海洋生物-光学算法研究──南黄海叶绿素浓度的估算

根据１９９５年９月中日合作南黄海现场观测资料，对南黄海生物－光学算法进行研究。首先对南黄海现场多光谱反射比数据进行因子分析，解反射比协方差矩阵的特征问题；解出特征值和对应的特征向量，求出主因子，然后建立叶绿素α对主因子的多元线性回归方程，并对算法进行回报和预报检验。计算结果表明，该算法具有较高精度，同时也显示出天气条件对估算精度产生较大影响。     

南黄海中西部全新世地层沉积特征

南黄海是典型的物源供给丰富的宽广陆架海，全新世沉积记录十分丰富，具有分辨率高、空间分布不连续和沉积记录片段性等特征。根据近年来在南黄海采集的大量高分辨率浅地层剖面资料，结合多个钻孔的岩性特征和AMS¹⁴C测年数据，较为系统精细地揭示了南黄海全新世沉积的时空分布特征。根据沉积体空间分布范围、成因机制和物质来源，南黄海全新世沉积可划分为4个独立的沉积体，呈现出不同的声学反射特征，主要为加积进积反射、平行或透明弱反射、中高角度进积反射和中高角度倾斜-斜交反射。根据估算，河流物质输入约占到南黄海全新世沉积总量的78%，其他物质来源主要为海侵过程中较强的海洋动力侵蚀、改造和再分配的底床物质。本文的研究可为厘清南黄海全新世沉积体精细演化过程的动力学机制研究提供更多可靠的证据。     

由现场离水辐亮度估算黄海透明度几种方法的比较

本文根据黄海现场离水辐亮度及遥感反射比,采用４种统计算法估算海水透明度（Ｓｅｃｃｈｉ　Ｄｉｓｃ　Ｄｅｐｔｈ）。前２种算法中海水透明度作为因变量,两不同波段辐亮度之比及两辐亮度之和与第三者之比分别作为自变量,进行一元回归分析,前者相关系数ｒ２为０．９３３５。后者相关系数ｒ２为０．９４８３。第３种算法中,所有波段的遥感反射比做因子分析形成的主因子作为自变量,透明度作为因变量进行多元回归分析,子样全相关系数ｒ２为０．９６４９。第４种算法中,遥感反射比作为自变量,透明度作为因变量进行逐步回归分析,复相关系数ｒ２为０．９８１５。计算结果表明,多元统计分析的估算精度高于一元回归分析。     

华北-扬子板块碰撞结构的识别:来自南黄海海域的证据

华北-扬子板块碰撞是中国东部中生代最重要的地质事件之一,碰撞形成了世界最大的超高压变质带秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带。在苏鲁造山带向海域延伸部分,一直缺乏相关地球物理资料来约束碰撞造山带的深部特征。本文总结了华北-扬子板块碰撞的经典模型,根据南黄海海域最新二维地震反射资料和前人的研究成果,认为在造山带南缘南黄海盆地中,扬子板块上、下地壳发生拆离,形成类似"鳄鱼嘴式"形态,华北板块向南楔入到扬子板块之中。在区域重磁异常图中,千里岩隆起带与苏鲁造山带具有相似的重磁异常分布,认为千里岩隆起带为华北-扬子碰撞造山带在海域上的延伸;在南黄海盆地北缘二维地震剖面中,千里岩隆起与南黄海盆地具有完全不同的地震反射特征,南黄海盆地发育完整地层层序,而千里岩隆起内部反射杂乱,变形强烈。在南黄海盆地自西向东三条南北向地震剖面中,南黄海盆地与千里岩隆起带边界反射均具有南倾特征,表明扬子板块物质置于造山带之上;南黄海盆地北部烟台坳陷发育中侏罗统,约束华北-扬子碰撞所导致的挤压活动主要发生于晚三叠世。在千里岩隆起内部反射特征整体上具有背形形态,具有向北逆冲挤压特征,千里岩隆起内反射断续自南黄海盆地基底之下延伸至造山带近地表位置,形态类似于变质核杂岩从深部拆离到地表;千里岩隆起深部,在10 s深度附近可识别一系列近水平反射,具有莫霍面反射特征,莫霍面反射延伸至南黄海盆地北缘消失,推测千里岩隆起之下为华北板块地壳,而华北-扬子板块碰撞过程导致南黄海盆地之下莫霍面反射缺失。多方面的证据支持南黄海海域内扬子板块的"鳄鱼嘴式"地壳形态,以及华北板块地壳向南楔入到扬子板块地壳中。     

南黄海沉积层纵波速度与地震反射特征

南黄海为新生代、中生代与古生代叠合盆地,发育了新生代-中生代碎屑岩地层和早中生代-古生代海相碳酸盐岩地层,部分夹碎屑岩地层.在对测井资料和苏北盆地的相关资料归纳分析的基础上,总结了南黄海沉积层的纵波速度特征,标定了地震反射界面和地震反射层序.     

