Metropolitan Area Job Accessibility and the Working Poor: Exploring Local Spatial Variations Of Geographic context

Critical geographic perspectives argue that employment access in U.S. metropolitan areas is more complex than traditional understandings, calling for research utilizing approaches that reflect the spatially dynamic structure of cities. This study uses a job proximity indicator of employment access among the working poor, with cluster analysis and spatial regimes modeling, to explore the spatial dimensions of geographic context (neighborhood characteristics) at a localized scale. The findings indicate that: (1) patterns of high or low employment access are not consistent with neoclassical conceptualizations of metropolitan areas; and (2) the statistical relationship between geographic context indicators and the measure of job accessibility were not spatially constant, but varied across the urban landscape. This supports the critical geographic arguments that a high degree of complexity underlies the employment access problem. To better inform public policy, future empirical research needs access to more sophisticated data and methodological approaches to analyze this complex sociospatial phenomenon.     

Agent-based modeling of policies to improve urban food access for low-income populations

Despite advances in medical technology and public health practices over the past few decades, there has been a steady increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes among low-income urban residents in the US. For this population, maintaining a diet consisting of nutritious foods is complicated by a number of physical and social barriers. In cities, a coalescence of social, spatial, and economic factors influence the availability of healthy food in any given place. The urban food environment contextualizes the structural and individual-level norms that drive daily decision-making about what to eat. Understanding and acting on the processes that reduce these residents' access to healthy foods will make for a healthier urban landscape. This paper advances the discussion of food deserts by using an agent-based model to simulate the impact of various policy interventions on low-income households' consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables. Using a simulated population of low-income households in Buffalo, NY, initialized with demographic and geographic data from the US Census and the City of Buffalo, a baseline scenario is established. Four different scenarios are explored in contrast to the baseline, including increasing the frequency that households shop for groceries, increasing the probability convenience stores stock fresh produce, and implementing a mobile market distribution system. The paper concludes by analyzing the effectiveness of the varying strategies, and discussing policy implications.     

Comparing health status and access to health care in Canada’s largest metropolitan areas

Research has shown persistent inequalities in access to health care between and within sociodemographic groups and geographic areas. Yet much of what we know about geographical disparities in access comes from studies of regional and urban/rural contrasts, or from studies of intra-urban, neighborhood-level variations. We know relatively little about variations in access to primary health care across different urban areas, and whether such variations translate into differences among residents’ health. This study examines how health status and access to primary care vary across five of Canada’s largest cities, paying particular attention to populations that may be particularly vulnerable based on age and income. Across all outcomes, there was a consistently strong relationship with individual socioeconomic status. We show that city of residence is important for access to health care but not for health status. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for urban health-care policy and delivery, and impacts on health and access to care.     

A three-step floating catchment area method for analyzing spatial access to health services

Gravity-based spatial access models have been widely used to estimate spatial access to healthcare services in an attempt to capture the interaction of various factors. However, these models are inadequate in informing health resource allocation work due to their inappropriate assumption of healthcare demand. For the purpose of effective healthcare resource planning, this article proposes a three-step floating catchment area (3SFCA) method to minimize the healthcare-demand overestimation problem. Specifically, a spatial impedance-based competition scheme is incorporated into the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method to account for a reasonable model of healthcare supply and demand. A case study of spatial access to primary care physicians along the Austin–San Antonio corridor area in central Texas showed that the proposed method effectively minimizes the overestimation of healthcare demand and reflects a more balanced geographic pattern of spatial access than E2SFCA. In addition, by using an adjusted spatial access index, the 3SFCA method indicates strong potential for identifying health professional shortage areas. The study concludes that 3SFCA is a promising method to provide health professionals and decision makers with useful healthcare accessibility information.     

Connecting Local to Global: Geographic Information Systems and Ecological Footprints as Tools for Sustainability

Tools that support public engagement with sustainability are essential for local sustainability planning. This research investigates the ability of two geographic information system (GIS)-based tools to promote discussion of sustainability in a suburban context. A local ecological footprint tool and a community environmental atlas (an environmentally themed online mapping system) were created for seven suburban boroughs of Montreal. Variations of both tools have been used to support sustainability efforts, but their use has not been widely evaluated. Working from a public participation GIS (PPGIS) framework that recognizes the powerful influence of data representation, this research uses focus groups to evaluate how well these tools address three criteria that have emerged from the literature on public engagement in sustainability: interdependency across systems, reflexivity about personal and social decision making, and interactions across spatial scales. Whereas the atlas remains advantageous for discussing local spatial specifics, it was found that the ecological footprint helped people see the interconnections among systems, integrate local and global aspects of sustainability, and reflect on the values and assumptions underlying current social and economic structures.     

