内蒙古索家沟银多金属矿深部找矿预测

索家沟银多金属矿床是近年来在内蒙古中南部发现的大型隐伏银多金属矿床,银多金属矿体主要赋存于燕山期酸性侵入岩体附近早期构造及同期张裂隙中,在岩体上部也发育矿化,属岩浆热液成因。为预测矿床深部找矿前景,笔者对矿床激电极化率异常、钻孔原生晕及深部地质体矿化特征进行研究。矿床频谱激电测量显示,激电极化率异常往深部未封闭且具较大延伸趋势;原生晕研究结果表明矿体叠加晕特征明显,局部出现反向分带特征,表明具有多阶段成矿的特征;同时Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Au、W、Sn等元素异常向深部均呈现高强度延伸,指示深部具备较好找矿潜力,由此提出深部存在厚大盲矿体或多金属矿脉群。通过对深部已控制岩体及Au、Cu矿化特征分析,提出深部具备寻找斑岩型铜金钨(钼)系列矿产的潜力。根据当前矿床地物化特征,认为索家沟银多金属矿床具有斑岩型成矿系统的特征,提出在岩体外围及浅部-中深部继续寻找银铅锌矿,深部寻找金铜钨(钼)矿的找矿方向,为该矿区或同类型区域进一步找矿提供借鉴。     

地球化学块体与大型矿集区的关系——以东天山为例

通过在东天山15万km2的战略性深穿透地球化学调查共圈出大于1000km2以上的地球化学块体18处,其中铜-铅-锌-银地球化学块体5处,铜地球化学块体3处,铜-镍地球化学块体1处,金的地球化学块体4处,铀的地球化学块体3处,铂-钯地球化学块体1处,钨地球化学块体1处。有6处地球化学块体与已知矿集区相对应,新圈定的地球化学块体12处,其中有3处发现了新的矿床。根据这些块体与矿集区的对比得出如下结论:所有的已知矿集区都位于地球化学块体的范围之内,地球化学块体为矿集区的形成提供了丰富的物质基础;有矿集区的存在一定有地球化学块体的存在,但反过来有地球化学块体的存在不一定有矿集区的存在,地球化学块体是客观存在的,而矿集区是已经发现了一系列矿床并勘探到一定程度才能称作矿集区,因此,地球化学块体内可能会存在潜在的矿集区,这为利用地球化学块体预测新的矿集区提供了依据。     

Fractal Characteristics of Fault Structures and Their Use for Mapping Ore-prospecting Potential in the Qitianling Area, Southern Hunan Province, China

Quantitative analyses of the spatial distribution of fault structures can provide a theoretical basis for forecasting prospective ore deposits. Characteristics and complexity of fault structure distribution in the Qitianling area, Southern Hunan Province, China, were quantitatively calculated and appraised by fractal and multifractal methods to evaluate the relation between fault structures and ore-prospecting potential. The results show that the lengths of faults can be modeled as multifractals. Multifractal spectra evidently reflect the characteristics of the scaling of fault structures. The boxcounting dimension value(D) of fault structures is equal to 1.656, as indicates complexity of the spatial distribution of faults and favorable structural conditions for the formation of ore deposits. Moreover, the D values of sub-regions were calculated and isopleths of their fractal dimension values were plotted accordingly. Overlay analyses of isopleths of fractal dimension values and distributions of known ore deposits show that areas with the larger fractal dimension values of fault structures have more ore deposits. This spatial coupling relationship between D values and ore deposits can be used to forecast and explore other ore deposits. On the basis of complexity theory for ore-forming systems, three exploration targets with high D values were delineated as prospective ore deposits.     

塔中地区中—上奥陶统内波内潮汐沉积与油气勘探

现代海底普遍发育由内波、内潮汐引起的深水牵引流,内波、内潮汐不仅可形成各种小规模、分散的深水牵引流沉积,而且还可建造千米级的大型沉积物波。在古代地层记录中已发现各种厘米级的内波、内潮汐沉积单元,但尚未发现内波成因的大型沉积物波。通过对塔中地区中—上奥陶统碎屑岩段岩心观察和地震剖面的系统分析,发现了该岩段内由内波和内潮汐作用形成的各种牵引流沉积构造单元。已识别出4种内波、内潮汐沉积微相类型及5种基本垂向沉积层序,同时还在研究区中一上奥陶统陆坡相中识别出了内波成因的大型沉积物波。这些内波、内潮汐沉积具有较好的油气潜能,是该区中—上奥陶统潜在的油气勘探新领域。     

