The mechanism of a new type of modified clay controlling Phaeocystis globosa growth

Phaeocystis globosa is a harmful algal bloom(HAB) species worldwide.Using modified clay(MC) to control HAB s and to mitigate their adverse effects is currently a commonly used method in China.In this paper,the effects of oxidized composite modified clay(OXI-MC) on P.globosa were studied from different perspectives.The results show that the OXI-MC could effectively remove P.globosa and inhibit both the growth of residual algal cells and the formation of new colonies.The P.globosa algal biomass removal efficiencies after 3 h reached 90% at a dose of 0.1 g/L,and the number of colonies with different particle sizes was greatly reduced.Compared with those of the control,the superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,catalase(CAT) activity,and malondialdehyde(MDA) content of the residual algae significantly increased,indicating that OXI-MC caused oxidative stress in the algal cells.In addition,we evaluated the effects of OXI-MC on the photo synthe sis of residual microalgae and found that the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II(PSII) under dark adaptation(F_v/F_m) and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(cDPSII) decreased,severely damaging the photosynthesis efficiency,implying that OXI-MC effected the photosynthesis system of P.globosa.The results of this study clarify that OXI-MC could remove the most of algal cells and break up the colonies of P.globosa by collision,flocculation,and releasing active substances,as well as inhibit effectively the growth and colony formation of residual P.globosa by causing oxidative stress,reducing photosynthesis activity,accelerating the degradation of polysaccharides,and inhibiting the formation of colonies.     

Development of high-resolution chloroplast markers for intraspecific phylogeographic studies of Phaeocystis globosa

Phaeocystis globosa is an important harmful algal bloom causative species distributing widely in temperate and tropical coastal waters in the world.The morphological,physiological,and biochemical characte ristics are different amo ng geographic strains,which can not be distinguished with nuclear ribo somal DNA markers at present.Therefore,the genetic distance and phylogeographic relationships of nuclear 28 S rDNA D1-D2 and ITS regions,and three chloroplast intergenic spacers(petN-trnS1,trnM1-psbA,and rbcS-rpl27) were analyzed and compared among 13 strains of P.globosa isolated from the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean in this study.In addition,the nucleotide polymorphisms of 28 S rDNA D1-D2,ITS,and rbcS-rpl27 regions were evaluated in two P.globosa strains.The various levels of nucleotide polymorphism were in the nuclear 28 S rDNA D1-D2 region and ITS region,but no polymorphism was in the chloroplast rbcS-rpl27 intergenic spacer.A reasonable intraspecific phylogeographic relationship was presented by rbcS-rpl27 intergenic spacer,which had the strongest distinction to geographic strains compared to those of 28 S rDNA D1-D2 and ITS regions.In the phylogenetic tree of rbcS-rpl27 intergenic spacer,the two strains from the North Sea of the Atlantic Ocean were divided firstly from the species of P.globosa,and then formed an independent clade,while the other Atlantic strains and all of Pacific strains j oined up to build the other clade.It was implied that at least two genetically distant populations of P.globosa existed in the Atlantic coastal regions.This study provided a high-resolution chloroplast marker to analyze intraspecific phylogeographic populations of P.globosa,and preliminarily clarified the genetic relationships of the Pacific and Atlantic strains of P.globosa.     

Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel, a harmful microalga, and its production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate

The production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and its cleavage products (DMS) are well studied in phytoplankton worldwide. However, less is known about their sources, distributions, and impacts in the coast of China. We examined the production of DMSP and DMS in Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel and other benthic macroalgae from the South China coast in relation to environmental conditions. P. globosa was a harmful marine microalgal species and its bloom took place in the eutrophic waters along the South China Sea frequently. It also produced high content of DMSP at different growth stages, with the highest concentration usually observed in the stationary period. Moreover, the production of DMSP in P. globosa was significantly affected by salinity and temperature with the highest contents associated with high salinity (e.g. 40) and low temperature (e.g. 20°C). In field benthic macroalgae, there was also a marked difference in the DMSP of various species or different samples of the same species. Chlorophyll a contents were also determined for each macroalgal species. The highest chlorophyll a (238.7 ng/g fresh weight) was recorded in Chlorophyta Ulva lactuca at Guishan Island (Zhuhai), while the lowest value (1.5 ng/g fresh weight) was found in Rhodophyta Gracilaria tenuistipitata in Zhanjiang. Further correlation analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship between the content of DMSP and chl-a in macroalgae samples (P > 0.05). All the results suggested that the production of DMSP in marine algae was not only species- and stage-related, but also greatly affected by various environmental factors.     

