环境应力场在确定地震危险区中的作用

从位错模式出发，应用断裂力学的成果，作者在世界上首次导出了体波震级ｍ＿ｂ，环境剪应力值τ＿０（或构造剪应力值，或初始剪应力值，而不是应力降）和地震矩Ｍ＿０之间的依赖关系式。这个公式提供了直接利用震源参数大量计算构造剪应力场量值的可能性。作者认为构造剪应力场是控制地震发生的主要因素，即出现高应力值地震的地区是容易发生强震（Ｍ≥６．０）的地区，是地震危险区。作者计算了１９８７年以来发生在中国境内所有ｍ＿ｂ≥３．８地震的剪应力值，并据此划出了未来三年内我国大陆地区的强震危险区，同时给出了震级范围。１９９２年４月—１９９４年１月３１日，中国大陆地区共发生９次Ｍ＿ｓ≥６．０的地震，其中有８次落在事先划定的危险区内，只有１次在危险区外。     

根据环境应力值预测我国大陆近三年强震危险区的研究

把环境应力增高，作为将要发生强震的前兆。根据陈培善导出的利用地震波资料直接计算环境剪应力τ＿０值的公式，计算了１９８７─１９９１年全国范围内的环境剪应力值，并据此预测了１９９２年以后３年内可能发生６级以上地震的５个强震危险区。实际验证结果是：从１９９２年５月至今，中国境内共发生Ｍ≥６．０的地震７次，６次均落在预先划定的危险区内。根据进一步的研究，计算了１９９２─１９９３年全国环境应力值，结合１９９１年以前的资料，对未来１９９３年１１月─１９９６年３年内可能发生强震的危险区进行了预测，提出了６个值得注意的强震危险区。     

用数字化地震波形资料分析云南及邻区环境剪应力场

利用昆明数字化地震台网记录的数字化地震波形资料．测算了云南及邻区2002年到2004年8月2513个中小地震的剪应力值T0和矩震级值Mw,分析了它们之间的相关关系。研究表明,地震剪应力值与地震大小存在线性依赖关系,地震越大,环境剪应力场越强,强震的发生需要较强的剪应力场环境。小地震在较弱的环境剪应力场状态下也可以发生,随机性较强。在环境剪应力场较强的地方,会发生强震,也会发生数量众多的中小地震。而在环境剪应力场较弱的地方,往往只会发生中小震。统计分析表明,通常,中小地震的T0〈10MPa,将T0≥10MPa的地震视为高剪应力值地震,高剪应力值地震集中分布的区域,或应力等值线大于10MPa的分布区即为高应力值区,高剪应力值分布区是环境剪应力场的异常分布区,它的形成和分布往往与强震的发生有关。据此,对云南省环境剪应力场动态变化及其与地震活动的关系作了分析研究。     

云南地区的环境应力参数及其在地震短临预报中的应用

利用云南区域数字地震台网的数字化记录资料,研究了云南地区1999年1月至2003年11月的环境应力τ0值。结果表明:地面运动峰值速度(r.v)符合M10/2τ0的标度关系,较适合云南地区中小地震的统计规律;用单位破裂长度的环境剪应力即归一化环境剪应力0τc值来描述一定地区应力场强度比用0τ值更好;通过对1999年以来云南及邻区发生的所有5级以上地震进行检验发现,79%的5级以上中强地震震前40天左右出现0τc高值群体异常或单点异常,其中群体异常占异常总数的60%,另外,对未来主震发生的地点具有指示意义的地震占有异常地震的60%。     

山东及附近海域构造环境剪应力场分析

利用山东数字地震台网的地震波形记录,选取2007年以来台网记录清晰的M_L≥2.0数字地震波形资料,计算每次地震的环境剪应力值τ_0和矩震级M_W,并分析其相关关系;结合山东地区地质构造和地震活动性特点,对胶东半岛及北部海域、南黄海北部地区、沂沭带地区、冀鲁豫交界地区应力场分布和时空变化进行细致分析,并探讨其区域特征及与地震活动性的关系。     