新经济空间下城市竞争力的潜能研究

在新经济空间研究的基础上,阐述了与城市竞争力有关的一系列空间因素,认为这些因素的复杂性决定了城市之间的竞争和合作关系,城市主体总是试图通过空间关系的改善来提高自身的竞争优势.总结了城市在比较优势驱动下的竞争,认为城市发展中政府的调控战略是一个重要的因素.通过探讨合作的潜在利益,论述了不同层次的合作是城市增强竞争力的有利手段.阐释了城市合作的模式和相互学习的过程,充分说明了城市之间合作关系的建立和持续是城市面临区域经济全球化和一体化挑战的应对之策.     

中国流动人口的城市宜居性感知及其对定居意愿的影响

流动人口是中国城镇化进程的重要参与者,加强其定居意愿特征分析对制定中国新型城镇化发展政策具有重要参考价值。基于中国40个主要城市的宜居城市问卷调查数据,运用描述统计和地理探测器方法,揭示中国流动人口的城市宜居性感知特征及其对定居意愿的影响。研究结果表明：①中国流动人口的城市宜居性感知评价分异明显,呈现出“公共服务设施便利性>自然环境舒适性>社会人文环境舒适性>环境健康性>交通便捷性>城市安全性”的递减特征;②中国流动人口的公共服务设施便利性、社会人文环境舒适性、环境健康性和城市安全性等4个维度城市宜居性感知对其定居意愿具有显著影响,且影响强度依次递减,但二者关系并不完全呈简单的线性特征。③相对他人收入满意度、生活满意度、住房价格感知和地理区位等参照变量,以及年龄、性别和职业等个体与家庭属性也是影响中国流动人口定居意愿的重要因素。     

Amenity value in post-industrial Chinese cities: the case of Nanjing

Many Chinese cities are in a transition from industrial to post-industrial urban economies. In this process of urban restructuring, land use becomes polycentric and fragmented. More sophisticated models are needed to estimate the amenity effects of this complex residential environment. This article assesses the relative housing price effects of neighborhood characteristics and accessibility in Nanjing, China. This is achieved with a hedonic price model that incorporates detailed spatial measures, geographical contingency, and a modified version of Alonso’s (1964) general theory of land rent. A crucial finding is that the effect of job accessibility on house price varies depending upon the specific sector of employment. Accessibility to jobs in the public and private service sectors has strong positive effects. However, housing proximity to heavy industries has a spatially nonlinear effect: negative in close proximity, but positive at a larger distance. Second, when we control for job accessibility, access to public transport has an added positive effect. Finally, neighborhood “quality” (defined in terms of nearby amenities) is also relevant, but far less than access to service employment. This research shows that Nanjing’s housing prices are affected by different residential characteristics than those with dominant price effects in Western cities.     

基本公共服务对不同规模城市流动人口居留意愿的影响效应

利用2016年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据中的东部沿海6省市数据集,将长期居住意愿、户籍迁入意愿和本地购房打算三部分指标的加和定义为城市居留意愿指标,将城镇基本公共服务分为就业关联和非就业关联两种类型,运用序次Logistic回归模型,系统考察两类城镇基本公共服务的获得特征对流动人口城市居留意愿的影响及其在不同规模城市间的差异特征。研究发现：流动人口城市居留意愿和城镇基本公共服务获得率呈现出随城市规模扩大而上升的梯度变动特征;在流动人口获得的城镇基本公共服务较为有限时,流动人口的城市居留意愿不高。从影响效应看,流动人口在流入城市获得的城镇基本公共服务是影响其城市居留意愿的关键因素,此类影响效应因公共服务内容和城市规模的不同而存在差异。大城市流动人口获得的医疗保险、失业保险和住房保障显著增进了流动人口的城市居留意愿,但上述影响效应在中小城市并不明显;健康档案和健康教育普及程度除了在个别规模城市中没有显著影响效应外,在其余规模城市中都具有显著的正向影响效应;在小城市,仅健康档案和健康教育普及程度对其流动人口城市居留意愿具有显著且正向的影响作用。     

If Quebec Goes . . . The ‘Exodus' Impact?