Dynamics of Phaeocystis globosa bloom and implications for its seed sources in the Beibu Gulf,China

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - Algal blooms of haptophyte Phaeocystis globosa have been recorded in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea (SCS) since 2011. Recent evidence suggests that Type I and...     

Application of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in detecting the toxicity of harmful algae

The toxicity of seven major HAB (harmful algal bloom) species/strains, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Phaeocystis globosa, Prorocentrum micans, Alexandrium tamarense (AT-6, non-PSP producer), Alexandrium lusitanicum, Alexandrum tamarense (ATHK) and Heterosigma akashiwo were studied against rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under laboratory conditions. The results show that P. donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6), or A. lusitanicum could maintain the individual survival and reproduction, as well as the population increase of the rotifer, but the individual reproduction would decrease when exposed to these five algae at higher densities for nine days; H. akashiwo could decrease the individual survival and reproduction, as well as population increase of the rotifer, which is similar to that of the starvation group, indicating that starvation might be its one lethal factor except for the algal toxins; A. tamarense (ATHK) has strong lethal effect on the rotifer with 48h LC50 at 800 cells/mL. The experiment on ingestion ability indicated by gut pigment change shows that P.donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6) and A. lusitanicum can be taken by the rotifers as food, but A. tamarense (ATHK) or H. akashiwo can be ingested by the rotifers. The results indicate that all the indexes of individual survival and reproduction, population increase, gut pigment change of the rotifers are good and convenient to be used to reflect the toxicities of HAB species. Therefore, rotifer is suggested as one of the toxicity testing organisms in detecting the toxicity of harmful algae.     

NEW TAXA OF EUGLENOPHYTA FROM CHINA

Eight new taxa of Euglenophyta are described in this paper. They were collected from severalprovinces in China and respectively named Euglena allorgei var. exsulcata. E pisciformis var. globosa, E.tortiliS, Lepocinclis glabra var. papillata, Phacus pisiformis, Ph.strombuliformis,Ph.trimarginatus var.truncatus and Astasia angusta.     

Application of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in detecting the toxicity of harmful algae

The toxicity of seven major HAB (harmful algal bloom) species/strains, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Phaeocystis globosa, Prorocentrum micans, Alexandrium tamarense (AT-6, non-PSP producer), Alexandrium lusitanicum, Alexandrum tamarense (ATHK) and Heterosigma akashiwo were studied against rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under laboratory conditions. The results show that P. donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6), or A. lusitanicum could maintain the individual survival and reproduction, as well as the population increase of the rotifer, but the individual reproduction would decrease when exposed to these five algae at higher densities for nine days; H. akashiwo could decrease the individual survival and reproduction, as well as population increase of the rotifer, which is similar to that of the starvation group, indicating that starvation might be its one lethal factor except for the algal toxins; A. tamarense (ATHK) has strong lethal effect on the rotifer with 48h LC₅₀ at 800 cells/mL. The experiment on ingestion ability indicated by gut pigment change shows that P. donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6) and A. lusitanicum can be taken by the rotifers as food, but A. tamarense (ATHK) or H. akashiwo can be ingested by the rotifers. The results indicate that all the indexes of individual survival and reproduction, population increase, gut pigment change of the rotifers are good and convenient to be used to reflect the toxicities of HAB species. Therefore, rotifer is suggested as one of the toxicity testing organisms in detecting the toxicity of harmful algae. Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-208), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40821004, U0733006) and National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2001CB409700)     