贺兰奥拉槽早古生代深水重力流体系的沉积特征和充填样式

位于鄂尔多斯西缘的贺兰构造带为一中元古代一古生代的奥拉槽。在区内的中寒武和中奥陶统中识别了一套巨厚的深水重力流沉积,其中包括下斜坡滑塌泥石流复合体、浊积扇以及碳酸盐岩斜坡扇裙等沉积类型。主要的相单元包括充填沟道或进入扇面形成的泥石流钙质角砾岩和砾岩、充填辫状水道的多层叠置的砂岩和砂砾岩、上叠扇的砂、泥岩互层以及浊积砂屑或含砾砂屑灰岩等。在中奥陶世该奥拉槽发展成一深水一半深水海槽,沿盆地西侧发育有浊积扇,而东侧仅有碳酸盐岩滑塌扇裙。它们可能是沿深水盆地两侧深大断裂产生的陡坡或水下断崖分布的,代表了早古生代贺兰奥拉槽在强烈沉陷期特定的深水盆地充填。     

Regional dome evolution and its control on ore-grade distribution: Insights from 3D implicit modelling of the Navachab gold deposit,Namibia

We introduce a novel approach to analyse and assess the structural framework of ore deposits that fully integrates 3D implicit modelling in data-rich environments with field observations. We apply this approach to the early Palaeozoic Navachab gold deposit which is located in the Damara orogenic belt, Namibia. Compared to traditional modelling methods, 3D implicit modelling reduces user-based modelling bias by generating open or closed surfaces from geochemical, lithological or structural data without manual digitisation and linkage of sections or level plans. Instead, a mathematically defined spatial interpolation is used to generate 3D models that show trends and patterns that are embedded in large drillhole datasets. In our 3D implicit model of the Navachab gold deposit, distinctive high-grade mineralisation trends were identified and directly related to structures observed in the field. The 3D implicit model and field data suggest that auriferous semi-massive sulphide ore shoots formed near the inflection line of the steep limb of a regional scale dome, where shear strain reached peak values during fold amplification. This setting generated efficient conduits and traps for hydrothermal fluids and associated mineralisation that led to the formation of the main ore shoots in the deposit. Both bedding-parallel and highly discordant sets of auriferous quartz-sulphide veins are interpreted to have formed during the later lock-up stage of the regional scale dome. Additionally, pegmatite dykes crosscut and remobilise gold mineralisation at the deposit scale and appear to be related to a younger joint set. We propose that kilometre-scale active folding is an important deformation mechanism that influences the spatial distribution and orientation of mineralisation in ore deposits by forming structures (traps and pathways for fluids) at different preferred sites and orientations. We also propose that areas that experience high shear strain, located along the inflection lines of folds can act as preferred sites for syn-deformational hydrothermal mineralisation and should be targeted for regional scale exploration in fold and thrust belts. Our research also suggests that examination of existing drillhole datasets using 3D implicit modelling is a powerful tool for spatial analysis of mineralisation patterns. When combined with fieldwork, this approach has the potential to improve structural understanding of a variety of ore deposits.     

西昌—滇中地区大、中型内生矿床分布规律及预测

用王亚光研究大型矿床空间分布规律理论来研究西昌—滇中地区大、中型内生矿床的分布规律及预测,用“矿结”一词来表明经纬线方向深大断裂交汇处是大矿的分布空间。1990年所预测的一些成矿区为1991年地质找矿工作所证实,如大红山式铁铜矿的新发现和会东发嵩铝锌矿的新进展。     

柴达木盆地旺尕秀地区上侏罗统-下白垩统风成砂的发现及其意义*

本次研究在柴达木盆地旺尕秀地区上侏罗统红水沟组上覆地层中,首次发现了风成沉积。地层主体为一套棕黄色细-中砂岩,由分选、磨圆好的石英砂组成;扫描电镜下可见风成砂特有的碟形撞击坑和新月形撞击坑等特征;层内普遍发育风成大型高角度板状交错层理,层系厚度巨大,风成沙丘前积层特征明显;发育液化作用产生的牵引褶曲、倒转褶曲等常见的风成沙丘同沉积变形构造。根据岩性和沉积构造特征共在地层中识别出4种沉积亚相: 沙丘亚相、丘间亚相、旱谷亚相和沙漠湖亚相,其中沙丘亚相以风成大型交错层理为显著特征,丘间、旱谷和沙漠湖亚相则以水成沉积为主。风成砂沉积的存在丰富了柴达木盆地中生代的沉积类型,为区域地层对比及西北地区晚中生代古气候和古环境研究提供了新的证据和材料。     

中国白垩纪大陆成矿体系的初步研究及找矿前景浅析

中国白垩纪大陆成矿体系,是指在白垩纪时期发生于大陆环境(包括大陆边缘)的成矿作用及其成矿地质要素构成的整体。由分布在东北、古阴山-燕山、华北地台、古秦岭-大别、扬子地台和东南沿海等大型、超大型矿集区的12个主要矿床成矿系列,可大致构筑起中国白垩纪的大陆成矿体系。而西北和西南地区已知的白垩纪矿产资源尚少,找矿潜力很大。即使是东部地区,研究程度虽高,但只要开拓思路,深入研究,仍然可以取得找矿新突破,如到盆地区找金属矿床,到非金属矿集区找金属矿床,到“山下去找山上的金属矿床”等等。     