In this paper, we explore migration aspects of the 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum with data from a survey administered to non-francophones in Montreal two weeks prior to the Referendum. While the Quebec sovereignty issue has been around for some time and earlier exodus from the province, particularly among anglophones, is largely regarded as “forced” in some way, this study neither confirms the 1995 Sovereignty Referendum as a paramount factor in explaining outmigration from Quebec nor points to a real reluctance to leave Montreal. The decision to move is influenced by the interplay of a multitude of factors. The political influence is only an added factor to longstanding economic decline and cultural clash. Moreover, if there is any impulsion, the degree varies among different cultural and socioeconomic groups.     

基于POI数据的山西省旅游景区分类及空间分布特征

运用大数据与传统地理信息系统相结合的方式,以山西旅游景区POI(Point of Interest)数据为研究对象,对其进行分类后,研究其总体空间分布格局、分布方向以及具体地市空间分布特征。结果表明：山西旅游景区总体分布格局呈现晋中地区集聚特征,具体各类旅游景区的集聚形态与程度有所差异。其中,地文景观类旅游景区集聚于晋中、晋东南和晋北东部地区;水域风光类旅游景区以晋中、晋南和晋北东部地区为轴呈条带状分布;生物景观类旅游景区在空间上呈“菱形”状集聚形态;遗址遗迹类旅游景区集聚于晋北和晋东南地区;建筑与设施类旅游景区呈“三角形”状集聚特征;娱乐购物类旅游景区在全省范围内分布较为均匀。旅游景区空间分布方向与山西省区域形状吻合,除娱乐购物类旅游景区分布方向性和向心性不明显之外,其他类别旅游景区均有不同程度的集聚特征;各地市旅游景区分布情况中,水域风光类旅游景区在各市域间分布较为均匀,地文景观类和建筑设施类旅游景区热点区域出现在阳泉市,冷点区域出现在晋城市,但其集聚程度均较低;生物景观类旅游景区热点区域位于长治市,冷点区域位于临汾市和运城市,其集聚程度较高。最后,从自然地理和人文社会两方面对旅游景区空间分布的影响因素进行了定性分析。     

中国产业地理集聚与区域出口经济复杂度

中国正处于产业结构升级转型的节点上,探究中国出口经济复杂度的影响因素对制定下一阶段的产业政策有深刻影响。利用中国海关数据库,在三种主流复杂度指标计算基础上,深入分析中国城市产业地理集聚与出口经济复杂度发展演化,并运用计量模型对两者之间的关系进行实证检验。研究得到以下主要结论:(1)全国城市产业地理集聚程度基本呈现东部高、中西部点状起伏的空间格局,且城市间产业集聚水平差异逐渐缩小。(2)城市出口经济复杂度空间分布格局与产业地理集聚分布具有一致性,高复杂度地区主要为环渤海、长三角、珠三角地区以及中西部中心城市,城市间发展差距随时间缩小。(3)主流经济复杂度测算方法中的经济复杂度指数并不适用于中国城市尺度,而适应性复杂度和新经济复杂度的测算效果更好。(4)模型研究结果显示,产业地理集聚通过知识溢出和生产要素共享产生的积极影响超过了竞争拥挤带来的负面影响,促进了出口经济复杂度提升;且通过促进高复杂度产业进入与低复杂度产业退出有效推动了城市产业升级。     

Monuments and their functions in urban public space

ABSTRACT

The aim of the article is to present and discuss functions of public monuments in relation to different dimensions of geographical space. The authors discuss public spaces, monuments, public art, based on a mixed-method approach and an analysis of scientific literature as the main research method. The theoretical discussion is supplemented with the results of Internet searches and an analysis of media supplements, and specific examples are given, including some from Poland. An additional method was autoethnography, which involved an analysis of cultural phenomena based on the authors’ experience. The analysis revealed that monuments were part of public art and thus enriched public spaces in cities. They fulfilled different important functions: artistic, symbolic, commemorative, political, social, religious, marketing, and mixed. Additionally, the monuments reflected the contemporary transformation of ideas and social orders and therefore also reflected contemporary urban debates. They were products of social relations, powers, ideas, identities, and the collective memory reflected in the urban spatial structure of cities. The authors conclude that the examples presented in the demonstrate that monuments perform various functions in urban public spaces. From a spatial perspective, the role of monuments depends on their different impacts on people’s perceptions and interpretations of space.     

