热泉环境中的金矿床

本文描述了热泉型金矿床的地－地球化学特征，对比了含矿的和不含矿的热泉体系的区别，详细讨论了热泉型矿床成矿的物理－化学条件和成矿作用的主要因素，提出了勘查标志。     

云南腾冲-梁河地热系统与现代热泉型金矿化作用

本文从研究腾冲-梁河地热区区域地质构造环境和热液循环系统产物的地质、地球化学特征入手,对热泉型金矿化作用的控制条件,金矿化强度等进行了分析,提出金沉淀的最重要机制是含矿热液的沸腾作用。沸腾作用和热液循环的最主要的动力足频繁的断裂构造活动和热液本身具有的超临界高温、高压性质。指出“热海”二级热液循环系统表现的地质、地球化学特征与热泉型金矿化模式完全可以对比,是该类型金矿生成的良好环境。预测地表以下400m范围内有矿体存在。     

云南腾冲热泉中稀有金属矿化特征及其意义

云南腾冲地区正在活动的热泉中普遍含有Li、Be、Rb、Cs等稀有金属和W、Sb、Tl、Mo等微量元素,以Li、Rb、Cs、W的富集最为显著。热泉中Li、Rb、Cs、W的平均值分别为2895.1μg/L、839.8μg/L、417.9μg/L、61.74μg/L,普遍高于Cu、Pb、Zn的含量(分别为13.6μg/L、0.24μg/L、6.83μg/L)。Au、Ag等贵金属和稀土元素的含量很低,基本上低于检出限。此外,温度越高的泉水稀有金属的含量也相应增高;而氦同位素资料表明,热泉中不但有幔源物质的供给,而且,随着幔源组分贡献的增大,稀有金属的含量明显升高。因此,热泉活动是可以导致稀有金属富集成矿的。鉴于腾冲地区水热活动广泛而强烈,近20年来不同年份热泉中Li的含量又是相对稳定的,可以认为热泉不但可以形成稀有金属矿床,而且速度是比较快的。每年随着水热活动带出的锂金属量可达500多吨,其成矿效果明显优于贵金属、稀土和铜铅锌等有色金属。研究热泉型稀有金属的成矿机制,对于我国西南三江地区寻找热液蚀变或热泉沉积型稀有金属矿床,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

热泉型金矿床成矿地质环境及其在我国的找矿前景

热泉型金矿具有很高的经济价值,近年国际上该类型金矿的找矿获突破性进展.本文论述了该类型金矿成矿地质环境、地质特征;介绍了矿床模式和成矿机理;建议我国加强该类金矿的研究和勘查.     

东天山小热泉子矿床流体包裹体及矿床成因

小热泉子铜矿是东天山最早发现的铜矿床之一,但其成矿流体性质、演化,以及矿床成因尚不明确.通过对不同成矿期次流体包裹体开展显微测温和激光拉曼分析,结果表明小热泉子成矿可分为VMS成矿期（包含黄铁矿、黄铜矿-闪锌矿阶段）、热液叠加期（包含石英-硫化物、碳酸盐阶段）和表生期.VMS成矿期包裹体以水溶液型为主,少量含CO₂包裹体,其均一温度为234~392 ℃,盐度为3.5%~13.3% NaCleqv;热液叠加期包裹体为水溶液型,在122~296 ℃达到均一,盐度为1.4%~12.1% NaCleqv.激光拉曼分析显示包裹体成分以H₂O为主,含少量CO₂和SO₂.小热泉子铜矿早期高温-中高盐度的VMS成矿系统叠加了后期低温-中低盐度的热液系统,其成因类型应为典型的叠加型成矿系统.      

闽中太华山热泉型金矿成矿背景及地质特征

太华山金矿位于闽中金成矿区。通过研究,认为该金矿具典型热泉金矿特征,并显示出大金矿找矿远景 。     

兰坪盆地大龙现代热泉锌多金属喷流-沉积成矿

大龙现代热泉是沿沘江断裂带分布的众多温泉之一,其喷流-沉积成矿作用较为直观地展示了热泉堆积泉华成矿过程,佐证了新生代在兰坪盆地热泉成矿的可能性和普遍性。热泉"热循环"作用形成三种成矿模式:喷出贯入陷沟和湖泊形成致密块状、角砾状矿体——兰坪"金顶式"Pb-Zn矿床;于构造带中沿一系列构造界面形成脉状矿体——兰坪"白秧坪式"Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿床;喷流的地表沟谷形成热泉型——云龙"大龙式"Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿床(低品位)。     

西藏搭格架高温热泉中钨的水文地球化学异常

西藏搭格架水热区的热泉含异常高浓度的钨,其钨/钼比也远高于常见天然水.开展了搭格架典型热泉的地球化学研究,发现中性热泉的钨浓度显著高于偏酸性热泉:前者是深部母地热流体经绝热冷却、传导冷却等过程后排出地表而形成,其中的钨主要来自岩浆水的贡献;而后者为中性地热水和蒸汽加热型强酸性水的混合产物,贫钨蒸汽加热型水的稀释使其钨浓度不同程度降低.在地热水中,钨与典型保守组分氯相似,不易自液相沉淀或被热储介质吸附;但地热水含硫化物时,钼则极易以辉钼矿的形式沉淀,导致搭格架热泉的钨/钼比偏高.虽然搭格架地热水中存在硫化物,但钨在水中主要以钨酸盐的形式存在,少量硫代钨酸盐的形成对钨的水文地球化学过程影响不大.      