滇缅弧-安达曼强震活动带地震应力图像研究

为对云南强震活动趋势分析提供科学依据,基于Haskell二维地震位错模型,建立了用地震矩M0和体波震级mb估算地震震源构造剪应力强度τ0值的关系,并利用此关系,根据美国地质凋查局提供的1977～2005年间东亚滇缅弧-安达曼地震活动带上强震活动的震源机制解、地震矩M0和体波震级mb,对该区的地震应力图像和板缘动力学机制特征进行了深入分析.结果表明:缅甸弧-安达曼板缘地震带的强震活动主要反映了板缘地震活动的特点,其平均剪应力τ0值为8.8 MPa;云南及喜马拉雅山地区的少量强震活动主要反映了板内地震活动的特征,其平均剪应力τ0值为13.5 MPa,板内地震统计得出的平均剪应力值是板缘地震的1.5倍.喜马拉雅山弧形区域主压应力方向(P轴)优势方向为NE向,但青藏高原东南的云南地区则表现出向ES方向的强烈偏转,这可能是由于印度板块与欧亚板块的强烈碰撞挤压以及缅甸弧的弧后扩张相互作用引起的.     

云南三次强震前后环境剪应力场动态变化

采用陈培善等由断裂力学理论研究地震破裂过程的破裂模式,导出的利用地震波资料测算地震震源处相对剪应力值的方法,获得云南及邻区1986～1997年6月中小地震剪应力值0,并追踪分析了云南及中缅边境3次强震前后环境剪应力场的动态变化过程．结果表明,强震发生在环境剪应力场高值分布的区域．强震孕育过程中,潜在震源区及其附近环境剪应力场明显增强,经历了环境剪应力场由低——高——低——高多次反复递进增强过程,为长时间内多次反复出现环境剪应力高值分布的区域．环境剪应力场动态变化图象,反映出云南及邻区出现的强震孕育多源场,在滇西南、滇西北、滇西和滇东同时出现多处环境剪应力场增强区域,3次7级左右强震发生在环境剪应力场增强最显著的区域．      

新疆北天山西段构造应力场分析

利用地表构造形迹、地震震源机制解、现代水系展布的优势方向以及激光全息光弹模拟等综合分析方法,研究了北天山西段(东经82°～86°)地壳构造应力场的基本特征。指出,该区构造应力场的主压应力方向为近南北向。通过激光全息光弹实验获得模型的等差线及等和线条纹图,从而求解各点的主张应力σ_1主压应力σ_2和最大剪应力τ_max的相对值并绘制相应的等值线图,结果发现:实验区σ_1值普遍偏低,σ_2值明显偏大,说明本区处于整体受压状态。τ_max值的分布较均匀,仅在一些断裂的交汇部位和端点剪应力值较高。分析结果认为:萨尔萨拉西南、独山子——安集海断裂西端、乌苏林场西南、阿尔夏特一带、婆罗科努达坂东南都是围压很高的剪应力集中区。这些地区易积累大量的应变能而产生突发式剪切破裂和粘滑引起强烈地震,是在地震预报中值得注意的地震危险地段。     

山东及附近海域构造环境剪应力场分析

利用山东数字地震台网的地震波形记录,选取2007年以来台网记录清晰的ML≥2．0数字地震波形资料,计算每次地震的环境剪应力值τ0和矩震级MW,并分析其相关关系;结合山东地区地质构造和地震活动性特点,对胶东半岛及北部海域、南黄海北部地区、沂沭带地区、冀鲁豫交界地区应力场分布和时空变化进行细致分析,并探讨其区域特征及与地震活动性的关系。     

2017年九寨沟7.0级地震前应力状态及b值异常特征研究

2017年8月8日青藏高原东缘四川九寨沟地区发生7.0级强震,依据前人研究结果分析九寨沟7.0级地震发震构造,并计算震前应力状态。结果显示:本次地震受到构造和历史强震的影响,是发生在历史强震引起的应力加载区域。另外,采用中国地震台网1990年以来的地震目录,在评估目录完整性的基础上,利用最大似然法计算得到2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震前震源区及邻区地震b值空间图像。结果显示,九寨沟7.0级地震发生在四川北部地区显著低b值高应力异常区域内部(0.82b0.75)。所以,研究区域内外历史强震可能促进了九寨沟7.0级地震的发生。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.