南黄海斜断面的水文状况及其微细结构

1985年9月，中国科学院海洋研究所对斜贯南黄海的断面(图1)进行了现场观测。该断面呈东南－西北走向，起始测站B6位于济州岛西南，终点测站Hl2位于青岛外海，全长约329.5 km。断面东南端位于南黄海暖流水附近(蓝淑芳等，1986)，中部横截黄海冷水团，西北端位于青岛水团附近，因此对该断面的调查是很有意义的。 本文着重分析研究这一南黄海斜断面的水文状况以及温度和盐度的垂直微细结构。     

南黄海溶解氧的平面分布及其季节变化

根据中韩“黄海水循环及物质通量合作研究”项目1996～1997年现场调查获得的资料,首次对南黄海整个海域溶解氧的平面分布特征及其季节变化规律进行了探讨.对一些主要海洋过程如黄海暖流、台湾暖流、沿岸流、长江冲淡水、黄海冷水团及浮游植物的光合作用等对南黄海溶解氧含量分布的影响进行了讨论.     

由现场离水辐亮度估算黄海透明度几种方法的比较

本文根据黄海现场离水辐亮度及遥感反射比,采用４种统计算法估算海水透明度。前２种算法中海水透明度作为因变量,两不同波段辐亮度之比及两辐亮度之和与第三者之比分别作为自变量,进行一元回归分析,前者相关系数ｒ＾２为０．９３３５。后者相关系数ｒ＾２为０．９４８３。第３种算法中,所有波段的遥感反射比做因子分析形成的主因子作为自变量,透明度作为因变量进行多元回归分析,子样全相关系数ｒ＾２为０．９６４９。第４种算     

南黄海溶解氧的垂直分布特性

根据中韩黄海水循环动力学合作研究项目1996～1998年对南黄海全海域6个航次的现场调查资料,对南黄海溶解氧的断面分布和垂直分布特征及其季节变化规律进行了系统、全面地研究,并对更半年溶解氧垂直分布最大值的地理分布、强度及与温跃层和生物活动的关系等进行了进一步的探讨.     

1998年夏季长江特大洪水入海的化学水文学特征

根据1998年夏季长江流域特大洪水期间黄海、东海的现场调查资料，讨论了洪水入海对黄海和东海陆架区化学水文学的影响。给出了迄今调查获得的长江冲淡水及其营养物质的最大扩展范围；发现了表层溶解氧和pH分布的一个突出现象，即在南黄海南部和东海北部的远岸海域存在一溶解氧和pH高值封闭区；指出浮游植物的光合作用主要发生在南黄海南端至东海北部海域，而不是在长江口门内。南黄海南部，东海北部和东海近岸海域过量无机氮的存在表明，与其它海洋生态系统不同，上述海域的初级生产可能是磷限制而非氮限制。     

水下光辐射测量的阴影效应及其校正方法研究

用后向Monte Carlo模拟方法计算多仪器水下光学系统测量水体向上辐亮度和辐照度时由测量系统阴影导致的误差,给出了这种误差与入射太阳光相对于仪器的水平方位角之间的关系,给出了测量船对测量的影响与入射太阳光天顶角之间的关系.提出了一种辐亮度仪器自阴影误差的多光谱校正方法,模拟结果表明校正后误差小于5%.     

Coastal Bathymetry from Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data: Comparisons with High Resolution Multibeam Bathymetry

We present a large-scale quantitative test of a hyperspectral remote-sensing reflectance algorithm. We show that coastal bathymetry can be adequately derived through model inversions using data from the Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer instrument. Data are analyzed from a shore-perpendicular transect 5 km offshore Sarasota, Florida at water depths ranging from 10 m to 15.5 m. Derived bottom depths are compared to a high-resolution multibeam bathymetry survey. Model-derived depths are biased 4.9% shallower than the mean of the multibeam depths with an RMS error of 7.83%. These results suggest that the model performs well for retrieving bottom depths from hyperspectral data in subtropical coastal areas in water depths ranging from 10 m to 15.5 m.     

