Decadal glacial lake changes in the Koshi basin,central Himalaya,from 1977 to 2010, derived from Landsat satellite images

Changes in glacial lakes and the consequences of these changes, particularly on the development of water resources and management of glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF) risk, has become one of the challenges in the sustainable development of high mountain areas in the context of global warming. This paper presents the findings of a study on the distribution of, and area changes in, glacial lakes in the Koshi basin in the central Himalayas.Data on the number of glacial lakes and their area was generated for the years 1977, 1990, 2000, and 2010 using Landsat satellite images. According to the glacial lake inventory in 2010, there were a total of 2168 glacial lakes with a total area of 127.61 km~2 and average size of 0.06 km~2 in the Koshi basin. Of these,47% were moraine dammed lakes, 34.8% bedrock dammed lakes and 17.7% ice dammed lakes. The number of glacial lakes increased consistently over the study period from 1160 in 1977 to 2168 in 2010, an overall growth rate of 86.9%. The area of glacial lakes also increased from 94.44 km~2 in 1977 to 127.61 km~2 in 2010, a growth rate of 35.1%. A large number of glacial lakes in the inventory are small in size(≤ 0.1km~2). End moraine dammed lakes with area greater than 0.1 km~2 were selected to analyze the change characteristics of glacial lakes in the basin. The results show that, in 2010, there were 129 lakes greater than 0.1 km~2 in area; these lakes had a total area of 42.92km~2 in 1997, increasing to 63.28 km~2 in 2010. The distribution of lakes on the north side of the Himalayas(in China) was three times higher than on the south side of the Himalayas(in Nepal).Comparing the mean growth rate in area for the 33 year study period(1977-2010), the growth rate on the north side was found to be a little slower than that on the south side. A total of 42 glacial lakes with an area greater than 0.2 km~2 are rapidly growing between 1977 and 2010 in the Koshi basin, which need to be paid more attention to monitoring in the future and to identify how critical they are in terms of GLOF.     

南京市九乡河流域土地利用程度空间异质性分析

定量分析九乡河流域土地利用程度及其空间异质性,对确定该流域土地资源利用和保护方向、实现土地资源可持续利用具有重要意义.以2003和2009年2期遥感影像为基本信息,利用空间自相关以及半变异函数分析方法,探讨了2003- 2009年九乡河流域土地利用程度的空间异质性特征,结果表明:流域土地利用程度的空间自相关表现出较强的...     

陕西洛南洛源原生金地球化学异常特征与洛河砂金矿预测

洛源原生金地球化学异常具有浓集中心分散、规模小、几何浓度内带大面积出露、组分较复杂和水平分带不清等特征,表明洛源金矿化主要为分散矿化,而且具较大的剥蚀深度。金的原生地球化学异常源为小的含金断裂构造带。地球化学异常区的冰川活动,加速了此区的剥蚀作用。洛河砂金矿是在上淤汇水盆地中金的分散矿化被强烈剥蚀下形成的。金的分散矿化范围大,空白水系少,稀释作用受仰制,为洛河砂金矿形成创造了良好的条件。从洛河的淘金历史和现状以及对砂金的总量预测来看,洛河砂金矿是很有远景的。     

岫岩北瓦沟构造序列及构造演化

在吕梁造山旋回期间(1900Ma)北瓦沟辽河群经受了多幕变质和多期变形的改造,可识别出三组皱褶构造:1.早期近东西向片内平卧褶皱,由固态流变机制形成(F_1);2.枢扭北北西—南南东向不对称褶皱(F_2);3.北东向开阔褶皱构造(F_3)。此外,还发育与褶皱构造相关的布丁构造和布丁褶皱。赋存在辽河群中的铅锌矿床遭受了强烈的改造作用并严格受构造控制。     

Socio-economic drivers of deforestation in Roghani Valley,Hindu-Raj Mountains,Northern Pakistan

Deforestation and associated ecological disturbances are the issues of global concern.Researchers have investigated a number of driving forces which accelerate the rate of deforestation at local and regional levels.These include poverty,population growth,market demand and prices,political instability,agricultural expansion and changes in property right and ownership regimes.This paper seeks to explore the impacts of population growth,changing tenure system and other socioeconomic factors on the forest cover of Roghani Valley,located in Hindu Raj Mountains,Northern Pakistan.The present study is mainly based on information collected through participatory observation,selfadministered interviews and questionnaire survey.Geographical Information System（GIS） database is also used for mapping and quantification.The results reveal that in the past three to four decades the study area has been subjected to severe deforestation and about half of the forest area has been converted into barren land.Thus,the area under natural forests decreased from 2099 to 1444 hectares in four decades.This large-scale deforestation is attributed to both proximate and under lying causes particularly traditional land tenure system and demographic development.Consequently,forest resources have been degraded and a number of plant species have disappeared from the forests of the study area while several others are in the process of disappearance.     

