遍在景观的特点、类型及成景方式——基于中国“八景”景观

旅游业是中国经济高质量发展的重要行业,旅游资源是旅游业发展的基础,深入挖掘“文化”主题的旅游资源是重要课题。本文基于人地关系地域系统、尺度与尺度转化等地理学理论,使用19478个“八景”景观数据资料,运用归类分析等多种研究方法,从旅游景观组成结构与旅游资源的空间分布特性视角,提出了“遍在景观”概念,并探究了旅游景观结构的新模式。主要结论如下：① “遍在景观”概念体系。本研究界定了“遍在景素”内涵与属性,构建了“景素-遍在景素-遍在景观”概念体系与“景观指数、最丰指数假设”的分析指标,从而在理论体系上有所创新。② 遍在景观形成机制与途径。要素之间的相互作用是遍在景观形成的动力来源,要素的区域性是遍在景观价值形成的缘由,要素的整体性是遍在景观形成的基础,尺度转化是遍在景观演变的条件。遍在景观以“借景、择时、选位”三种主要途径组景。③ 遍在景观结构模型与特点。本研究构建并论证了遍在景观“二要素、三要素、四要素”结构模型,推导出了对应的景观指数增量模型,归纳了遍在景观具有近零费用、稀缺性、时间性和人为创造性4个特点。④ 遍在景观组成比例和开发程度。“八景”景观随机抽样和山西省案例研究表明,中国“八景”景观大部分包含遍在景素,自然遍在景素与自然局地景观组成比例最高,为56.28%。遍在景观结构以三要素为主,其中,以择时为主,选位次之。目前国内遍在景观开发利用程度很低,景观指数低于理论值。本研究结论为拓展旅游资源范围提供了一种新视角,为旅游业高质量发展提供了一种新思路,实践意义也很重大。     

Progress in Norwegian cultural landscape studies

Initially, seven usages of the term cultural landscape in Norwegian academic literature are discussed: as an areal category, as a chronological stage of development, as the human components of any landscape, as countryside, as heritage, as scenery with esthetical qualities, and as elements in the landscape with meaning for human activity. The development of cultural landscape studies in different disciplines is then examined as a response to varying assessments of relevance for problems of society. Finally, the geographer's contribution to Norwegian cultural landscape studies is assessed.     

The use of fuzzy sets in the evaluation of the environment of coastal waters

This paper advocates the use of GIS for the evaluation of the vulnerability of coastal waters and presents a method for mapping their vulnerability to algal blooms. The method incorporates probability mapping of parameters used to describe coastal waters and fuzzy sets. To allow the modelling of processes where some components cannot substitute for other components the 'no trade off' convex combination formula is proposed. The maps of vulnerability for the Gulf of Gdansk, which were created using this method, may be used to find out which rivers and water discharges play a dominant role in eutrophication.     

Error propagation in a fuzzy logic multi-criteria evaluation for petroleum exploration

This article applies error propagation in a Monte Carlo simulation for a spatial-based fuzzy logic multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) in order to investigate the output uncertainty created by the input data sets and model structure. Six scenarios for quantifying uncertainty are reviewed. Three scenarios are progressively more complex in defining observational data (attribute uncertainty); while three other scenarios include uncertainty in observational data (position of boundaries between map units), weighting of evidence (fuzzy membership assignment), and evaluating changes in the MCE model (fuzzy logic operators). A case study of petroleum exploration in northern South America is used. Despite the resources and time required, the best estimate of input uncertainty is that based on expert-defined values. Uncertainties for fuzzy membership assignment and boundary transition zones do not affect the results as much as the attribute assignment uncertainty. The MCE fuzzy logic operator uncertainty affects the results the most. Confidence levels of 95% and 60% are evaluated with threshold values of 0.7 and 0.5 and show that accepting more uncertainty in the results increases the total area available for decision-making. Threshold values and confidence levels should be predetermined, although a series of combinations may yield the best decision-making support.     

Fuzzy ontology-based foreshore identification from digital terrain models and very high-resolution airborne imagery through GEOBIA multi-scale analysis

ABSTRACT

Coastal mapping provides information for coastal zone protection. Land foreshore-border mapping is important, since it is related to land and property management, raising the need for an automated foreshore delineation framework. This research develops a multi-scale GEographic Object-Based Image Analysis method for foreshore identification from single-date very high-resolution imagery and DTM. Foreshore interpretation criteria were provided by the Greek Cadastral Office; however, they defined the foreshore-borders in an ill-defined manner. Thus, an ontology was designed and implemented to formalize the implicit spectral, geometric, and spatial relationships described in the interpretation criteria, and employ them during identification. The final ontology was delivered after three design phases: specification, conceptualization, and knowledge formalization. Imagery preprocessing through anisotropic morphological levelings reduced undesired spatial detail and noise. A three-level segmentation and ontological classification approach was developed to compute proper objects and assign them into semantic categories. Class definitions were created through fuzzy restrictions, representing value ranges of the employed properties. Evaluation of the extracted foreshore area with human-interpreted reference data showed a 77.9% quality, which was satisfactory. Evaluation by comparing the extracted foreshore border to the reference data showed an average deviation of 2.4 m, which is within Greek Cadastral Office specifications.     

