城市地表要素的地表能量响应特征及其关系研究

遥感地表能量信息可揭示城市地表要素的地表能量综合响应特征和作用关系特征,客观地反映了城市实体空间、开敞空间及其开放空间网络的格局和变化。本文从重庆城市地表能量响应的基本网格单元和研究区尺度,分析城市地表要素对城市热环境的贡献,并结合与“国际宜居城市”——西雅图的对比,探讨城市化过程中地表要素类型改变对城市热环境的影响及其变化和规律。结果表明：① 在基本网格单元和区域尺度层面,城市地表能量的平衡取决于地表要素中实体空间和开敞空间布局的合理性与稳定性;② 在城市大规模的硬质化区域,建筑实体的垂直体量相对于其水平体量及其组团格局,对于地表能量的聚集、改变具有较高的敏感性;③ 地表要素对城市热环境的影响若达到同等贡献指数（绝对值）程度,基本网格单元的开敞空间比例需要高于实体空间;④ 开敞空间基本网格单元的林地和水体类型所占比例达到20%时,地表能量的减幅明显;⑤ 实体空间基本网格单元的在建/工业用地要素类型所占比例超过5%,以及高密度建设用地所占比例达到30%时,地表能量的增幅明显。本研究旨在从城市地物实体地表能量的体量与空间关系角度,为建设基于城市更新的城市规划和城市设计提供科学依据。     

基于GEE平台的广州市主城区不透水面时间序列提取

不透水面作为城市化水平以及城市环境的重要评价指标,其提取已经是当下的研究热点。与单时相影像相比,时间序列制图能够获取其准确的变化趋势,对于监测城市的快速发展具有重要意义。本文以广州市主城区为研究区,以Google Earth Engine平台为基础,利用2000-2017年的Landsat TOA影像计算BCI和NDVI,并通过自适应迭代法确定它们的阈值,从而提取初始的不透水面,然后进行时间一致性检验,使不透水面时间序列更加合理。研究结果表明:①BCI与NDVI的结合以及时间一致性检验能够提高不透水面的提取质量;②本文中不透水面提取的平均总体精度为90.4%,平均Kappa系数为0.812;③在2000-2017年广州市主城区不透水面面积增加近一倍,但增速有所放缓。④新增的不透水面主要集中在原本相对落后的主城区外围;⑤高程、道路密度和购物场所密度等是影响广州市主城区不透水面扩张的主要因素。     

Seasonality and causes of the Yellow Sea Warm Current

To study the seasonality and causes of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) in detail, rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) and extended associate pattern analysis are adopted with daily sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) datasets covering 1126 days from American Navy Experimental Real-Time East Asian Seas Ocean Nowcast System in the present paper. Results show that in the Yellow and East China Seas, the YSWC is a mean barotropic flow as compensation of winter-monsoon-driven surface currents, which has been directly observed. When East Asia winter monsoon weakens, so do the meridional pressure gradient of the surface seawater and the YSWC, while the transversal pressure gradient changes rather slowly that results in the YSWC left turning. In addition, there is southward mean flow compensation of summer-monsoon-driven surface currents, which actually was also directly ob-served.     

基于遥感信息的城市地表能量空间分布及特征研究——以国际宜居城市为例

遥感地表能量信息能够反映城市生态系统成分、作用与影响关系。本研究从城市生态系统的角度,提取能反映城市下垫面地物实体综合特征、作用与影响关系的相对地表能量信息,针对不同区域、规模与类型城市的地表能量空间分布及特征,建立了定量化的城市相对地表能量分级与评价指标。探讨国际“宜居型城市”生态系统结构、功能、形态及其时空变化特征和规律。结果表明：（1）城市实体空间建筑群的形状、体量,街道与建筑的朝向和配置关系,以及硬质化表面开放性的差异影响城市地表能量的分布。（2）建筑物周边的植被覆盖程度、建筑物之间的空间关系、广场和街道的开放性等,是维持城市开敞空间与实体空间的混合区域地表能量平衡的基础。宜居城市中心周围的大规模低密度居住区构成以中等能量分布为主的城市地表能量缓冲与过渡区。（3）城市开敞空间的地表能量变化幅度比实体空间大,宜居城市开敞空间的中、低地表能量分布占有较高比例。（4）宜居城市实体空间的高能量斑块呈现规模较小和分布相对分散的状态。采用相对地表能量分级与评价指标,可为各类城市规划与设计提供科学依据。     