Geospatial susceptibility mapping of earthquake-induced landslides in Nuweiba area,Gulf of Aqaba,Egypt

Earthquake induced landslides are one of the most severe geo-environmental hazards that cause enormous damage to infrastructure, property, and loss of life in Nuweiba area. This study developed a model for mapping the earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility in Nuweiba area in Egypt with considerations of geological, geomorphological, topographical, and seismological factors. An integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS technologies were applied for that target. Several data sources including Terra SAR-X and SPOT 5 satellite imagery, topographic maps, field data, and other geospatial resources were used to model landslide susceptibility. These data were used specifically to produce important thematic layers contributing to landslide occurrences in the region. A rating scheme was developed to assign ranks for the thematic layers and weights for their classes based on their contribution in landslide susceptibility. The ranks and weights were defined based on the knowledge from field survey and authors experiences related to the study area. The landslide susceptibility map delineates the hazard zones to three relative classes of susceptibility: high, moderate, and low. Therefore, the current approach provides a way to assess landslide hazards and serves for geo-hazard planning and prediction in Nuweiba area.     

羌塘盆地查郎拉地区中、新生代地质构造特征

本文系统研究了羌塘盆地查郎拉地区中、新生代的构造特征,将整个研究区划分为五个构造单元。即那日－ 破曲褶皱带、江达－ 杜日断褶带、塞仁那来－ 巴陇复式向斜断褶带、气相错－ 查巴断陷带、查曲公玛－ 日昂巴山间盆地。从晚三叠世以来,图幅内经历了印支期、燕山期、喜山期构造运动,印支期主要是在图幅北部上三叠统地层中形成北东向褶皱,燕山运动早期本区构造活动最为强烈,形成了全区范围内的东西向褶皱和断层,其中尤以南部塞仁那来－ 巴陇复式向斜断褶带最为强烈,构造最为紧密,燕山晚期,以断陷构造为主,形成中部的查曲公玛－ 日昂巴山间盆地和南部的气相错－ 查巴断陷带,喜山期主要是形成一些新构造活动。     

Tourism sectorization opportunity spectrum model and space partition of tourism urbanization area: a case of the Mayangxi ecotourism area,Fujian province,China

Nowadays, tourism has become an increasingly significant driving force of modern urbanization in China. However, it has caused varieties of problems, such as resource unreasonable utilization, society unfair play, and environment pollution, etc. Thus, the establishment of an efficient and sustainable space partition model for tourism urbanization, from the geographical perspective, is highly necessary and urgent. Herein, a new evaluation model of tourist town space, referred to as Tourism Sectorization Opportunity Spectrum (TSOS), is established on the relationships between production-living-ecology spaces. TSOS is a kind of quantitative evaluation model involving such factors as urban living area, ecological conservation area and the tourism industry. Furthermore, the analysis of quantitative production-living-ecology spatial overlap has been utilized for space division in a tourism urbanization area. This paper, using both the TSOS model and GIS technology, analyzes the spatial restructure of the Mayangxi ecotourism area. The result demonstrates that tourism industrial space takes the Shanchong Village as a core which shows a pattern of local regional agglomeration and a fuzzy edge extending along the entire Mayangxi River. The urban living area should be consolidated in the Shili village with the supporting facilities and living space for tourism. In addition, Tianzhu Mountain forest park should be the key environmental protection area. The case study on the Mayangxi ecotourism area verifies that the TSOS model has strong operability. Therefore, TSOS model provides a scientific foundation for the space reconstruction of new urbanization area, and an effective tool for optimizing the space partition of a tourism urbanization area.     