珠江口水体叶绿素荧光特性研究

利用2003年1月和2004年1月珠江口实测的遥感反射率和叶绿素浓度,建立了基于实测1nm带宽及其模拟MERIS遥感反射率数据的叶绿素荧光特征与叶绿素浓度之间的拟合关系。基于实测1nm带宽遥感反射率光谱,叶绿素荧光峰的位置和高度分别与叶绿素浓度之间存在良好的线性关系和指数关系;基于模拟MERIS遥感反射率数据,叶绿素荧光峰的高度与叶绿素浓度之间存在良好的线性关系,叶绿素荧光峰位置与叶绿素浓度之间不存在明显的相关关系,但可作为叶绿素浓度数量级的有效探针。利用2006年5月和8月的珠江口实测遥感反射率和叶绿素浓度对拟合结果进行了检验,结果表明其精度较高,说明叶绿素荧光特征在探测叶绿素浓度时效果良好且MERIS数据在近岸二类水体叶绿素浓度反演、水质监测等方面有着良好的应用前景。     

乐清湾海域浮游动物群落分布的季节变化特征及其环境影响因子

2006年10月、2007年1月、4月及7月对乐清湾海域浮游动物群落的种类组成、优势种、生态类群、水平分布的季节性变化特征进行了调查,分析了浮游动物群落分布与环境因子的关系。结果表明,在调查海域共鉴定出浮游动物82种(包括浮游幼体11种),隶属于15大类,其中秋季为46种、夏季为42种、春季为25种和冬季为16种。乐清湾浮游动物可分为近岸低盐类群、暖水性近海类群、暖温带近海类群和暖水性广布类群4个生态类群,其中近岸低盐类群在全年均占优势,其它类群则呈现明显的季节变化。中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus、真刺唇角水蚤Labidocera euchaeta、针刺拟哲水蚤Paracalanus aculeatus和背针胸刺水蚤Centropages dorsispinatus为调查海域主要优势种。浮游动物生物量年平均值为82.7mg/m3,其大小依序为:夏季(121.1mg/m3)>秋季(119.2mg/m3)>春季(48.5mg/m3)>冬季(42.2mg/m3);丰度年平均值为82.1个/m3,其大小依序为:夏季(193.4个/m3)>秋季(73.7个/m3)>春季(53.4个/m3)>冬季(9.8个/m3)。相同季节浮游动物生物量和丰度的平面分布趋势类似,季节间则存在明显差异。相关性分析结果表明,浮游动物物种数与水温、盐度、叶绿素a质量浓度和浮游植物细胞密度均呈极显著相关;丰度与水温、叶绿素a质量浓度和浮游植物细胞密度呈极显著相关;生物量与水温、叶绿素a质量浓度呈极显著相关。与历史资料相比,近30a来浮游动物数量呈下降趋势,但群落结构和组成没有发生明显改变。     

黄海冷水团水域浮游植物群落粒级结构的季节变化

根据2006—2007年度4个季节航次的实测资料,分析了黄海冷水团水域浮游植物叶绿素及其粒级结构的时空分布特征及季节变化规律,结果表明,在研究海域30 m以浅叶绿素总量的平均含量从高到低的顺序为:春季的(1.01 mg/m3)、夏季的(0.81 mg/m3)、秋季(0.72 mg/m3)、冬季(0.68 mg/m3);在叶绿素浓度大于1 mg/m3和小于1 mg/m3的区域浮游植物粒级结构差异较大,在整个研究海域,粒径较小的微型和微微型浮游植物对总生物量的贡献始终占主导(65%),粒径较大的小型浮游植物在冬季和春季贡献率相对较高;从季节尺度看,浮游植物的平均粒级指数从大到小的顺序为:春季的(15.47μm),冬季的(11.08μm),秋季的(8.61μm),夏季的(6.52μm);尽管不同季节水文和化学环境差异显著,但是不同粒径浮游植物的贡献率随总生物量的变化表现出一致性的规律。对环境因子与叶绿素分布的相关分析表明,浮游植物的生长在夏季主要受到营养盐来源的限制,冬季主要受到水体混合引起的光照限制,秋季可能受到磷酸盐和水体混合的共同限制。浮游植物粒级结构的分布格局主要是由各组分在不同环境中的资源竞争优势决定的。     

Chlorophyll distribution and photosynthetic activity in the north and equatorial Pacific Ocean along 155°W

The distribution of chlorophylla and photosynthetic characterestics of phytoplankters were investigated along 155°W between 50°N and 15°S during the KH-69-4 cruise of the R. V. Hakuh Maru (Aug. 12–Nov. 13, 1969). High concentrations of chlorophylla (more than 0.2 mg Chla/m³) were observed above the depths of 150 m at all stations except in 17°N, 5°S and 15°S. North of 20°N, the depths of chlorophyll accumulation shifted from near the surface to 50–100 m with southwards. In the equatorial region, chlorophyll accumulation centered at a depth of about 70 m and ranged vertically between 10 and 150 m. In all cases in the present study area, chlorophyll accumulation occurred within the euphotic zone (above the depth corresponding to 1% of the surface illumination), and except in the subarctic and some equatorial waters, this was usually prevalent in the lower half of the euphotic zone.The photosynthetic activities (initial slope of P vs I curve) of samples from the depths of chlorophyll accumulation were similar to, or lower than, those of shallow samples from the depths of upper half of the euphotic zone. At the depths of chlorophyll accumulation, calculatedin situ photosynthesis was high in the central Pacific and equatorial waters but low in the subarctic waters.     