Seasonal response of surface wind to SST perturbation in the Northern Hemisphere

The seasonal response of surface wind speed to sea surface temperature(SST)change in the Northern Hemisphere was investigated using 10 years(2002-2011)high-resolution satellite observations and reanalysis data.The results showed that correlation between surface wind speed perturbations and SST perturbations exhibits remarkable seasonal variation,with more positive correlation is stronger in the cold seasons than in the warm seasons.This seasonality in a positive correlation between SST and surface wind speed is attributable primarily to seasonal changes of oceanic and atmospheric background conditions in frontal regions.The mean SST gradient and the prevailing surface winds are strong in winter and weak in summer.Additionally,the eddy-induced response of surface wind speed is stronger in winter than in summer,although the locations and numbers of mesoscale eddies do not show obvious seasonal features.The response of surface wind speed is apparently due to stability and mixing within the marine atmospheric boundary layer(MABL),modulated by SST perturbations.In the cold seasons,the stronger positive(negative)SST perturbations are easier to increase(decrease)the MABL height and trigger(suppress)momentum vertical mixing,contributing to the positive correlation between SST and surface wind speed.In comparison,SST perturbations are relatively weak in the warm seasons,resulting in a weak response of surface wind speed to SST changes.This result holds for each individual region with energetic eddy activity in the Northern Hemisphere.     

THE INTRINSIC ACIDITY CONSTANTS AND SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA OF MARINE SOLID PARTICLESII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INTRINSIC ACIDITY CONSTANT AND THE TERNARY SURFACE COMPLEX

This paper deals with the infrared spectra of " amino acid- clay , calcium carbonate and y-AlOOH" and " Cu (II )-clay-amino acid" model systems, and shows that the model of the ternary surface complex is M-OHLCu (L = amino acid) for marine solid particle-Cu (II)-amino acid. Study of the formation mechanism of the ternary surface complex shows that the specific surface area , and especially the intrinsic acidity constant, determine whether the ternary surface complex is easily formed, and that factor, FTSC,quantifies the relationship between the promoting effect of organics on Mt-marine solid particle ion exchange and the intrinsic acidity constant and specific surface area.     

Adsorption mechanism of water molecule on goethite (010) surface

Goethite widely exists among ocean sediments; it plays an important role in fixing heavy metals and adsorbing organic contaminants. So the understanding of the adsorbing process of water molecule on its surface will be very helpful to further reveal such environmental friendly processes. The configuration, electronic properties and interaction energy of water molecules adsorbed on pnma goethite (010) surface were investigated in detail by using density functional theory on 6-31G (d,p) basis set and projector- augment wave (PAW) method. The mechanism of the interaction between goethite surface and H₂O was proposed. Despite the differences in total energy, there are four possible types of water molecule adsorption configurations on goethite (010) surface (Aa, Ab, Ba, Bb), forming coordination bond with surface Fe atom. Results of theoretical modeling indicate that the dissociation process of adsorbed water is an endothermic reaction with high activation energy. The dissociation of adsorbed water molecule is a proton transportation process between water’s O atoms and surface. PDOS results indicate that the bonding between H₂O and (010) surface is due to the overlapping of water’s 2p orbitals and Fe’s 3d orbitals. These results clarify the mechanism on how adsorbed water is dissociated on the surface of goethite and potentially provide useful information of the surface chemistry of goethite.     

Improvement of Urban Impervious Surface Estimation in Shanghai Using Landsat7 ETM＋ Data

This paper explores the potential to improve the impervious surface estimation accuracy using a multi-stage approach on the basis of vegetation-impervious surface-soil (V-I-S) model. In the first stage of Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) process, pixel purity index, a quantitative index for defining endmember quality, and a 3-dimensional endmember selection method were applied to refining endmembers. In the second stage, instead of obtaining impervious surface fraction by adding high and low albedo fractions directly, a linear regression model was built between impervious surface and high/low albedo using a random sampling method. The urban impervious surface distribution in the urban central area of Shanghai was predicted by the linear regression model. Estimation accuracy of spectral mixture analysis and impervious surface fraction were assessed using root mean square (RMS) and color aerial photography respectively. In comparison with three different research methods, this improved estimation method has a higher overall accuracy than traditional Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis (LSMA) method and the normalized SMA model both in root mean square error (RMSE) and standard error (SE). However, the model has a tendency to overestimate the impervious surface distribution. Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40701177)     

