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1.
This note provides a detailed theoretical derivation for the removal of non‐physical finite‐amplitude computational oscillations from the solution of the adjoint of a discretized model using the leapfrog finite‐difference scheme. Numerical results are shown using a 1‐dimensional shallow water equation model. 相似文献
2.
XIAO Xianjun WANG Dongxiao ZHOU Wen ZHANG Zuqiang QIN Yinghao HE N ZENG Lili 《海洋学报(英文版)》2013,32(9):30-37
The seasonal variation of mixing layer depth(MLD) in the ocean is determined by a wind stress and a buoyance flux.A South China Sea(SCS) ocean data assimilation system is used to analyze the seasonal cycle of its MLD.It is found that the variability of MLD in the SCS is shallow in summer and deep in winter,as is the case in general.Owing to local atmosphere forcing and ocean dynamics,the seasonal variability shows a regional characteristic in the SCS.In the northern SCS,the MLD is shallow in summer and deep in winter,affected coherently by the wind stress and the buoyance flux.The variation of MLD in the west is close to that in the central SCS,influenced by the advection of strong western boundary currents.The eastern SCS presents an annual cycle,which is deep in summer and shallow in winter,primarily impacted by a heat flux on the air-sea interface.So regional characteristic needs to be cared in the analysis about the MLD of SCS. 相似文献
3.
Masahiro Endoh 《Journal of Oceanography》1971,27(3):116-120
Response of an unbounded two-layer ocean to traveling atmospheric disturbances is analytically investigated. Under the assumption that (1) lower layer is motionless, (2) each layer is homogeneous and in hydrostatic balance, (3) the Coriolis parameter is constant, and (4) the density difference between the two layers is small compared to the density itself, the one-dimensional Klein-Gordon's equation is solved analytically for both the divergent and rotational wind stress. Numerical examples of the wake pattern of the upwelling behind the regional divergent and rotational wind fields are also represented.The results may be summarized as follows: (1) the effect of the divergent wind stress is dominant when the forced Rossby numberR
0 (the ratio of the frequency of the wind stress to the Coriolis parameter) is larger than unity unless the Mach numberM (the ratio of the traveling velocity of the wind stress to the internal gravitational velocity) is far less than unity, (2) the effect of the rotational wind stress is important, when the forced Rossby numberR
0 is less than unity. 相似文献
4.
MU Lin CHI Yong-xiang LIU Shou-hua SONG Jun LIN Xiao-pei LI Yan ZHANG Jian-li 《海洋通报(英文版)》2013,(2):26-36
应用ROMS数值模式配置基本实验模拟了2004年到2006年中国东部海域海平面的季节变化。模拟结果与TOPEX/Poseidon(T/P)卫星高度计观测结果基本一致,海平面年较差从中国沿岸到黑潮路径逐渐变小。将数值模式的风应力项去掉,配置对比实验。与基本实验结果对比发现,对比实验海平面仍然具有季节变化,但是闽浙沿岸和苏北沿岸海平面春夏季异常偏低、秋冬季异常偏高现象消失,中国沿岸向太平洋的海平面变化减弱。春季和秋季,渤、黄海和黑潮附近海平面异于东海的现象减弱。对比实验海平面的年较差的数值明显减小,从近岸向黑潮海平面年较差渐变的过程消失。整个渤黄海的海平面年较差近似。对比实验海平面年较差占基本实验海平面年较差比率从近岸向黑潮路径逐渐增大。 相似文献
5.
J. UOTILA 《地球,A辑:动力气象学与海洋学》2001,53(1):112-128
The wind dependence of sea‐ice motion was studied on the basis of ice velocity and wind observations, and weather model output. The study area was a transition zone between open water and the ice‐covered ocean in the northern Baltic Sea. In the centre of the basin the sea‐ice motion was highly wind‐dependent and the linear relationship between the wind and the drift velocities explained 80% of the drift's variance. On the contrary, the wind‐drift dependence was low near the coast. The wind‐drift coherence was significant over a broader frequency range in the central part of the basin than for the coastal drift. The ice motion was simulated by a numerical model forced with five types of wind stress and with two types of current data, and the outcome was compared with the observed buoy drift. The wind and the wind‐induced surface current were the main factors driving the ice in the basin's centre, while internal ice stresses were of importance in the shear zone near the fast ice edge. The best wind forcing was achieved by applying a method dependent on atmospheric stability and ice conditions. The average air–ice drag coefficient was 1.4×10−3 with the standard deviation of 0.2×10−3 . The improvement brought about by using an accurate wind stress was comparable with that achieved by raising the model grid resolution from 18 km to 5 km. 相似文献
6.