Letters to the Editor

The considerable gold resource potential in China has been increasingly recognized in recent years, following detailed geological investigation of the major orogenic belts since the 1980s. The major tectonic components of China include the Sino-Korean, Yangtze, Tarim, and Cathaysian Precambrian platforms surrounded by the Altaides, Tianshan-Inner Mongolia, Daxinganling, Alkin, Kunlun, Qilian, Qinling, Himalaya-Tethys, and Nanling orogenic belts. A large number of gold deposits and geochemical anomalies have been discovered in all of these lithotectonic provinces. The most important deposit types are Precambrian lode, Carlin-type, ophiolite-related, porphyry-related, volcanic epithermal, and possible Muruntau-type gold deposits, occurring mainly in seven major metallogenic districts in eastern and southwestern China. Many lithotectonic belts provide favorable locations for the formation of various large gold deposits and are comparable with other productive gold provinces of the world, such as the Canadian Shield and Circum-Pacific magmatic arcs. The geochemical anomalies and many existing gold deposits and metallogenic belts in China require additional detailed study on the basis of modern exploration technologies.     

中国东部燕山期岩石圈-软流圈系统大灾变与成矿环境

中国东部在燕山期发生了岩石圈－软流圈系统（ＬＡＳ）大灾变事件,并识别出被扰动的ＬＡＳ的两种类型,即在搞压造山环境下的岩石圈巨大减薄与巨大增厚作用;它们分别对应相关的安第斯型和海西型成矿作用,大量的新生,热地幔物质和再活化的热的下地壳物质取代,加热和注入冷的岩石圈和地壳是燕山期成矿大爆发的基因和基本的深部环境,再活化和活动的岩石尺度的不连续带是成矿带的良好储矿空间,巨大的岩浆－流体－成矿系统是形成巨     

中国东部燕山期岩石圈-软流圈系统大灾变与成矿环境

中国东部在燕山期发生了岩石圈＿软流圈系统（ＬＡＳ） 大灾变事件, 并识别出被扰动的ＬＡＳ的两种类型, 即在挤压造山环境下的岩石圈巨大减薄与巨大增厚作用; 它们分别对应相关的安第斯型和海西型成矿作用。大量的新生、热地幔物质和再活化的热的下地壳物质取代、加热和注入冷的岩石圈和地壳是燕山期成矿大爆发的基因和基本的深部环境。再活化和活动的岩石圈尺度的不连续带是成矿带的良好储矿空间。巨大的岩浆＿流体＿成矿系统是形成巨大矿集区的必需。从深部成矿环境来看, 中国东部具有巨大的找矿潜力     

Metallogenic model of the Shuangjianzishan Ag-Pb-Zn district,Northeast China: Revealed from integrated geophysical investigation

The Shuangjianzishan deposit in Inner Mongolia is a typical Ag-Pb-Zn deposit of the southern Great Xing’an Range. Proven reserves of Ag, Pb, and Zn in this deposit have reached the scale of super-large deposits, with favorable metallogenic conditions, strong prospecting signs, and high metallogenic potential. This paper reports a study involving integrated geophysical methods, including controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric, gravity, magnetic, and shallow-seismic-reflection methods, to determine the spatial distribution of ore-controlling structures and subsurface intrusive rock for a depth range of <2000 m in the Shuangjianzishan ore district. The objective of this study is to construct a metallogenic model of the ore district and provide a scientific basis for the exploration of similar deposits in the deep and surrounding regions. We used three-dimensional inversion for controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric data based on the limited memory quasi-Newton algorithm, and three-dimensional physical-property inversion for the gravity and magnetic data to obtain information about the subsurface distribution of ore-controlling structures and intrusive rocks. Under seismic reflection results, regional geology, petrophysical properties, and borehole information, the geophysical investigation shows that the Dashizhai group, which contains the main ore-bearing strata in the ore district, is distributed within a depth range of <1239 m, and is thick in the Xinglongshan ore block and the eastern part of the Shuangjianzishan ore block. The mineralization is spatially associated with a fault system characterized by NE-, NW-, and N-trending faults. The magnetic and electrical models identify large, deep bodies of intrusive rock that are inferred to have been involved in mineralization, with local shallow emplacement of some intrusions. Combining the subsurface spatial distributions of ore-bearing strata, ore-controlling faults, and intrusive rock, we propose two different metallogenic models for the Shuangjianzishan ore district, which provide a scientific basis for further prospecting in the deep regions of the ore district and surrounding areas.     