Evolution of Hydrodynamic Field, Oil-Gas Migration and Accumulation in Songliao Basin, China

The oil-gas migration and accumulation in the Songliao Basin were analyzed in the view of fluid dynamics by the authors. The key point of fluid dynamics is hydrodynamics. Oil-gas migration and accumulation are related closely with formation and evolution of hydrodynamic field. Based on abundant data, initial formation pressure and other parameters, such as water head were studied. They can be used to understand the present distribution of hydrodynamic field and its hydrochemical features. Generally, the hydrodynamic field in the basin is obviously asymmetrical. In its north and east part, there are the areas of centripetal flow caused by topographic relief when meteoric water permeate downwards. Its south part is an evaporation-concentration area. The central depression is an area of centrifugal flow driven by sediment compaction and its cross-formational flow area. Only at the basin margin and in the local uplifted and denudated area are the meteoric water permeating downwards areas. The centrifugal flow driven by sediment compaction is the main dynamic factor that induces oil-gas migration and accumulation and its formation period corresponding to the main stage of oil-gas migration and accumulation. Moreover, the evolution of hydrodynamic field has the cyclic property, which results in phased oil-gas migration by stages, and further dominates the terraced annular oil and gas distribution, concentric with their corresponding sags.     

Forest landecape and bird diversity in mountain region, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan

The degeneration of forest landscapes is mainly caused by human impact on the natural environment, which is posing a great threat to biodiversity. We studied the relationship between forest landscapes and birds in mountain regions of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. In Jinuo ethnic region, forest landscape is degenerating, and bird diversity is reducing as a result of human influence. However, in Hani ethnic region of Mengsong area, a comparative study area, there are also traditional practices of agriculture and forestry. The traditional practices are dynamically adaptive to local geographic environment and social economic conditions. A great deal of biodiversity exists in the place where people have lived for many generations and use the resources of environment in a sustainable manner. Considering bird diversity and forest landscape of mountainous area, both economic and ecological benefits should be taken into account, which relate to land use and landscape protection. Biodiversity conservation, resource management and policy making should pay much attention to the best interconnection of land use and landscapes protection.     

FOREST LANDSCAPE AND BIRD DIVERSITY IN MOUNTAIN REGION, XISHUANGBANNA, YUNNAN

１ＧＥＮＥＲＡＬＳＩＴＵＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＩＥＤＡＲＥＡ１．１ＮａｔｕｒａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＴｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｗａｓｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅＪｉｎｕｏＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎ（２０°５３′１１″－２２°９′５９″Ｎ,１００°５５′３３″－１...     

Spatial-temporal changes of vegetation cover in Guizhou Province,Southern China

Guizhou Province is an important karst area in the world and a fragile ecological area in China. Ecological risk assessment is very necessary to be conducted in this region. This study investigates different characteristics of the spatial-temporal changes of vegetation cover in Guizhou Province of Southern China using the data set of SPOT VEGETATION(1999–2015) at spatial resolution of 1-km and temporal resolution of 10-day. The coefficient of variation, the Theil-Sen median trend analysis, and the Mann-Kendall test are used to investigate the spatial-temporal change of vegetation cover and its future trend. Results show that: 1) the spatial distribution pattern of vegetation cover in Guizhou Plateau is high in the east whereas low in the west. The average annual normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) from west to east is higher than that from south to north. 2) Average annual NDVI improved obviously in the past 17 years. The growth rate of average annual NDVI is 0.028/10 yr, which is slower than that of vegetation in the country(0.048/10 yr) from 1998 to 2007. Average annual NDVI in karst area is lower than that in non-karst area. However, the growing rate of average annual NDVI in karst area(0.030/10 yr) is faster than that in non-karst area(0.023/10 yr), indicating that vegetation coverage increases more rapidly in karst area. 3) Vegetation coverage in the study area is stable overall, but fluctuates in the local scales. 4) Vegetation coverage presents a continuous increasing trend. The Hurst exponent of NDVI in different vegetation types has an obvious threshold in various elevations. 5) The proportion of vegetation cover with sustainable increase is higher than that of vegetation cover with sustainable decrease. The improvement in vegetation cover may expand to most parts of the study area.     

The formation, evolution and optimazation of territorial structure in the southern China

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广西平桂地区观赏石简介

广西平桂地区观赏石资源丰富。本文简介该区观赏石的常见品种及其特点、成因类型、分布规律、质量评价及开发前景。     

Causes of rockfalls in Al-Huwayshah area, Yemen

According to topography of Yemen, most areas and villages are located at obligated crest, toe of mountain and under cliffs. Therefore Al-Huwayshah consisting of Tawilah sandstone group is characterized by steep slope reach to 90° in some areas. This area is affected by strong tectonic movements and faults that occurred during the geological epochs. This effect enhances to find out fractures and joints as well as the rocks become brittle and ready to slide depending on the position of area. And there are some fractures and joints on the surface of the areas due to tectonic movement associated with opening the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. The rainfalls, fractures, joints, earthquakes, gravity, vegetations, temperatures and human activities play a big role in the processes of rockfalls and landslides in this area. All those factors are considered as the basic causes and catalyzed factors for occurrence of rockfall in the studide area. In addition, the authors carried out laboratory test for many rock samples to get the physical properties of the rocks.     