Allelopathic effects of mixotrophic dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea on co-occurring phytoplankton: the significance of nutritional ecology

Blooms of Akashiwo sanguinea frequently break out around the world, causing huge economic losses to the aquaculture industry and seriously damaging coastal ecosystems. However, the formation mechanisms of A. sanguinea blooms remain unclear. We investigated the allelopathic effects of A. sanguinea on multiple phytoplankton species, explored the mode of allelochemicals action and the way of nutrient factors regulation of the allelopathic activity. Results show that strains of A. sanguinea could inhibit the growth of co-occurring phytoplankton including Scrippsiella trochoidea, Phaeocystis globosa, and Rhodomonas salina, but inhibition of Prorocentrum micans was not obvious. The inhibition rates on phytoplankton were positively correlated with the cell densities of A. sanguinea. The highest inhibition rate of 94% on R. salina was for A. sanguinea CCMA256 culture of 2 000 cells/mL at 72 h. We observed that cells of S. trochoidea, Ph. g lobosa, and R. sali na were lysed when co-cultured with A. sanguinea, with the shortest time for S. trochoidea. Additionally, the growth rates of A. sanguinea were promoted by coculturing with S. trochoidea, Ph. globosa, and R. salina. Four components of A. sanguinea culture were all able to inhibit growth of R. salina:the strongest inhibitory effect was found in the sonicated culture, followed by whole-cell culture, filtrates of sonicated culture, and filtrate culture. The crude extract of A. sanguinea culture also lysed cells of R. salina, and the inhibition rates on R. salina increased with the increasing dose of crude extract. It was shown that both nutrient enrichment and nitrogen:phosphorus ratio imbalance enhanced remarkably the allelopathic activity of A. sanguinea. The highest inhibition rate on R. salina of 70% occurred in A. sanguinea JX13 treatment at 2 000 cells/mL under high nutrient condition in 48 h. In JX14 treatment at 2 000 cells/mL for N:P of 10:1, the inhibition rate increased by 1.7 times of that for N:P of 20:1. In addition, the allelopathy of A. sanguinea could not only be a competitive strategy but also a nutrition strategy, playing an important role in formation and/or maintenance of blooms of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate A. sanguinea.     

中国省级行政区边界形状的GIS分析

本文借助GIS软件支持,计算了我国32个省的平面轮廓形状的分维、形状指数和紧凑度。结果表明,形状复杂(边缘复杂程度高,破碎度较大)的省(区)主要集中在东部及沿海地区;形状较紧凑的省(区)主要集中在西部地区,东部省与西部省的形状特征有较大差异。另探讨了各地区的地理气候环境和历史人文特征所致的主要原因,并初步分析了各特征对交通等组织的影响。     

中华人民共和国人口电子地图集系统设计

“中华人民共和国人口电子地图集”是我国最新的第五次人口普查数据的集成,是以地图、文字、数字、图表等多种信息表达手段,全面反映了中国人口发展基本现状和趋势的科学参考图集。它可以实现对人口数据的输入/输出、分类、存储、查询、统计、制图、分析和管理,提供给决策者和研究者分析人口问题和制定人口政策的辅助工具。本文详细介绍了图集的系统总体设计、主要功能模块设计、内容组成等。在总体设计上,提出了以电子地图制作子系统、图集管理与集成子系统、图集浏览查询子系统和人口数据查询子系统为四大主要部分的系统结构,并进而对系统中的主要模块进行了介绍.如专题制图符号模型、数据库的目录树管理、电子地图集的管理与集成,通过这些模块,分析了系统的运行机制和流程;在图集内容上,在分析“五普”数据和我国人口实际国情的基础上,选取涉及十项主题(环境、人口分布、性别与年龄、人口变动、民族、家庭婚姻、生育、教育、就业、住房)近200幅地图组成图集的内容,反映我国人口的基本现状、动态变化、地域分布、结构构成等;最后,给出了使用不同制图符号建立的人口地图实例,可以直观地反映各项人口指标的区域差异和变化规律。     

