Incremental elastoplastic FEM for simulating the deformation process of suction caissons subjected to cyclic loads in soft clays

This paper presents an incremental elastoplastic finite element method (FEM) to simulate the undrained deformation process of suction caisson foundations subjected to cyclic loads in soft clays. The method is developed by encoding the total-stress-based bounding surface model proposed by the authors in the ABAQUS software package. According to the model characteristics, elastoplastic stress states associated with the incremental strains of each iteration are determined using the sub-incremental explicit Euler algorithm, and the state parameters describing the cyclic accumulative rates of strains are updated by setting state variables during the calculations. The radial fallback method is also proposed to modify the stress states outside the bounding surface to the surface during determination of the elastoplastic stress states. The stress reversals of soil elements are judged by the angle between the incremental deviatoric stress and the exterior normal vector at the image stress point on the bounding surface to update the mapping centre and state variables during cyclic loading. To assess the general validity of the method, the reduced scale model tests and centrifuge tests of suction caissons subjected to cyclic loads are simulated using the method. Predictions are in relative good agreement with test results. Compared with the limit equilibrium and quasi-static methods, the method can not only determine the cyclic bearing capacity, but can also analyse the deformation process and the failure mechanisms of suction caisson under cyclic loads in soft clays.     

人工鱼礁礁体与不同粒径底质间最大静摩擦系数的试验研究

通过平面拉动法分别测量了5种不同开口比人工鱼礁礁体模型对5种不同粒径大小底质间的最大静摩擦系数,分析了不同粒径底质以及礁体不同开口比的最大静摩擦系数变化规律。试验研究表明:最大静摩擦系数与底质粒径大小呈强负相关(r=-0.964,P<0.01);控制底质粒径时,最大静摩擦系数与礁体质量呈弱负相关(r=-0.265,P<0.01),与礁体开口比呈弱正相关(r=0.245,P<0.01);礁体本身的设计属性如开口比是最大静摩擦系数的主要影响因子。对于新设计礁型在进行礁体稳定性校核时,应根据礁体开口比和实际海域底质泥沙的粒径组成,选取适当的最大静摩擦系数。     

厦门港湾软土的工程地质性质的研究

厦门港湾除深槽主航道水动力较强地段、基岩出露地段、礁石区及基岩岸段外,表层普遍覆盖了一层对工程不利的厚约1～20m、高含水量、高压缩性、中-高灵敏度的第四纪滨海沉积相的软土。本文探讨了研究区软土的成因和一般工程特征,应用线性回归分析得出天然含水量W对液性指数I、孔隙比e及压缩模量Es的回归方程。并分析了该软土的震动触变性和对桩可能产生负摩阻力问题及防治。     

防波堤椭圆形桶式基础结构的贯入受力特性实验研究

某工程拟在深水软土地基上修筑防波堤,为了尽量减少地基处理充分利用天然地基,创新性设计出一种轻型薄壁的预制防波堤结构,其挡浪部分为直立薄壁圆筒,基础部分则为倒扣的薄壁椭圆形桶,并且椭圆形下桶为外壁和内隔板分成9个格室,防波堤结构浮运至指定位置后,拟采用负压工法施工安装就位。这种新型防波堤结构为国内外首次提出,其下沉施工设计尚无规范可循,为此开展了土工离心模型试验,在模型加速过程中模拟了椭圆形下桶基础在淤泥层中的自重下沉,之后利用新研发了一种大行程作动加载装置给椭圆形下桶施加下推力,让其继续向下贯入直至穿越整个淤泥层,以模拟负压工法的贯入下沉。试验测量了下桶贯入下沉过程中的推力与贯入位移,还尝试测量了桶壁和内隔板断面的压应变,由此分析了下桶基础的下沉总阻力、桶壁摩擦力以及截面压应变随贯入位移的变化。结果发现,这些曲线均出现了转折点,根据转折点对应的下沉总阻力确定了椭圆形下桶基础贯入过程所遭遇的临界下沉总阻力值,据此估算了负压工法中所需施加的压力差。     

Modified approach to evaluation of undrained shear strength from piezocone tests in soft clays

This paper proposes a modified-theoretical approach to interpreting the undrained shear strength from piezocone tests in clays. Assuming the shear and normal stresses on the cone face to be the friction at the cone–soil interface and the ultimate expansion pressure, respectively, an expression of the tip resistance is first derived at force equilibrium. The undrained shear strength is then determined by combining the derived expression of tip resistance with the formulation for pore pressure at the cone shoulder position. Many factors, such as the penetration rate and the cone roughness, are considered in this model. Different shaped model penetrometers, including cone- and ball-shaped ones, are adopted in centrifuge tests to investigate the validity of the proposed method. The undrained shear strength estimated from the piezocone test is found to agree well with that from ball penetrometer test. Case studies are also presented to show the application of the proposed method. Comparisons between the predicted and measured values of undrained shear strength indicate that the proposed approach is generally applicable for nonfissured clays, especially intact clays.     