S. VANNITSEM 《地球,A辑:动力气象学与海洋学》2001,53(1):56-73
We compare the short‐ and medium‐range predictability of weather regimes of a quasi‐geostrophic model as defined by a hierarchical cluster algorithm and a Lyapunov‐based clustering method recently introduced in the literature. Both procedures lead to weather regimes displaying very different predictability properties on the short and medium range bases. While the former does not distinguish between stable and unstable weather regimes, the latter leads to clusters which do not display a good medium range predictability. We introduce a new clustering method taking advantages of the two previous techniques. Its application in the context of the quasi‐geostrophic model gives rise to regimes possessing at the same time a good medium range skill and well separated instability properties, indicating the possibility to build a systematic cartography of the short‐term predictability of weather fields in phase space. 相似文献
7.
The variation of turbulent diapycnal mixing at 18°N in the South China Sea stirred by wind stress 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The spatial and temporal variations of turbulent diapycnal mixing along 18°N in the South China Sea(SCS) are estimated by a fine-scale parameterization method based on strain, which is obtained from CTD measurements in yearly September from 2004 to 2010. The section mean diffusivity can reach ~10~(–4)m~2/s, which is an order of magnitude larger than the value in the open ocean. Both internal tides and wind-generated near-inertial internal waves play an important role in furnishing the diapycnal mixing here. The former dominates the diapycnal mixing in the deep ocean and makes nonnegligible contribution in the upper ocean, leading to enhanced diapycnal mixing throughout the water column over rough topography. In contrast, the influence of the wind-induced nearinertial internal wave is mainly confined to the upper ocean. Over both flat and rough bathymetries, the diapycnal diffusivity has a growth trend from 2005 to 2010 in the upper 700 m, which results from the increase of wind work on the near-inertial motions. 相似文献
8.
Nobuo Suginohara 《Journal of Oceanography》1974,30(1):23-33
On the assumption that motions of the barotropic mode are horizontally nondivergent, action of the wind stress with longshore variation on a two-layer ocean adjacent to the meridional east coast is studied. Only the equatorward wind stress is considered. Along the east coast, upwelling is induced by the direct effect of the coast and is confined in a narrow strip with the width of the order of the internal radius of deformation. The upwelling propagates poleward with the internal gravity wave speed. Coastal upwelling induced by the wind stress with longshore variation may be interpreted as the generation and propagation of internal Kelvin waves. Associated with the coastal upwelling, the equatorward flow in the upper layer and the poleward flow in the lower layer are formed as an internal mode of motions. When the bottom topography with the continental shelf and slope is taken into account, occurrence of the poleward undercurrent is delayed by a few days because of the generation of continental shelf waves. And, after the forcing is stopped, the shelf waves propagate poleward away from the upwelling region and the poleward undercurrent fully develops. At the margin of the continental shelf, another upwelling region is induced and propagates poleward. 相似文献
9.
The present case study evaluates the downward longwave radiation at the surface (DLR) in several high‐resolution (≈1°) general circulation models (GCMs) using surface observations from a semiarid continental site in New South Wales, Australia (Uardry, 34.39°S, 142.30°E). This site is located on a large grassland plain uniform in both its land use and landcover type, and is therefore particularly well suited for a comparison with GCM grid mean values. Monthly averages of newly constructed clear‐sky and all‐sky DLR climatologies and the resulting cloud‐radiative forcing are compared. It is shown that the GCMs exceed the observed DLR under cloud‐free conditions by 10–20 W m−2 at this semiarid site on an annual basis, with a strong seasonal dependence. The calculated clear‐sky fluxes are overestimated during the warmer summer season, with large absolute values of DLR, while the biases are reduced in the colder and dryer winter season with smaller fluxes. This gives direct support for recent evidence that the DLR model biases depend systematically on the thermal and humidity structure of the cloudless atmosphere. Fluxes from strongly emitting atmospheres tend to be overestimated, but may be underestimated from atmospheres with smaller emission. This points to common problems inherent in the simulation of the emission from the cloudless atmosphere in current longwave radiation codes.
