烈; 2)终端湖剖面沉积物粒度显示了全新世以来复杂的干湿变化,在约3 cal. ka B. P.之后均出现粒径增大波动增大的现象,指示不同程度的干旱化,在1～3 cal. ka B. P.之间出现人类活动的影响并逐渐加剧; 3)基于流域表土粒度指标现代过程分析表明祁连山内流河流域终端湖剖面粒度指标可以在一定程度上指示流域干湿变化并识别人类活动强度,区域环境在长期干旱化的背景下受到人类活动的强烈干扰。