Land Surface Albedo Variations in Sanjiang Plain from 1982 to 2015: Assessing with GLASS Data

As a key parameter for indicating the fraction of surface-reflected solar incident radiation, land surface albedo plays an important role in the Earth's surface energy budget(SEB). Since the Sanjiang Plain has been severely affected by human activities(e.g., reclamation and shrinking of wetlands), it is important to assess the spatiotemporal variations of surface albedo in this region using a long-term remote sensing dataset. In order to investigate the surface albedo climatology, trends, and mechanisms of change, we evaluated the surface albedo variations in the Sanjiang Plain, China from 1982 to 2015 using the Global LAnd Surface Satellite(GLASS) broadband surface albedo product. The results showed that: 1) an increasing annual trend(+0.000 58/yr) of surface albedo was discovered in the Sanjiang Plain based on the GLASS albedo dataset, with a much stronger increasing trend(+0.001 26/yr) occurring during the winter. Most of the increasing trends occurred over the cultivated land, unused land, and land use conversion types located in the northeastern Sanjiang Plain. 2) The increasing trend of land surface albedo in Sanjiang Plain can be largely explained by the changes of both snow cover extent and land use. The surface albedo in winter is highly correlated with the snow cover extent in the Sanjiang Plain, and the increasing trend of surface albedo can be further enhanced by the land use changes.     

Impact of the Kuroshio Extension Oceanic Front on Autumn and Winter Surface Air Temperatures over North America

Mid-latitude air-sea interaction is an important topic that attracts a considerable amount of research interest. The Kuroshio Extension(KE) is one of the main western boundary currents and plays a critical role in the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation. This paper uses the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and Hadley sea surface temperature datasets to investigate the influence of oceanic fronts in the KE region on surface air temperature in North America over the period 1949–2014. A significant correlation was found between the KE front intensity and the temperatures over North America in autumn and winter. A strong(weak) KE front anomaly in autumn is associated with an increasing(decreasing) surface temperature over western North America but a decreasing(increasing) surface temperature over eastern North America. In winter, central North America warms(cools) when the KE front is strong(weak). The response of the atmospheric circulation, including wind in the high and low troposphere, troughs, and ridges, to the strengthening(weakening) of the KE front is the main cause of these changes in surface temperature.     

A soil quality index for evaluation of degradation under land use and soil erosion categories in a small mountainous catchment,Iran

Soil erosion and land use type have long been viewed as being particularly important drivers of soil degradation. The objectives of this study,therefore, were to select a new soil quality index(SQI)which varies significantly with land use/soil erosion,and to evaluate the new SQI using expert opinion. In total, 18 soil physical, chemical, and biochemical properties(indicators) were measured on 56 soil samples collected from four land use/soil erosion categories(rangeland/surface erosion, rangeland/subsurface erosion, cultivated land/surface erosion and dry-farming land/surface erosion). Principal component and classification analysis(PCCA)identified five PCs that explained 77.7% of the variation in soil properties with the biochemical PC varying significantly with land use/soil erosion.General discriminant analysis(GDA) selected urease and clay as the most sensitive properties distinguishing the land use/soil erosion categories.The GDA canonical scores for the new SQI were significantly correlated with expert opinion soil surface summed scores(for soil movement, surface litter, pedestalling, rills and flow pattern) derivedusing the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management(BLM) method. A forward stepwise general regression model revealed that the new SQI values were explained by soil movement,surface litter, and the summed values of the soil surface factors. Overall, this study confirmed that soil quality in the study area in Iran is controlled by land use and corresponding soil erosion.     

结合HASM和GWR方法的省级尺度近地表气温估算

卫星遥感反演得到的地表温度可用于近地表气温的估算,但现有方法的估算精度仍有进一步提升的空间。为了获取空间上连续且精度较高的近地表气温,本研究以四川省为例,首次将高精度曲面建模（HASM）用于遥感和气温实测数据的融合,并将综合了气温、地表温度、海拔、坡度、坡向的地理加权回归（GWR）拟合结果作为HASM模型的初始温度场,进而采用此种结合HASM和GWR的求解算法（HASM-GWR）,融合MOD11C3地表温度产品与190个气象台站的气温实测数据,开展省级尺度近地表气温估算,并通过比较HASM-GWR、GWR以及普通线性回归（OLS）3种方法的估算精度,评估各模型对近地表气温的估算效果。结果表明,相比于传统估算模型,采用HASM-GWR数据融合方法能有效提高近地表气温的估算精度。采用该方法的近地表气温估算残差,72%介于-1~1 ℃,90%介于-2~2 ℃;且与GWR和OLS模型相比,估算结果的均方根误差（RMSE）分别降低了25.42%和39.83%。     