ACCELERATED EROSION ON THE NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL PLAIN

The Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States has long been considered to have negligible soil erosion owing to low relief and permeable soils. Several recent studies point to a need for reassessment. Post-settlement erosion on the North Carolina Coastal Plain was estimated at the regional scale based on soil-profile truncation of a representative upland soil (Norfolk series). Apparent post-settlement soil-profile truncation ranges from 2.5 to 30 cm (mean 14.5 cm), implying a minimum regional average rate of 0.55 mm/yr since the region was settled in the 1700s. This amounts to a conservative estimated average rate of 9.3 t/ha/yr, a rate of the same general magnitude as estimated erosion rates in the North Carolina Piedmont, long recognized as a problem erosion area. Results imply accelerated water erosion despite the low slopes and permeable soils, and suggest the possibility of significant eolian erosion in the region. This rapid erosion in an area noted for its geological stability is a testament to the importance of vegetation cover and human agency in landscape evolution in the Coastal Plain. [Key words: accelerated erosion, soil profile, geomorphology, coastal plain, North Carolina.]     

主题型文化旅游地属性对旅游者场所依恋的驱动效应——以常州春秋淹城为例

基于人地关系视角,选取常州春秋淹城作为主题型文化旅游地典型个案,构建旅游地属性对旅游者场所依恋的结构模型并开展实证研究。结果显示:春秋淹城主题型文化旅游地属性包含4 个维度,游客对其感知存在"休闲娱乐属性→春秋文化属性→景观遗址属性→人文关怀属性"依次递减的分异特征;旅游地4 维属性对旅游者场所依恋的驱动效应存在显著性差异,休闲娱乐属性和春秋文化属性的正向驱动力显著,景观遗址属性和人文关怀属性的驱动力较弱;总体而言,旅游地属性对旅游者场所依恋的驱动效应呈现"旅游地属性的价值功能凸显→旅游者感知体验‘优势区’→旅游者场所依恋的驱动效应显著"和"旅游地属性的价值功能滞后→旅游者感知体验‘弱势区’→旅游者场所依恋的驱动效应弱化"的分异规律,旅游地整体属性对旅游者场所依恋的驱动效应有待进一步提升和优化。     

Elements and Element Components of the Rural Landscape in Linpan of Western Sichuan in Relation to Perception,Preference and Stress Recovery

Natural environments contribute to people’s perception, preference and health restoration. Many researchers have focused either on the positive effects of overall rural environments on stress recovery or concentrated on the perception and preference aspects of the rural landscape, but few have integrated perception, preference and stress recovery simultaneously. This paper developed a framework which includes 11 elements and 38 element components related to Linpan, China, and distributed it online as part of a survey. As a result, a total of 324 valid questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire included demographic details, perception and preference degree for Linpan, as well as self-estimations of stress recovery. Stepwise multiple linear regression was employed, and revealed 16 significant predictors for the perception, preference and stress recovery in rural environments. In terms of elements, atmosphere and imagery were the two elements that could be best perceived, while woodland, farmland, water, residence and road were the five most important elements for the preference. Moreover, seven elements were also identified as significant predictors for stress recovery. Among the element components, tranquility as well as road and water proximity were the two significant predictors for perception, while wide visibility as well as woodland and residence blending contributed significantly to stress recovery. The five element components of woodland interior, vegetable field, stream, courtyard space and branch road each had a significantly predictive ability for preference and stress recovery. These findings extend the understanding of the perception, preference and restorative properties of rural environments through the combination of elements and element components in Linpan of Western Sichuan, helping to improve the quality and characteristics of rural external and internal environments and create health-promoting environments.     