Crustal-scale shear zones and their significance to Archaean gold mineralization in Western Australia

Many large Archaean epigenetic gold deposits show a broad spatial relationship to regional lineaments in greenstone belts, although in detail they are sited in subsidiary brittle-ductile fault structures. Fluids, originating from a deep source, follow a complex path and re-equilibrate with different lithologies and with metamorphic fluid during migration to higher crustal levels. Temperature and pressure conditions at or below the amphibolite/greenschist metamorphic boundary, where most gold deposits are located, favour the establishment of brittle-ductile and brittle subsidiary structures, the preferred structural setting of gold deposits. Physical gradients between the regional ductile structures and more brittle subsidiary structures ensure transient, strongly localized, fluid flow into the latter, where lower temperatures and suitable host rocks with high Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios favour gold-deposition. The multi-source origin and continuous re-equilibration of the fluid with crustal rock, which includes granitoid and greenstone-belt lithologies of different ages, is reflected in the diverse isotopic and geochemical signature of the gold deposits.     

安徽南部地区金矿控矿条件及其成矿规律研究

安徽省金矿床(点)主要集中于其南部地区,金多以共生或伴生形式产在铜、铁、硫矿床中,中大型金矿床少,独立的岩金矿更少。前人对安徽南部地区开展了大量针对铜、铁、硫等矿床地质地球化学及其成因上的研究,而对独立的岩金矿床则鲜有研究。本文通过对该区独立岩金矿床金成矿地质背景介绍,对区内铜陵朝山、铜陵杨冲里、南陵吕山、池州抛刀岭、休宁天井山等代表性金矿床特征总结归类,对与金成矿相关的地层、构造及岩浆岩等控矿条件进行了梳理和分析研究,同时对区域金矿床时间和空间分布规律特征进行了探讨归纳,从而将安徽南部地区独立金矿床大致划分为五种成因类型,并指出该区金成矿主体发生在燕山早期,受中生代太平洋板块俯冲和俯冲后拉张双重作用影响,同时金成矿主要与早期俯冲阶段有关,晚期则叠加了少量金及多金属矿种,是燕山期中国东部构造体制转换与成矿大爆发事件具体体现和响应。含金流体主要富集在由晋宁期基底基础上演化而来断裂构造中或岩体与围岩接触带上,大致具有北东向、北东东向集中展布的特征。通过上述工作,以期为今后在该地区开展与金矿床相关的野外地质工作及科研工作者提供借鉴,进而为该地区金矿取得找矿突破提供指导和理论基础。     

豫西熊耳山地区重磁场特征与深部成矿预测

熊耳山地区是河南省重要的金银铅锌钼多金属矿产地,现已查明各类矿床(点)121个。通过研究发现,该区多金属矿产的形成与中生代中酸性岩浆的侵入活动关系密切,现有矿床分布比较集中的区域,深部都有隐伏岩体赋存。通过对熊耳山地区重磁场特征的分析,建立了熊耳山地区隐伏岩体侵入模型。熊耳山西段主要是寨凹隐伏岩体,赋存面积约310 km2,分3个阶梯深度:0~0.8 km、0.8~2 km、2~4 km;熊耳山中段铁炉坪-花山隐伏岩体位于寨凹隐伏岩体和花山岩体之间,赋存面积约184 km2,深度3~5 km;熊耳山东段旧县-花山隐伏岩体,赋存面积约338 km2,北部深度0~1.5km,向南逐步加深至1.5~3 km。根据区域矿产分布分带特征,结合隐伏岩体侵入模型,预测了深部成矿模型。研究表明,在熊耳山西段有寻找大型斑岩型钼钨铜矿和大型金矿的潜力;中段隐伏岩体深度较大,以寻找中低温矿产为主;东段地质勘查程度相对较高,深部仍有寻找斑岩型钼金铜矿的潜力。     

地球物理在三维地质调查中的应用——以本溪-临江勘查区为例

以本溪-临江勘查区为例,通过对勘查区航磁、重力以及电法剖面数据的解译,为深部地质地层、构造、岩体、矿体等信息推断提供地球物理依据,绘制地质图切剖面,服务三维地质建模.在地球物理信息处理的过程中,结合鞍山式铁矿成矿机制,在勘查区内研究发现若干潜力矿床.     

秦岭造山带泥盆系热水沉积岩相应用研究及实例

构造-热水沉积岩相与盆地的古地理环境,热水沉积岩相与热水沉积成矿,热 (水 )流体岩相与构造背景、构造古地理,它们之间有密切地内在联系.应用热水沉积岩相、沉积相及沉积体系分析方法,对凤县铅硐山-双石铺三级构造热水成矿盆地进行研究.     

东秦岭南泥湖钼铅锌银多金属矿田地球物理场特征与深部找矿预测

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