三亚热带雨林环境植被和地表能量空间分布特征

遥感地表能量信息通过空间分布及变化趋势体现生态系统要素的格局、状态、质量,客观反映城市生态系统的状态,是度量区域生态系统要素生态过程的重要内容。本文以三亚市热带雨林植被环境的地表能量综合响应特征和作用、影响关系特征为基础,采用植被指数分级、地表能量分级和植被-能量关系等指标,结合雨林垂直分带和植被分布信息,探讨近30年（1987-2016年）不同时期热带雨林环境的水平地带性、垂直地带性及其时空变化特征。结果表明：①近30年三亚市域植被覆盖比例维持在90%左右,植被指数分级构成以高、中数值分布为主,并呈现整体趋高态势。②各级地表能量分布比例的波动幅度在10%之内,中等地表能量级别范围呈现向低地表能量区域扩展趋势。③随着海拔高度的提升,植被指数高数值的热带雨林分布比例增加,地表能量值降低。④热带雨林的地表能量和植被指数的时空分布稳定性均高于人工植被。本文基于遥感地表能量综合响应特征和作用、影响关系特征建立的指标评价体系,可以为热带雨林生态系统的量化评价提供支持。     

The intrinsic acidity constants and specific surface area of marine solid particles

This paper deals with the infrared spectra of “amino acid-clay, calcium carbonate and γ-AlOOH” and “Cu(II)-clay-amino acid” model systems, and shows that the model of the ternary surface complex is M-OHLCu (L=amino acid) for marine solid particle-Cu (II)-amino acid. Study of the formation mechanism of the ternary surface complex shows that the specific surface area, and especially the intrinsic acidity constant, determine whether the ternary surface complex is easily formed, and that factor,F _TSC, quantifies the relationship between the promoting effect of organics on M_t-marine solid particle ion exchange and the intrinsic acidity constant and specific surface area.     

Landsat/OLI与夜间灯光数据在提取城市不透水面中的精度差异分析

不透水面作为反映城市发展程度和表征城市生态环境的重要指标,在城市化研究中成为重要的数据源。当前,不透水面信息的获取通常基于遥感数据来开展,包括不同分辨率的遥感数据。这些遥感数据在高精度提取城市不透水面的能力具有较大的差异,会因尺度不同而带来提取精度的偏差。因此,理解不同遥感数据源在不透水面提取上的差异尤为重要。本文利用Landsat/OLI光谱数据和VIIRS/DNB夜间灯光数据分别采用线性光谱混合分析法和大尺度不透水面指数法提取珠江三角洲研究区的不透水面信息,并从不透水面总体精度、不同密度精度对比分析2类数据源提取不透水面的差异。结果表明：① Landsat/OLI和VIIRS/DNB两者提取不透水面的总体精度差异不大,Landsat/OLI提取不透水面的精度总体上略高于VIIRS/DNB。2种数据提取不透水面的均方根误差RMSE分别是0.18和0.21,系统误差SE分别是0.12和0.13,决定系数R ²分别是0.76和0.67。② Landsat/OLI和VIIRS/DNB数据对不同密度不透水面分布区域的提取能力不同：VIIRS/DNB在低密度不透水面区域提取精度高于Landsat/OLI;而Landsat/OLI在中、高密度不透水面区域提取精度均高于VIIRS/DNB。通过2种数据提取精度差异的对比,以期为不同密度的不透水面分布区域提取找到最佳尺度的数据源,提高不透水面提取的效率和精度。     