山水风景旅游资源开发利用研究

风景是旅游资源的精华和主体，山水风景作为风景的主体，在旅游开发中既是主要的观赏客体，又起到风景总特征基本骨架作用。山水风景旅游资源开发潜力很大，以山水风景观察游鉴为主要目的旅游仍然是当前和今后旅游活动的基本形式。     

Spatio-temporal differentiation of landscape ecological niche in western ecological frangible region: A case study of Yan’an region in northwestern China

In this study, we attempt to put forward a conception of landscape ecological niche, enlightened by international scholars on extending the ecological niche theory from spatial niche to functional niche. That is helpful for comprehensively appraising landscape spatial patterns and ecological functions, also, presents a new method for analyzing landscape fea-tures from multidimensional aspects. The practice process is demonstrated by taking Yan’an region in northwestern China as a case. Firstly, the indices system including spatial attribute and functional attribute is established for assessing landscape ecological niche. Additionally, two-dimensional figures are drawn for comparing the spatio-temporal features of landscape ecological niche in 1987 and 2000 among the 13 administrative counties. The results show that from 1987 to 2000, towards Yan’an region, spatial attribute value of landscape ecological niche changes from 1.000 to 1.178 with an obvious increment, and functional attribute value changes from 0.989 to 1.069 with a little increment, both of which enhance the regional landscape ecological niche. Towards each county, spatial attribute value of landscape eco-logical niche increases to different extent while functional attribute value changes dissimilarly with an increment or a decrement.     

辽宁省滨海湿地景观格局变化研究

辽宁省沿海岸线分布有丰富的滨海湿地资源,在区域经济发展中发挥着重要作用。基于1990年和2000年的Landsat ETM影像获取了辽宁省滨海湿地斑块图形数据,选用生态意义较明确的景观特征指数,对辽宁省滨海湿地的景观格局变化进行了研究。结果表明,1990年至2000年间,辽宁省滨海湿地总面积呈萎缩状态,由1990年的17620.04 km2减至2000年的17331.72 km2,减少幅度为1.6%;湿地斑块数量亦在减少,由1990年的2 021块减少至2000年的1770块;湿地景观多样性指数和均匀度指数则呈下降趋势,分别由1990年的1.425和0.594下降至2000年的1.409和0.588。     

Boundary-based analysis for the assessment of coastal dune landscape integrity over time

Coastal dunes are transitional systems which offer manifold ecosystem services, including material and intangible benefits, whose relevance for human society has been little investigated to date. In order to plan a sustainable use of these threatened ecosystems, proper indicators to quantify ecological services and functions over time should be provided. Since the functionality of coastal dunes is affected by the specific contiguity among different dune habitat patches, in this paper we propose the use of landscape integrity, expressed by the number and length of boundary types among the aforementioned habitats, as an ecosystem functionality indicator. In particular, we aim at properly expressing the trend of coastal dune mosaic integrity in two Italian LTER sites over the last sixty years by applying a generalized diversity function on the number and length of boundary types. Such functions, unlike a traditional diversity index, allow a complete summarization of landscape diversity and structure. The proposed method has proved to be effective in the considered context, because it has adequately underlined the different landscape integrity trend recorded in the two sites. In particular, generalized diversity functions showed to efficiently express both rough and moderate anthropogenic transformations, which affected spatial heterogeneity and functionality of the considered coastal dune mosaic. Further applications at different scales and across different ecosystems are encouraged.     

基于滨海环境资源特点的大连旅游承载状态评价

旅游环境承载力涉及多维度属性相互制约影响,而传统方法中对于各属性间影响程度及游客偏好选择的判定则较多依赖于个体的主观感知。因此,针对处理多属性综合评价中存在的模糊性及主观性,提出基于蒙特卡罗模拟修正的模糊综合评价模型。结果表明,借助上述模糊综合评价修正模型针对大连滨海旅游环境承载力进行解释与分析,成功缓解了在模型度量与数据分析环节所出现的主观偏误缺陷,从而有效提升了大连市滨海旅游景区有关阈值综合评价体系的科学性与稳健性。评价结果表明,当前大连市滨海旅游环境承载力状态可以判定为“适载”;在影响滨海旅游环境承载力的6项要素中,游憩环境要素与气候要素的评价分数较高,最低评分数值指标为景区游客管理状态。     

Crossing natural and data set boundaries: coastal terrain modelling in the South-West Finnish Archipelago

Geographical information systems (GIS) are important tools in coastal research and management. Coastal GIS applications involve special challenges, because the coastal environment is a complex transitional system between the terrestrial and marine realms. Also acquisition methods and responsibilities for spatial data (and thus their properties) change at the shoreline. This article explores the consequences of this land-sea divide for coastal terrain modelling. We study how methods designed for terrestrial environments can be used to create integrated raster coastal terrain models (CTMs) from coarse elevation and depth data. We focus on shore slopes, because many particularities of coastal terrain and the data which describe it as well as the resulting problems are concentrated in the shore zone. Based on shorelines, terrestrial contours, depth contours and depth points, we used the ANUDEM algorithm to interpolate CTMs at different spatial resolutions, with and without drainage enforcement, for two test areas in a highly complex archipelago coast. Slope aspect and gradient rasters were derived from the CTMs using Horn's algorithm. Values were assigned from the slope rasters to thousands of points along the test areas' shorelines in different ways. Shore slope gradients and aspects were also calculated directly from the shorelines and contours. These modelled data were compared to each other and to field-measured shore profiles using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. As far as the coarse source data permitted, the interpolation and slope calculations delivered good results at fine spatial resolutions. Vector-based slope calculations were very sensitive to quality problems of the source data. Fine-resolution raster data were consequently found most suitable for describing shore slopes from coarse coastal terrain data. Terrestrial and marine parts of the CTMs were subject to different errors, and modelling methods and parameters had different consequences there. Thus, methods designed for terrestrial applications can be successfully used for coastal terrain modelling, but the choice of methods and parameters and the interpretation of modelling results require special attention to the differences of terrestrial and marine topography and data.     