Biological Characteristics of Central Indian Basin Waters During the Southern Summer

Phytoplankton biomass, taxonomy, primary productivity, and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) were studied as part of baseline data collection for prospective nodule mining in the Central Indian Basin during the ORV Sagar Kanya cruise SK-120 in January 1997. The phytoplankton cell counts and chlorophyll a estimates showed low biomass level, suggesting low rates of primary productivity in the region studied. The average chlorophyll a value was 0.775 mg m^?3 at surface and 17.75 mg m^?2 in the water column. Similarly, average primary productivity at surface was 3.72 mg C m^?3 d^?1 and was 51.23 mg C m^?2 d^?1 in column. The chlorophyll a maxima at 50 to 80 m was the characteristic feature of the euphotic zones of the area. Average phytoplankton counts at the surface were low (3960 cells/l), compared to those at 25 m (6421 cells/l) and 75 m (5187 cells/l). At most of the stations mesozooplankton biomass was maximum in the top 50 m water column, indicating the importance of grazing in the euphotic zone. Appreciable quantities of mesozooplankton were observed below the euphotic zone, where settlement of chlorophyll a occurs. The low iron concentration in the water and its relationship with the water column productivity were correlated. The results show that waters in the CIB have low productivity in the surface as well as subsurface layers. This is expected to change in this case of a mining discharge in to these layers, possibly locally affecting the existing marine ecosystems. The final impact of such mining activity may remain negligible in the deep sea environment.     

2008年夏季白令海粒度分级叶绿素a和初级生产力

2008年7月我国第三次北极科学考察中在白令海不同区域设立BR断面、NB断面和BS断面,对200 m以浅海水进行叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的现场观测,对部分观测站进行微型、微微型光合浮游生物的粒级结构分析,结果表明,在白令海叶绿素a和初级生产力区域性特征明显,深海海盆中BR断面表层叶绿素a浓度为0.190～0.976μg...     

Near-surface current measurement from a surface following data buoy (DB1)—II. An harmonic and residual analysis of current meter records

This part of the paper examines near-surface current data from different periods during the test mooring of the data buoy, DB1.Harmonic analyses show that variations in the major tidal constituents between each period are not significantly greater than the standard error of the measurement: the differences observed in the principal lunar semi-diurnal tide are explained partly in terms of a modulation by adjacent constituents. Unexpected forms for the quarter diurnal tidal ellipses derived from the DB1 data have been found also in independent measurements, in which a different mooring technique had been used. These are therefore unlikely to be of instrumental origin.Non-tidal energy at periods exceeding three days is shown to correlate with changes in wind and surface elevation, the correspondence between wind and current being greatest during a period of strong winds, when current at 3 m depth was 0.9% of wind speed at 8 m. The data are interpreted in favour of an Eulerian current rather than Lagrangian Stokes transport due to waves. Rectification of wave orbital velocities due to buoy motion is not detectable.In view of the overall quality of the data it is concluded that this combination of surface following buoy and long-path acoustic current meter can contribute usefully to the determination of mean near-surface currents in the open sea.     

Chlorophyll a and primary production in the northeastern Pacific Ocean

The primary production and chlorophyll a concentration of picoplankton （0.2 - 2 μm） , nanoplankton （2 - 20μm） and micro- plankton （20 -200 μm） are described in the northeastern Pacific Ocean near the Hawaii Islands during the six survey cruises from 1996 to 2003：DY85-4, DY95-7, DY95-8, DY95-10, DY105-11 and DY105-12.14. The primary production of carbon was in range from 76.8 to 191.9 mg/（m^2 · d） with an average of 116.1 mg/（ m^2 · d） in the east region, and from 73.1 to 222.5 mg/（ m^2 · d） with an average of 127.1 mg/（ m^2 · d） in the west region, similar to the other oligotrophic regions of the Pacific Ocean investigated. The chlorophyll a concentration was about 0.1 mg/m^3 from the surface to the 50 m depth, about 0.2 -0.4 mg/m^3from 50 to 100 m, and gradually decreased below the 100 m depth. The picoplankton accounted for more than 70% of the total chlorophyll a in the upper layer （ surface to 125 m）, but it decreased to less than 50% in depth below 125 m. The nanoplankton and microplankton combined only accounted for less than 30% of the total chlorophyll a in the upper layer, but showed a more even vertical distribution.