红鳍笛鲷弧菌病病原的研究

从广东湛江特呈岛鱼排取患病红鳍笛鲷进行病原分离、纯化,得到一株病原菌Ls 1。该菌 为革兰阴性短杆菌,有运动性,菌落半透明,最适温度28～30℃,需盐生长,氧化酶反应阳性,发酵 葡萄糖不产气,不发酵肌醇,对弧菌抑制剂O/129敏感。经API ID32E细菌鉴定系统及弧菌科细 菌生化鉴定管鉴定,该菌为一株溶藻弧菌(Vibrioaginolyticus);其对红鳍笛鲷的半数致死量为6.32 ×105mL-1。药敏试验结果表明,该菌对阿莫西林、先锋V不敏感,对新生霉素、卡那霉素、多粘菌 素B、四环素中度敏感,而对庆大霉素、氟哌酸、氯霉素、红霉素、链霉素和复方新诺明等有较高的敏 感性。     

ANALYSIS OF THE EXPANSION OF THE BUILT-UP AREA OF DALIAN CITY

With the astounding development and gradual improvement of remote sensing technology, as an advancedscience technology, it is used to provide multi-temporal, large scope real-time information for land-use dynamic change,and also is one of the best efficient methods for studying the earth resources and environment. Remote sensing image hasits characteristics of ample information and reflecting the objective realities. The paper uses multi-temporal TM images in1986, 1996 and 2000, and relevant statistic data to analyze land-use changes of Dalian City in Liaoning Province of Chi-na over ten years by means of the correlation analysis method. The results have shown that two methods could con-formably reflect the present land-use change. Urbanization is closely correlative to natural factors and economic develop-ment. Especially in recent 20 years, under the influence of the reform and open-up policy, Dalian, as a specific coastcity, is becoming an international metropolis.     

多粒度时空对象关联关系基本问题初探

多粒度时空对象关联关系描述现实世界客观实体之间存在的各种关系及其相互影响,是对实体间关联、作用关系的表达,按照其描述主体的不同主要分为时间关联关系、空间关联关系、属性关联关系和综合关联关系。本文从全空间信息系统的背景出发,对多粒度时空对象关联关系的基本概念进行了阐述,明确了其形式化表达方式和分类。在此基础上,对关联关系的构建和管理进行阐述和分析,说明了静态构建方式和动态构建方式的适用场景。关联关系通过约束作用和行为传导机制来维持数据世界的一致性和联动,本文最后对关联关系的约束类型及其定义和关系-行为传导机制进行了简要说明。     

Spatio-temporal dynamic of quality of life of residents,Northeast China

Quality of life(QOL) is a hotspot issue that has attracted increasing attention from the Chinese Government and scholars, it is also a vital issue that should be addressed during the cause of ′establishing overall well-off society′. Northeast China is one of the most import old industrial bases in China, however, the industrial structure of heavy chemical industry and the development mode of ′production first, living last′ have leaded to series of social problems, which have also become a serious bottleneck to social stability and economic sustainable development. Through applying the methods of BP neural network, exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) and spatial regression model, this paper examines the space-time dynamics of QOL of the residents in Northeast China. We first investigate the indexes of QOL of the residents and then use ESDA methods to visualize its space-time relationship. We have found a spatial agglomeration of QOL of the residents in middle-southern Liaoning Province, central Jilin Province and Harbin-Qiqihar-Daqing area of Heilongjiang Province. Two third of the counties are low-low spatial correlation, and the correlative type of about 60% of the prefecture level areas keeps stable, indicating QOL of the residents in Northeast China shows a certain character of path dependence or spatial locked. We have also found that economic strength and development levels of service industry have positive and obvious effect on QOL of the residents, while the effect of such indexes as the social service level and the proportion of the tertiary industries are less.     

THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY OF WATER BY NONEQUILIBRIUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF SIMPLE LIQUID

The liquid state, especially water, has long been regarded as the most formidable problem in the field of statistical mechanics. The coefficient of viscosity of water is calculated using a simplified model based on the microstructure of water and methods similar to that used by Rice et al. (1961) who studied the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of simple liquids, such as liquid argon. derived From the Liouville equation. This work's singlet and doublet equations are somewhat different From those derived by Rice et al. (1961) and solutions were obtained by the perturbation method. The calculated coefficient of viscosity of water at different temperature. using this method agree well with standard values.     

断层相互作用的模拟研究

以库仑破裂应力变化计算为基础,研究断层的相互作用。从震源断层和投影断层两个角度出发,研究5种地震断层模型分别描述地震断层和投影断层时库仑破裂应力变化的分布特征,分析震源断层以及投影断层的不同滑动机制对库仑破裂应力变化分布的影响。分析发现,断层的相互作用与断层的滑动机制关系密切;走滑断层还与其左右旋有一定关系;除斜滑断层外,其他断层之间的相互作用呈现一定的对称关系。     

罗氏沼虾三群体间肌肉营养品质的比较

对饲养在相似环境下的罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)三群体肌肉营养成分进行了分析和比较,3个群体分别为浙江湖州的人工养殖群体(A)、缅甸引进种子二代群体(B)和“南太湖1号”杂交群体(B-+)。结果表明,3个群体粗蛋白含量的高低顺序依次为:B-+群体(17.57%)、B群体(16.65%)、A群体(15.88%),但三群体之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05);而A群体的粗脂肪含量为2.04%,显著高于B群体的1.24%(P<0.05)。3个群体中,B-+群体的总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量、鲜味氨基酸和脂肪酸中的EPA+DHA含量均为最高,且必需氨基酸指数最高,为68.06;相比之下,A群体的上述各项指标值均较低。可见,以上三群体中杂交种群(B-+)的肌肉营养品质较优,而人工养殖群体(A)的肌肉品质相对较差。     

几种因子对鞍带石斑鱼精子活力的影响

研究不同梯度的盐度、pH、温度及低温保存时间对鞍带石斑鱼精子活力的影响。结果表明:鞍带石斑鱼精子活力的适宜盐度范围为27.5～35.0,最适盐度为32.5,此时精子的快速运动时间和寿命分别为13.2min和14.8min;最适pH为8.5,精子的快速运动时间及寿命最长,分别达12.7min和17.3min;温度范围为27～31℃,以29℃时快速运动时间最长,达16.6min;在0～4℃冰箱保存6h后鞍带石斑鱼精子活力未显著降低,其中保存前精子快速运动时间为18.4min,保存6h后为18.2min,保存120h后仍有活力,精子快速运动时间为2.3min,精子激活率为3.3%。以x为保存时间,快速运动时间y和寿命y′符合线性方程y=-0.8334x+19.164(R2=0.9856),y′=-1.1358x+27.8(R2=0.9573)。     

Analysis of the landsat remote sensing images of the types of habitats of Yangtze alligators

The Chinese “Yangtze” alligator is a rare reptile that has been listed as an “endangered species” by the United Nations, so its preservation has become an urgent task. A study of its habitats through analysis of their Landsat images will provide a scientific basis for the government departments concerned to select the best locations for its breeding. The Chinese alligator is a subtropical reptile of freshwater rivers, lakes and ponds. Found only in China, it is now distributed only in the border region between the three provinces of Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangsu. On the basis of previous investigations by Chinese scientists, and from an analysis and interpretation of their Landsat images, we made a special study, review, and classification of the natural environment of the alligator’s present habitats (and the modern changes in the natural background of these hatitats) so that the government departments concerned with the preservation of the reptiles may have a scientific basis for determining the best locations for the breeding and propagation of the alligator. This paper was published in Chinese inOcean. Linn. Sin. 16(1): 35–41, 1985.