The comparisons of the all‐sky climatologies at Uardry show that the clear‐sky biases are partly masked in the models with an insufficient cloud‐radiative forcing, thereby counterbalancing the excessive DLR of the cloud‐free atmosphere. On the other hand, when the cloudradiative forcing is improved, the biases in the cloud‐free atmosphere become fully apparent in the all‐sky fluxes. 相似文献
The comparisons of the all‐sky climatologies at Uardry show that the clear‐sky biases are partly masked in the models with an insufficient cloud‐radiative forcing, thereby counterbalancing the excessive DLR of the cloud‐free atmosphere. On the other hand, when the cloudradiative forcing is improved, the biases in the cloud‐free atmosphere become fully apparent in the all‐sky fluxes. 相似文献
10.
利用1995~2013年间NCEP风场资料,分析研究了台湾西南部海域风应力旋度偶极子的季节和年际变化特征,及其受ENSO事件的影响,结果表明:台湾西南部海域风应力旋度偶极子的分布存在明显季节变化,其分布期主要集中于每年10月至次年4月,夏季台湾海峡不存在风应力旋度偶极子的分布;风应力旋度偶极子的强度异常要滞后ENSO 1个月,当厄尔尼诺事件发生时,风应力旋度偶极子的分布强度较正常年份要弱,而当拉尼娜事件发生时,风应力旋度偶极子的分布强度较正常年份要强;风应力旋度偶极子的分布还存在准16.0个月和准45.3个月的显著年际变化周期,其变化同ENSO循环密切相关. 相似文献
11.
12.
Results are described from a limited area barotropic model of the North Pacific with 1/3°×1/3° resolution and bounded by latitudes
10°N and 50°N and longitudes 120°E and 160°E. The model employs dynamics linearised about a state of rest and incorporates
realistic bottom topography. It is driven by the seasonally varying part of the Hellerman and Rosenstein wind stress field
and by inflow along the northern and eastern boundaries specified from a 1°×1° version of the model applied to the whole North
Pacific. The model-calculated transport variations through the Tokara Strait are similar to those of the observed seasonal
sea level differences across the Strait, although the model appears to underestimate the amplitude of the signal by a factor
of at least 2. The inclusion of realistic bottom topography is shown to be crucial in determining the model response. 相似文献
13.
To investigate an mechanism of the seasonal variation of transport through the Tokara Strait, two numerical experiments with real geometry and wind forcing were carried out. The models are linear barotropic models which are a North Pacific Ocean model and a limited-area model with a fine grid. The seasonal variation of volume transport with a maximum in the summer and a minimum in the autumn could be well reproduced by both models. The results demonstrate the wind stress component normal to a gradient vector of bottom topography is crucial for determining the seasonal variation. The similar seasonal variation widely covers the East China Sea and has a large amplitude near the Tokara Strait. Finally, it can be concluded that winds north of 35°N have little influence on the seasonal response of our model at the Tokara Strait. 相似文献
14.
在资源危机愈演愈烈的时代背景下,积极开发利用可再生能源将会对缓解能源危机、环境危机做出有益贡献,同时也必将成为“21世纪海上丝绸之路”建设的新亮点。利用来自欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的ERA-Interim风场资料,本文制作了全球海域风能资源的年等级区划、季节等级区划。结果表明:从多年平均状态来看,全球海上风能资源的潜力巨大,南北半球西风带海域的风能等级为7级(最优等级);中低纬大部分海域也比较乐观,多在4级以上;北冰洋的风能资源为4级,比传统估值乐观。北半球西风带7级风能资源的范围具有较大的季节性差异:1月最广,4月和10月次之,7月最小;南半球西风带的季节性差异则相对较小:7月相对最大,其余月份略小于7月。7月,阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾的风能资源都属于7级,明显比其余代表月丰富。4月和10月,北印度洋的风能资源整体贫乏,大部分区域为1级(最贫乏)。 相似文献
15.
16.