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Submarine Composite Pipeline in a Wave-Current Coexisting Field

-A composite pipeline is defined as a pipeline system composed of one big pipe and one or several small pipes. Based on the theory of wave- current interaction and physical model test, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the submarine composite pipeline in wave-current coexisting field (both regular and irregular waves) are investigated. The so-called "modified diameter method" is used for analyzing the in-fine hydrodynamic coefficients of the composite pipeline, which are well related to KC number. The comparison of test data for regular and irregular waves shows that in the region of 90 > KC> 20, the results in these two cases can be unified. The effect of water depth is analyzed in details. The relationships between CD, CM and KC , which are based on the results of present research, may be used as a reference in engineering design.     

深水井口导管管土界面摩擦退化试验研究

深水井口导管在黏土中的贯入阻力与导管土体界面的黏性摩擦系数密切相关。在导管安装过程中,管土界面会产生大位移剪切,使得导管-黏土界面剪切力产生退化。本文针对传统剪切试验装置小位移剪切的限制,无法正确描述井口导管贯入时导管-黏土界面大位移剪切时的退化机理,采用GDS多功能界面剪切试验仪在恒应力条件下进行大位移单调剪切试验,研究法向应力对导管管土界面摩擦退化机理的影响规律。试验结果表明,大位移单调剪切时,界面剪应力随剪切位移先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定,界面表现出剪应力退化现象,随着法向应力的增大界面峰值应力与残余应力均增大;土样法向位移随着剪切位移、法向应力的增加而增大最终趋于稳定。最后在对试验数据分析的基础上,基于剪应力随无量纲位移的退化规律,提出了界面剪应力随累积位移退化的计算方法。并结合算例对比分析了井口导管在贯入80 m深度处,由于界面摩擦退化效应导致导管贯入阻力降低了28.48%。     

Numerical simulation of dynamic response around shield tunnel in the soft soil area

When a subway train moves through a tunnel, vibrations are generated and transmitted to soils around the tunnel and adjacent structures. Subway train operation has an impact on the shield tunnel lining and the soils around tunnel, especially soft soils that are mostly marine sediments having poor engineering properties. An elastoplastic dynamic finite difference model was built by considering the hysteretic behavior of these marine soft soils and the interaction between the soils and the tunnel to study their dynamic response. Elastic and plastic constitutive models were adopted for tunnel lining and soft soils, respectively. Hysteretic damping was obtained with the Hardin–Drnevich model to reflect the hysteretic behavior of soil under the dynamic load. There are two peaks of the cumulative vertical displacement within 2?s of train moving and it reaches a dynamic balance after 2?s. The soil layers below the shield tunnel are under the compression and the soil layers above the tunnel are in the extrusion state, and turn to uplift. Maximum bending moment and shear forces of lining vary and appear at different places. A parametric study indicates that the speed of train and the interface have an impact on the dynamic behavior of soft soils.     

热带太平洋对风应力拖曳系数响应的敏感性试验

为了检验一个准全球的海洋环流模式中热带太平洋对风应力变化的响应,使用NCEP月平均再分析资料计算的强迫场强迫该模式进行控制试验,在(10.5°S～9.5°N,159.75°E～110.25°W)的区域增大或减小风应力拖曳系数进行敏感性试验,并把试验结果与同时段的SODA资料进行分析比较.该模式基本能模拟出海洋环流的基本气候态,但是对一些细节描述还不够准确.试验结果表明,风应力减小时可以改善模式对热带东太平洋冷舌的模拟,而对次表层温度和流场的刻画能力较弱.增大风应力则对次表层温度和流场的模拟有所改善.通过对模式中热量收支的分析可知,平流过程、扩散过程对热带太平洋海表温度的变化起到了重要的作用;海表面热交换可以促使海温距平向相反的方向发展.垂直输送对赤道中东太平洋表层的降温起重要作用,抑制了次表层的增暖,水平平流过程则促进了赤道太平洋次表层的增暖.     