基于随机森林算法的近地表气温遥感反演研究

近地表气温是城市热环境的重要表征,是改变和影响城区气候的重要因素。为获得空间上连续的近地表气温,本文以北京市为研究区,利用Landsat5/TM数据计算分别得到地表温度、归一化植被指数、改进的归一化差异水体指数、地表反照率、不透水面盖度,并结合气象站点气温和高程作为输入参数建立随机森林模型反演近地表气温。结果表明,随机森林反演的近地表气温平均绝对误差（MAE）为0.80 ℃,均方根误差（RMSE）为1.06 ℃,与传统多元线性气温回归方法相比,平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）分别提高0.06 ℃和0.09 ℃。研究表明,利用随机森林模型反演近地表气温是可行的,并且具有一定的优越性。此外,对随机森林模型的输入参数进行重要性分析,地表温度对气温反演模型的影响最大,其次为高程。     

Digital terrain modelling using Corona and ALOS PRISM data to investigate the distal part of Imja Glacier, Khumbu Himal, Nepal

This study used Corona KH-4A and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) PRISM images to generate digital terrain models (DTMs) of the distal part of Imja Glacier,where a few supraglacial ponds (～0.07 km 2) expanded into the large Imja Glacier Lake (Imja Tsho,～0.91 km 2) between 1964 and 2006.DTMs and subsequently derived topographical maps with contour intervals of 1 m were created from the high-resolution images (Corona in 1964 and ALOS in 2006) in the Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS) platform.The DTMs and topographic maps provided excellent representation of the elevation and micro-topography of the glacier surface,such as its supra-glacial ponds/lake,surface depressions,and moraine ridges,with an error of about +/-4 m (maximum).The DTMs produced from the Corona and ALOS PRISM images are suitable for use in studies of the surface change of glaciers.The topographical maps produced from the Corona data (1964) showed that part of the dead ice in the down-glacier area was even higher than the top of the lateral moraine ridges,while the glacier surface in the up-glacier area was noticeably lower than the moraine crests.This suggests more extensive melting of glacier ice in the up-glacier area before 1964.The average lowering of the glacier surface from 1964 to 2006 was 16.9 m for the dead-ice area west of the lake and 47.4 m for the glacier surface east of the lake;between 1964 and 2002,the lake surface lowered by 82.3 m.These figures represent average lowering rates of 0.4,1.1,and 2.2 m/year for the respective areas.     

Statistical analysis of surface hydrography and circulation variations in northern South China Sea

1 INTRODUCTIONThe South China Sea (SCS) is a semi-enclosedmarginal sea in western North Pacific Ocean withvery complex topography and is the important pas-sage connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Ithas great impact to the global climate and a greatinterest of many oceanography researchers. Twodominant surface hydrographic and circulation fea-tures in the northern SCS are a strong fresh waterexpansion and a warm and high-salinity seawaterintrusion such as the SCS Diluted Water…     

利用GNSS资料分析云南地区M≥5.7地震前应变场分布特征

对云南地区43个GNSS连续站2012-01~2018-12站点位移时间序列进行深加工处理,以期间发生的7次M≥5.7地震为样本,分别获取震前面应变和最大剪应变分布,并对震前应变场分布特征进行研究。结果表明：1) 7次M≥5.7地震前,云南地区存在显著的面应变变化趋势,多数情况下存在强挤压和强拉张并存的格局,累积面应变一般超过±4.0×10^-8,地震多发生在面应变(特别是面挤压)变化的高梯度带上;2) 7次M≥5.7地震前,云南地区存在显著的最大剪应变变化趋势,累积最大剪应变一般超过5.0×10^-8,地震多发生在最大剪应变变化的高梯度带上;3) 面应变(特别是面挤压)和最大剪应变变化的高梯度带可作为研判未来M≥5.7地震发震地点的重要区域。     

Seasonal and intraseasonal variations of the surface Taiwan Warm Current

To study seasonal and intraseasonal variations of the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) in detail Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function (REOF) and Extended Associate Pattern Analysis (EAPA) are jointly adopted with daily sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) datasets covering 1126 days from American Navy Experimental Real-Time East Asian Seas Ocean Nowcast System in the present paper. Results show that the first and second REOFs of SST in the southern East China Sea (SECS) account for 50.8% and 39.8% of the total variance. The surface TWC contains persistent (multi-year mean), seasonal and intraseasonal components. The persistent one mainly inosculates with the Kuroshio but the seasonal and intraseasonal ones are usually active only on the continental shelf. Its persistent component is produced by inertial flow of the Kuroshio, however its seasonal and intraseasonal ones seems coming from seasonal and intraseasonal oscillations of monsoon force. The seasonal one reaches its maximum in late summer,lasting about four months and the intraseasonal one takes place at any seasons, lasting more than 40 days.