我国“淘宝村”的空间组织与地理根植性

以2015年淘宝村为对象,首先通过空间分布特征与空间组织模式推断出它们应具有地理根植性,之后以经营商品的特殊性为切入点,经由成本-价格分析确定其地理根植性,最后则通过产业根植性给出根源性解释。研究发现：淘宝村在国家、地区、省、市、县和乡镇六个层面都呈非均衡分布,且具有显著集聚化特征;淘宝村符合由两种空间形态、两种流态和五种主体构建的网络购物空间组织模式框架,且可划分为自产自销、村内生产、一般村外生产、村外生产与专业市场结合等4种类型;淘宝村经营商品的特殊性,即本地绝对优势产品和成本优势产品是其在全国竞争中胜出和存在的关键;淘宝村经营商品的自然根植性、社会根植性和复合根植性是其地理根植性的根源。     

中国城市公共健康水平的时空演化及其影响因素

采用定基极差熵权法与定基等权赋值法相结合的综合评价方法、核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析等方法,分析2003—2018年中国284个地级以上城市公共健康水平的时空演化特征,并运用广义空间两阶段最小二乘法考察其影响因素。结果发现：① 研究期内中国城市公共健康水平整体呈上升趋势,但各城市间公共健康水平差异有所扩大,且始终存在多级分化现象;② 四大板块核密度曲线在重心位置、主峰高度、波峰数量、拖尾长度、拖尾厚度上均有各自演化形态,是一种时段特征与地区特色相互耦合叠加的结果;③ 中国城市公共健康水平存在正向空间溢出效应和空间“同群效应”,空间集聚类型实现了由LL型为主体向HH型为主体的转化;④ 收入水平、人口密度、科技进步、工业化程度、卫生体制改革对城市公共健康具有影响,但各因素对不同区域的影响存在异质性。     

历史城区旅游化：时空过程、功能转换及关联协调——以甘肃省天水市历史城区为例

借助史料、历史地图及谷歌POI数据,运用空间句法和GIS空间分析探讨天水古城自明清以来空间和功能的演化过程及其内在关联。研究发现：① 明清以来,天水古城的旅游化经历了传统游憩的普及（明清）、衰落（民国）、停滞（1949—1987年）阶段,现代旅游兴起与传统游憩恢复（1988—2000年）及融合创新（2001年至今）阶段。古城传统格局逐渐消失,但是历史轴线的主轴线地位延续,可达性、穿越性最好,协同度最高,“空间结构惯性”规律作用明显。② 在不同施动主体的共同作用下,天水古城由安全防御、军事政治、集市商贸等传统功能向工业生产,进而向现代旅游、居住功能转变,游憩休闲功能显著增强。③ 居民和游客共享公共活动空间,但服务功能相互分离。游客活动空间与功能服务协调性较好,居民公共活动空间与服务设施一致性较差。     

Analysis of spatial patterns of public attention on housing prices in Chinese cities: A web search engine approach

Housing price has become one of the most pressing issues facing urban residents in China in recent years and received considerable attention. However, detailed housing price data are often ill-documented or unavailable for the public, thus posing a grand challenge for the study of housing prices in China. Because individuals' Internet search activities can be recorded by web search engines, the analysis of these web search activities in cyber-space may provide a means of better understanding public attention and associated concerns in real geographic space. In this study, we focus on exploring the spatial patterns of public attention on housing price through the analysis of web query activities based on Baidu Index, a Chinese keyword analysis tool from Baidu web search engine. We propose a new index based on keyword query outcome from Baidu search database to analyze spatially heterogeneous patterns of housing price attention from 19 large and medium-sized cities in China. We evaluate the spatial network structure of housing price attention, and develop a new index to measure the intensity of interaction relationships among cities of interest. Our results show that spatial interactions of housing price attention between cities evaluated using the new method are consistent with those from a gravity model. Meanwhile, as revealed from Baidu Index-based indicators, strong spatial association patterns exist among cities that form urban agglomerations. Further, our results demonstrate that the web search engine approach, based on the coupling of cyber-space and geographic space, provides solid support for the study of housing price attention and its spatially explicit patterns in China.     