A dynamic response analysis of tension leg platforms including hydrodynamic interaction in regular waves

A numerical procedure is described for predicting the motion and structural responses of tension leg platforms (TLPs) in waves. The developed numerical approach, in a TLP is assumed to be flexible instead of rigid, is based on a combination of the three dimensional source distribution method and the finite-element method. The hydrodynamic interactions among TLP members, such as columns and pontoons, are included in the motion and structural response analysis. Numerical results are compared with the experimental and numerical ones. The results of comparison confirmed the validity of the proposed approach.     

Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Response of A Net Cage for Flatfish in Waves简

A numerical model of flatfish cage is built based on the lumped mass method and the principle of rigid body kinematics. To validate the numerical model, a series of physical model tests are conducted in the wave flume. The numerical results correspond well with the data sets from physical model test. The effect of weight of bottom frame, height of fish net and net shape on motion responses of fish cage and tension force on mooring lines is then analyzed. The results indicate that the vertical displacements of float collar and bottom frame decrease with the increase in the weight of bottom frame; the maximum tension force on mooring lines increases with the increasing weight of bottom frame. The inclination angles of float collar and bottom frame decrease with the increasing net height; the maximum tension force increases obviously with the increase of net height.     

桩靴贯入黏土层时邻近群桩相互作用分析

为研究钻井船插桩对邻近平台群桩相互作用的影响,采用耦合欧拉拉格朗日(CEL)方法对桩靴贯入黏土层时邻近群桩中各桩荷载分担比、桩头附加位移及两桩相互作用系数进行了分析。首先通过对缩尺模型试验的数值分析,验证了CEL方法的可行性;然后进一步分析了桩靴贯入黏土层时对邻近群桩相互作用的影响;最后探讨了净间距、桩间距对群桩相互作用的影响。结果表明,在桩靴贯入中,前桩的荷载分担比大于后桩,且桩靴贯入至一定深度后,当净间距越小或桩间距越大时,前桩的荷载分担比越大、后桩的荷载分担比越小,但各桩的荷载分担比随桩靴贯入深度增加时的变化规律不变;净间距越大,桩头附加位移及相互作用系数越小;在桩靴贯入时,由于受群桩遮拦效应的影响,桩头附加位移及相互作用系数随桩间距的变化规律同插桩前有所不同,当桩间距大于3倍桩径时,随桩间距的增加而减小,当桩间距小于3倍桩径时,随桩间距的增加而增大。     

黏土中防沉板—桩复合基础地震反应特性研究

为了研究海底防沉板—桩复合基础在地震荷载作用下的动力反应特性,以我国南海深水工程实例为研究对象,利用Flac3D有限差分仿真软件建立了计算模型,土体采用Mohr-Coulomb本构模型,模型底部输入EL Centro地震波,对不同桩长的复合基础进行分析计算.在该特定工程背景下,研究结果表明:随着桩长的增加,防沉板顶部加速度放大系数呈减小趋势;地震荷载下,复合基础发生震陷,沉降量在地震波加速度峰值过后趋于稳定;当桩长为6m时,复合基础的水平振动程度和震陷量最小;由于桩基础把震动能量传输到深部土层中,复合基础周围土体的加速度响应值小于远场土体.在动力时域内,防沉板与桩连接处弯矩最大,需要在此处增设加固装置.     

浮体二阶运动下钢悬链式立管触地区动态响应分析

浮体运动是引起钢悬链式立管(steel catenary riser,简称SCR)动态响应和疲劳损伤的关键因素,目前研究SCR问题时,为简化计算往往仅考虑平台一阶运动,忽略二阶运动影响。而实际上不同浮体结构的二阶运动响应特征明显,拟以SCR服役张力腿平台(tension leg platform,简称TLP)为例,探讨浮体二阶运动对SCR触地区动态响应的影响。建立考虑海床刚度退化的管土作用模型以改进现有的CABLE3D RSI程序,通过编写程序接口,将有限元分析得到的平台实际运动响应导入,研究平台不同运动作用下SCR触地区的位移、动力响应及疲劳分布情况。根据波流作用方向将TLP二阶慢漂运动分为近端和远端漂移两种工况,发现二阶运动下立管与海床的作用范围会增大,且触地区不仅发生高频小幅振荡运动,同时伴随低频大幅运动响应;平台远端漂移时,管内张力敏感程度高,而近端漂移时触地区的弯矩显著增大,都会不同程度提高触地区的疲劳损伤率。研究可为服役不同浮体的SCR响应预测与疲劳分析提供参考和借鉴。