Phosphorus dynamics in Tokyo Bay waters were investigated along with other oceanographic variables. Seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) are inversely correlated with each other, and reflect variation in biological activity. A high concentration of PP in summer surface waters is caused by high primary production. The PP settled in the deeper layer is decomposed, and orthophosphate is regenerated within the water column and in sediments. Even during summer stratification period, the regenerated orthophosphate is occasionally advected upward by wind-induced water mixing and contributes to phytoplankton growth in the upper layer. Some dissolved organic phosphorus is producedin situ from PP, but it may be rapidly decomposed in the water column. The ratios of Cchlorophylla and CN in particulate matter suggest that phytoplankton in the summer surface waters of Tokyo Bay are limited neither by nitrogen nor by phosphorus. The PN ratio in particulate matter varies substantially but it is positively correlated with the ambient concentration of DIP. Phytoplankton take up and store phosphorus within their cells when ambient DIP exceeds their demand. An abundance of total phosphorus in the summer water column can be attributed to increased discharge of river waters, although enhanced release of orthophosphate from anoxic sediments cannot be discounted. 相似文献
17.
The demersal fish and megafaunal assemblages in the area of Heraklion Bay, Crete, were sampled during four research cruises from September 1994 to September 1995 within the framework of the CINCS project, using a stratified trawl survey at depths ranging from 50 to 1000 m. The sampling at 1000 m depth was the deepest ever made in Greek waters, using a bottom otter trawl. Species density and biomass were found to vary between depths and seasons, with higher values occurring at the shallow stations. Species distribution and communities are also reported. A total of 127 species of osteichthyes, chondrichthyes, crustaceans, and cephalopods were recorded, four of which were found for the first time in Greek waters. Percent similarity index (PSI) was used to assess the differences in the relative abundance of species pairs between depth zones and seasons. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to examine station variability statistically. 相似文献
18.
Analysis is made of wind and wave data, which were obtained during the passage of Typhoon 8013 at an Ocean Data Buoy Station south of Honshu operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency, in order to investigate the wave dependence of sea-surface roughness parameter in the situation where wind waves are dominant with less significant swells. The data fit better the wave-dependent expression of the wind stress,z
0
p/u*=, than to Charnock's formula,gz
0/u*2=, wherez
0 is the roughness length,
p the angular frequency of the spectral peak of wind waves,u* the friction velocity of air,g the acceleration of gravity, and are non-dimensional constants. The results are very similar to those of our previous study using data from an oil producing platform in the Bass Strait, Australia, although the type of observation system and the synoptic situation of the winds and wind waves were totally different. 相似文献
19.
The hydrographic surveys in an area immediately northeast of Taiwan showed that the Kuroshio surface water intruded onto the shelf in the spring and there was a thick mixed layer and weak vertical stratification in the Kuroshio at the time. During the summer season, a strong thermocline was developed in the Kuroshio and the flow shifted offshore from Taiwan in front of the continental shelf break of the East China Sea. A numerical model is used to examine the effect of this seasonal thermocline on the flow pattern of the survey area. We find that the surface strength of the disturbance above the Su-Ao ridge is closely related to the occurrence of the on-shelf intrusion of Kuroshio. The presence of a seasonal thermocline in the Kuroshio can greatly diminish this disturbance in the surface level. 相似文献
20.
北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
低营养级浮游生物生态动力过程对环境变化的响应非常敏感。随着全球气候变化加剧,北冰洋正在经历快速的环境变化。厘清北冰洋低营养级浮游生物季节分布与变化特征是探究北冰洋生态系统对环境快速变化响应的前提,也是评估北极海区固碳能力的重要依据。基于此,本文构建了海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环模型,并对北冰洋叶绿素浓度以及浮游生物结构的时空变化特征进行了模拟,结果表明:(1)北冰洋表层叶绿素浓度的峰值主要出现在5月,且太平洋一侧叶绿素浓度高于大西洋一侧;随着海水层化,表层受营养盐限制的海区呈现次表层叶绿素浓度最大值现象,且由陆架向海盆,次表层叶绿素浓度最大值层逐渐加深;9月,叶绿素浓度高值重回水体上层,太平洋一侧海区表层叶绿素浓度呈现较为明显的次峰值。(2)由于太平洋和大西洋入流营养盐浓度及结构的不同,北冰洋表层浮游生物群落结构存在明显空间差异。太平洋一侧,硅藻和中型浮游动物占优,硅藻在5月和9月出现生物量峰值,微型浮游植物在3月、5月和6月维持相对较高生物量;而大西洋一侧,在早春-春末夏初-夏秋经历了微型浮游植物-硅藻-微型浮游植物的演替,总体而言,微型浮游植物和微型浮游动物占优。此外,两侧海区浮游动物浓度峰值相较浮游植物滞后约半月。 相似文献