Spatio-temporal differentiation of landscape ecological niche in western ecological frangible region： A case study of Yan＇an region in northwestern China

In this study, we attempt to put forward a conception of landscape ecological niche, enlightened by international scholars on extending the ecological niche theory from spatial niche to functional niche. That is helpful for comprehensively appraising landscape spatial patterns and ecological functions, also, presents a new method for analyzing landscape features from multidimensional aspects. The practice process is demonstrated by taking Yan＇an region in northwestern China as a case. Firstly, the indices system including spatial attribute and functional attribute is established for assessing landscape ecological niche. Additionally, two-dimensional figures are drawn for comparing the spatio-temporal features of landscape ecological niche in 1987 and 2000 among the 13 administrative counties. The results show that from 1987 to 2000, towards Yan＇an region, spatial attribute value of landscape ecological niche changes from 1.000 to 1.178 with an obvious increment, and functional attribute value changes from 0.989 to 1.069 with a little increment, both of which enhance the regional landscape ecological niche. Towards each county, spatial attribute value of landscape ecological niche increases to different extent while functional attribute value changes dissimilarly with an increment or a decrement.     

近20年来沿海地区风暴潮灾害脆弱性评价

采用1990~2009年风暴潮灾害损失数据,选择中国东部沿海地区11个省市为研究对象,借鉴沿海脆弱性指数(Coastal Vulnerability Index,CVI)方法的评估思路,构建风暴潮灾害脆弱性指数SSVI(Storm Surge Vulnerability Index,SSVI),采用加法模型评价中国沿海省区风暴潮灾害的物理脆弱性。结果表明:沿海地区风暴潮脆弱性存在较大年际变化;高和很高脆弱性等级主要分布于东南沿海各省区,低和很低脆弱性等级主要分别于北部沿海各省区,而中等脆弱性等级空间分布则变化较大。     

小兴安岭风景道旅游景观评价

在黑龙江省伊春市进行国内第一条驾车旅游观光风景道规划设计过程中，从旅游者体验风景道品质的特定要求出发，建立一种简单易行，科学经济的旅游景观评价方法，即称之为“等距离专家组目视评测法”（EDVAET），在实地观测评价基础上，建立由地形，视觉质量，视域，景观被及沿途典型景观照片构成的景观数据库，并分别对景观被分类分段评价，视质评价，视域评价进行分析，不仅提供了一种线性旅游景观评价的适用技术，也为风景道规划设计提供了科学依据。     

基于模糊综合评价模型的天津滨海新区湿地生态系统健康评价

以环渤海地区的天津滨海新区湿地为例,运用模糊综合评价模型对湿地生态系统的健康进行了诊断评价。首先从湿地生态特征、整体功能特征和社会经济3方面选取26个评价指标,构建了天津滨海新区湿地生态系统健康的评价体系。评价等级分为很健康、健康、一般、一般病态、疾病5级,运用定量与定性相结合的方法界定等级。运用模糊综合评价模型对天津滨海新区湿地生态系统健康进行诊断,评价综合得分为0.48,健康水平处于疾病状态,主要表现在水质污染严重和水源保证水平低、景观破碎化、功能退化3个方面。     

论国土资源与旅游业发展

以风景名胜为代表的旅游资源是特殊的国土资源 ,它只占国土资源总量的极小部分而弥足珍贵。现时这些资源面临着不合理的“旅游开发”和“利用” ,以致不少地方名胜破坏 ,风景失色。笔者认为有必要搞清国土资源与旅游发展的关系 ,即 :风景名胜开发与旅游业发展是相关而性质不同的两回事 ,有些地区旅游业对国土资源的无序开发利用必须制止 ,旅游业自身的出路在于坚持可持续发展战略目标。     

广东海康县旅游资源的开发利用

本文介绍海康县的自然地理条件和丰富的旅游资源，指出其发展旅游业的有利条件，论述了搞好海康县旅游资源开发利用应采取的原则与措施。