SPATIAL INTERLOCKING DIRECTORATES IN THE CANADIAN URBAN SYSTEM, 1971–1989

This research investigates the evolution of the system of Canadian decision-making centers using the location of corporate board members as a surrogate for the location of economic control. The major premise examined by this study states that, through much of the study period, board linkages should tend to concentrate on Toronto, Canada's dominant corporate administration center. While Toronto gains importance, Montreal loses connections, devolving from close competition with Toronto for national influence to become a major regional center for Quebec. At the same time, cities in other parts of the country gain importance as they evolve into major centers for their region. The result of these changes is the emergence of a dominant national center, along with a second tier of cities of regional importance. The results of the board member analysis reveal that the economy as a whole increasingly concentrates control in Toronto through the 1970s and 1980s. Montreal loses director connections with the rest of the country through the same period. While the economy as a whole centralizes in Toronto, certain sectors of the economy decentralize their directors to regional centers. Calgary, in particular, emerges as a major regional center for western Canada. The paper relates these observations to the dual conceptual frameworks of quaternary location theory and the resource dependence perspective.     

中部崛起背景下的郑汴一体化发展研究

中部地区崛起战略决策,为中原城市群发展提供了良好的发展环境,也提出了重大而迫切的战略任务.在中原城市群各个城市处于向心集聚为主的发展阶段,中原城市群建设应率先推进郑汴核心区一体化发展.郑汴核心区既是郑汴一体化的空间承载区,也是中原城市群一体化发展的先导区和示范区,需要从发展目标协同、基础设施共建、产业互补共进、资源共事、发展空间与功能协调、实施策略同步等多个方面有序促进郑汴一体化发展.     

新冠肺炎疫情扩散与人口流动的空间关系及对中国城市公共卫生分类治理启示

人口流动影响新冠肺炎疫情传播与风险扩散。基于百度迁徙大数据和各省市区卫生健康委员会数据，结合地理信息技术，研究了2020年1月1日至3月5日136个城市新冠肺炎疫情扩散与武汉市人口流出的空间关系及其对我国城市公共卫生治理启示。研究表明：1）中国新冠肺炎疫情扩散过程具有阶段性特征，经历了疫情发生与隐性扩散、快速扩散与暴发、扩散遏制和扩散衰减4个阶段。2）研究时间段武汉市人口主要流向湖北省境内以及周边省市和北京、上海、广州、深圳等一线城市，具有地理邻近性和倾向区域中心城市的人口流入特征。受地理距离、时间成本、社会经济联系、境外输入等因素的影响，新冠肺炎疫情空间分布的不平衡性明显，长江中游城市群、京津冀城市群、长三角城市群、粤港澳大湾区和成渝城市群成为新冠肺炎疫情集中分布的重点区域，一些重点出入境口岸城市的新冠疫情扩散风险较大。3）新冠肺炎疫情扩散与人口流出之间具有较强的正向等级相关性。两者之间的空间关系可以分为8种调控类型，近90%的城市具有人口流入多、确诊病例数高或人口流入少、确诊病例数低的特征。其中，人口流入多、确诊病例数高的城市主要集中分布在湖北省境内以及中国重点城市群的中心城市，其防控压力来自人口流入多、确诊病例数高带来的疫情扩散风险；而人口流入少、确诊病例数低的城市分布较为分散，其防控的难点在于提高防控对策的精准性。我国疫情防控取得了显著成效，但随着时间的演进全球疫情形势反弹的不确定性仍然存在，外防输入、内防反弹的压力依然很重，现阶段乃至未来一段时期，疫情防控将伴随中国经济社会发展成为新常态。建议针对8种调控类型，从人口流动、交通和资源等引导与管控方面分类提出精细化的疫情防控策略，提升城市公共卫生治理能力。