Oil and Gas Distribution in Hailar Basin,Northeast China

Through petroleum exploration of 20 years, a new petroleum production area has been constructed in Hailar Basin. Their petroleum geological characteristics and hydrocarbon distribution has been known in detail. The Hailar Basin is a basin group consisted of many scattered sub-basins with similar structural developed history. Each sub-basin has unique hydrocarbon distributing rules, including (1) oil/gas reservoir distribution is controlled by the oil/gas sag, and the oil/gas bearing in big sag is rich; (2) underwater fan and turbidity fan are the most favorable reservoirs; structure zone controlled by main fault is favorable zone of forming composite oil/gas accumulation; (3) lower fault-block in higher rise and higher fault-block in lower rise are favorable to oil/gas accumulation; (4) deep fault and granite body are closely related to oil/gas reservoir, its distributing area is favorable area of oil and mantle source non-hydrocarbon gas formation;(5) higher geothermal area is favorable oil/gas bearing area.     

Oil and Gas Distribution in Hailar Basin,Northeast China

1IntroductionHailar Basin is located in the eastern part of In-ner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, with the area of 44 210 km2 (Fig.1).Fig.1SketchmapshowingthelocationofHailarBasinThe Hailar Basin is neither different from the foreland basin of west pa…     

元素复杂程度法在新疆青河县顿巴斯套金矿区异常信息提取及成矿预测中的应用

异常提取是地球化学勘查中的重要环节,对于有效发现异常至关重要。以新疆青河县顿巴斯套金矿区1∶1万土壤地球化学测量数据为研究对象,运用含量-面积分形模型确定单元素异常下限,通过对区内各元素异常点赋值、构建元素复杂程度指标并绘制元素复杂程度图。分别对4处元素复杂程度较高的地区进行了找矿潜力评价。结合异常特征及野外地质路线调查,在工作区共圈定了2处找矿靶区并确定Ⅰ号找矿靶区的成矿有利程度较高。经探矿工程验证,在Ⅰ号综合异常区西侧TC1探槽中新揭露出3条矿体,表明该方法在成矿预测过程中具有一定的合理性,并为下一步探矿工程部署提供了依据。      

川东卧龙河地区长兴晚期自然伽马异常及其环境启示意义

目前研究表明,深水环境缺氧团向浅水扩散是导致二叠纪末生物危机事件的重要诱因,然而其作用过程仍存在较大争议。四川盆地东部晚二叠世长兴期主要为台地环境,通过对研究区内卧龙河构造连续沉积的井剖面对比研究发现,在二叠纪末生物大灭绝界线之前的碳酸盐岩地层中自然伽马值整体出现异常正偏。当碳酸盐岩地层中泥质含量、钍和钾的含量相对较少时,自然伽马主要反映铀含量变化,进而指示海水氧化还原条件。长兴晚期区内台地环境显现出不同程度的缺氧效应,并持续发展直至生物大灭绝的来临。区内长兴组自然伽马值异常记录了长兴晚期海洋氧化还原过程,同时也见证了重大地质转折期将至时环境的不稳定性。      

雷州半岛高桥红树林沉积物中砷的分布

采用五态连续提取法(SEP)对雷州半岛高桥红树林群落内外不同深度的沉积物砷含量进行测定.结果表明,高桥红树林湿地0~60cm深处沉积物中除Al-结合态砷和Ca-结合态砷含量低,难以检出外,交换态砷、残渣态砷、Fe-结合态砷皆可检出,沉积物砷积累以残渣态砷和 Fe-结合态砷为主,总砷测定含量为7.34±0.39~10.32±0.48 mg/kg,其中以20~40cm深处沉积物总砷测含量最多;不同深度沉积物砷含量中林内与林区外裸滩呈现不同的分布规律,林外裸滩-林缘-林内的表土总砷含量的分布呈波浪式分布,以林缘为最高,总砷达9.97±1.29 mg/kg,林内显著大于林外裸滩(p值<0.05),林内沉积物对砷的吸附强度较林外裸滩高