贵州镇远江古钒矿床地球化学特征及成因初探

通过对贵州镇远江古钒矿野外系统采样,及样品化学分析,根据化学分析数据作元素相关性分析、Ni-Zn-Co三角图解、U/Th比值、Sr/Ba比值分析及稀土分析结果的讨论,初步认为贵州镇远江古钒矿矿床为海底热泉或喷流沉积矿床。     

深海洋底热泉生态系和冷泉生物研究综述

现代海洋学、微生物学和生物学的研究表明，在深海火山活动和板块消减带所形成的地质背景下分别可能有海底热泉和冷泉的存在。在这种海底热泉和冷泉区的特殊环境中能够能海底热泉生态系的冷泉生物。它们能够依靠体内共生化学厌氧合成细菌产生营养，因而可能存在于完全缺氧的还原环境。海底热泉和冷泉生物学研究是对传统的生物学和地质学的挑战，人们还可能通过古代海底热泉和冷泉生态系的识别和分析，对涉及生命发生、生物演化、生物     

江西省温泉资源地理分布及旅游开发布局研究

温泉具有医疗保健作用,是一种重要的健康旅游资源。江西省拥有丰富的温泉资源,分布范围广泛,集中分布在西部和南部的山地丘陵地区。江西温泉资源进行现代旅游开发的历史较短,已进行旅游开发的温泉仅占少数,开发强度由赣北、赣中到赣南依次递减。依据江西省内各区域温泉资源特点、交通条件、经济状况及旅游业发展水平等因素,提出采用网络化模式发展温泉旅游,通过“点一轴”渐进式扩散,形成“点”、“轴”、“面”相结合的空间结构网络系统,形成“一心两核、二轴四区”的旅游空间格局。     

A discussion of up-flow springs

Based on their genesis, springs are commonly classified as depression spring, contact spring, overflow spring and fault spring, etc. In addition, a kind of springs, i.e., up-flow spring, can be found in the field. An aquifer is overlain by poorly-permeable unconsolidated sediments or relatively impervious formations. If the hydraulic head of the aquifer is higher than the land surface, groundwater may flow up to the ground surface through the local portion of the overlying aquicludes where the permeability is relatively good, and emerges as an up-flow spring. The common characteristics of an up-flow spring are discussed and summarized in this paper, and some examples of the up-flow springs are also given. Up-flow springs can flow up through local permeable zones in the overlying aquicludes rather than permeable faults. Although they cannot be found as frequently as depression springs, contact springs, overflow springs and fault springs etc., yet up-flow springs may occur in the form of normal-temperature springs, hot springs and salt springs.     

湖南省热液硅化成矿作用与找矿

根据成矿作用与热液硅化极为密切的锡矿山锑矿床、康家湾铅锌金矿床、磺厂雄磺矿床和320铀矿床的地质特征,对热液硅化、角砾化、矿质沉淀和矿床剖面结构的形成机理进行了讨论,认为这类矿床属于浅成热液类型矿床或热泉型矿床,进而认为对司空见惯的硅化带的找矿意义要重新认识,由此提出了寻找这种类型矿床的地质、地球化学、地球物理的找矿标志。     

腾冲地热区高温热泉水中稀土元素特征

腾冲地热区位于印度-欧亚板块碰撞带东北缘,构造和岩浆活动频繁,地热作用明显,热泉广泛分布,是现代热泉研究的天然实验室。热泉水中的稀土元素特征是指示浅层水岩反应的重要指标。由于热泉水中稀土元素含量较低且变化范围大,腾冲地区热泉水稀土元素组成的报道比较罕见。本文尝试研究了腾冲高温热泉水中稀土元素组成特征,并与美国内华达州贝奥沃韦地热田和加利福尼亚希伯地热田热泉水的稀土元素特征进行了对比。本文选取腾冲地区的高温热泉,应用ICP-MS,测试了热泉水中稀土元素。分析结果表明热泉水中稀土元素含量相对较低且变化范围较大,其变化范围为球粒陨石的10-5～10-2倍。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式整体为轻微右倾型或平坦型,显示轻重稀土分异不明显;δEu既有正异常也有负异常;各热泉点热泉水稀土配分模式之间存在差异。虽然腾冲地热区热泉水的REE含量比美国贝奥沃韦地热田和希伯地热田热泉水的高10倍,两者之间的稀土元素分布特征具有一致性。热泉水中的δEu负异常为深循环的大气降水与具有负铕异常火山岩水岩反应的结果,正铕异常可能是由快速上返的大气降水与蒸发岩中的石膏反应导致。     

Increase in thermal groundwater due to a flowing well near the Songshan hot spring in Beijing,China

The Songshan hot spring occurs in granite in Yanqing County in northwestern Beijing, China. TDS of the hot water ranges from 459 to 475 mg/L and pH varies between 8.6 and 9.13. The water is of Na–SO₄ type. Isotopic analyses indicate that the hot spring is meteoric in origin and receives recharge from precipitation in the northern and northwestern granite mountain with elevation of about 1,600–1,800 m. The depth of circulation of the thermal groundwater is estimated to be 2,240 m below the spring’s threshold and the temperature of the geothermal reservoir, 76°C. The residence time of the thermal groundwater is estimated to be about 52 years. A flowing well near the spring has chemical compositions and formation conditions similar to the spring. The discharge of the flowing well is approximately eighteen times larger than that of the spring and the residence time of the former (about 15.4 years) is about three times smaller than that of the latter. Although the well and spring are close to each other, the well’s larger flow rates, indicated residence time and high hydraulic head suggest that the well taps a separate, but genetically similar flow system.     

Occurrence and evolution of the Xiaotangshan hot spring in Beijing, China

Thermal groundwater occurs in bedrock aquifers consisting of the dolomite of the Wumishan Group of the Jixianin System and the Cambrian carbonate in the Xiaotangshan geothermal field near the northern margin of the North China Plain, China. The hot water in the geothermal field of basin-type discharges partly in the form of the Xiaotangshan hot spring under natural conditions. The hot water has TDS of less than 600 mg/L and is of Na·Ca-HCO₃ type. The geothermal water receives recharge from precipitation in the mountain area with elevation of about 500 m above sea level to the north of the spring. Thermal groundwater flows slowly south and southeast through a deep circulation with a residence time of 224 years estimated with the Ra–Rn method. The Xiaotangshan hot spring dried up in the middle of the 1980s owing to the increasing withdrawal of the hot water in the geothermal field in the past decades. The water level of the geothermal system still falls continually at an annual average rate of about 2 m, although water temperature changes very little, indicating that the recharge of such a geothermal system of basin-type is limited. Over-exploitation has a dramatic impact on the geothermal system, and reduction in exploitation and reinjection are required for the sustainable usage of the hot water.     

温泉旅游资源的科学认识与利用

温泉旅游资源属于典型的地质资源,具有地下水及地热资源的属性特征.在温泉旅游的开发过程中,要科学认识温泉的成因、类型、分布、医学成分和疗效等内容.应避免违背科学规律的行为,合理开采地下水,防止地面沉降,防治水污染,加强旅游行业管理,实行旅游温泉品质认证制度,利用人工回灌等方法防止资源浪费和破坏,严格执行法律法规,规范温泉旅游资源开发,遵循科学性、环保性的利用原则,体现温泉旅游特色,促进区域旅游经济的发展.     

Subduction-related hot spring-type gold mineralization in the central Tengchong block,southwestern China

Numerous present-day hot springs and associated ancient Lianghe gold deposit occur in the central Tengchong block, SW China, associated with oceanic crust subduction. From the center outwards, the alteration zones in the hot spring of the Rehai consist of alunite and silica in a breccia zone, a kaolinite and illite zone, and a chlorite, illite, kaolinite zone. The gas phase in the hot spring is dominated by CO₂ with δ¹³C ranging from −4.5‰ to −7.2‰. These features indicate a major magmatic origin of the hot spring gas. The ³He/⁴He ratios in the gas from central Tengchong vary from 1.56 to 5.88, approaching to those of the MORB. This is probably related to the ongoing subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Tengchong block. The hot spring waters in the central Tengchong block have much higher content of Au and other elements, e.g., Ag, As, Sb, and Tl, than other typical hot springs, such as Hasbrouck, Sulfer, etc. in the world. The hot springs with more mantle gas contribution and higher water temperature show more elevated Au contents, which implies that the metal in the hot spring was most likely contributed from the magmatic gas. The compiled D-O isotopes of the hot spring waters from previous studies suggest that they are primarily derived from meteoric water. A genetic model for the hot spring system in the central of Tengchong has been tentatively established. The gold-charged hot spring is genetically connected to an active magma chamber, which was produced by subduction of oceanic crust. The chamber is driving long-term surface meteoric circulation and constantly releasing magmatic volatiles enriched with metals. As hot spring water mixed with magmatic volatiles, causing decompression-boiling and forming hydraulic fractures to penetrate the roof of siliceous sinter, which induced the continuing metal deposition and formed the Lianghe hot spring.     

云南兰坪啦井温泉喷流沉积矿化体的发现及其地质意义

啦井温泉喷流沉积物中富集了Mn、Zn、Sr、Ba及其他元素,作者首次发现其已构成多金属矿化体,为此进行了详细的地球化学研究。温泉属硫酸盐型弱酸性水,C、H、O同位素表明,温泉成因于循环大气降水。从沉积特征分析,温泉经历了爆发喷流期与渗流期的演化过程。