华北陆块、秦岭地块和扬子陆块构造演化的古地磁证据

通过对河北井陉和湖北宜昌、兴山的39个采样点、392个样品进行的古地磁测试,以及7个采样点、71个样品中的原生剩磁以及笔者前期研究结果,系统分析了三大块体的古地磁极位置、古地磁偏角以及古纬度自寒武纪以来的变化特征,并进行了古地理复原。研究表明,三块体为不同地质构造单元,寒武纪时,华北陆块、秦岭地块以及扬子陆块自北到南顺序排列于北纬2.9°、南纬5.5°以及南纬17.0°。秦岭地块北侧和南侧分别存在一古洋盆,此时华北陆块和扬子陆块相距约1400Km左右;三块体向北漂移的过程中伴随着旋转运动;三块体开始拼合的时间为晚二叠纪至早三叠纪之间,华北陆块和秦岭地块完全拼合的时间为早三叠纪至中三叠纪之间,三块体完全拼合的时间为中三叠纪至晚白垩纪之间;晚白垩纪以后,一体化的三块体继续向北漂移,并于第四纪到达现今地理位置。     

秦岭—桐柏—大别造山带深部构造及其与南北两侧陆块关系之探讨

秦岭－桐柏－大别,向西乃至昆仑山、祁连山绵延1000多千米,属统一的而又包含多期不同动力学机制与成因的多种构造叠加组合。通过对数条重力,航磁、地震测深、磁大地电流剖面等资料解释,认为华北陆块,秦岭（包括桐柏－大别）,扬子陆块之地壳均为上,中,下三层结构,华北陆块下部以高角度向南向秦岭俯冲,上部则向秦岭仰冲,扬子陆块总体向北向秦岭低角度俯冲,扬子陆块多呈楔形镶入秦岭地壳中部,使秦岭带南侧呈向南开口的“锷鱼咀”式构造特点,上、下部为秦岭上,下地壳,而中部则为扬子陆块物质成份。秦岭分北秦岭,中秦岭、南秦岭。北秦岭为一复杂构造带,形成向北反转的叠瓦状逆冲推覆构造。南秦岭自北向南产生低角度叠瓦状逆冲断裂。近南北向通渭－武都、南阳－襄樊两条深断裂带将秦岭分成了西秦岭、东秦岭、桐柏山－大别山三段。     

华北和扬子陆块及秦岭-大别造山带地表和深部太古宙基底的新信息

本文根据华北和扬子陆块及秦岭-大别造山带地表和深部出露的各种岩石中发现的继承性锆石的测年数据,报道了太古宙基底和岩浆事件的新信息,并简要地论述其地质意义。华北陆块东北缘、东南缘、北缘、西北缘共6个地区的深部都存在新太古代和中、古太古代岩浆事件的新信息;南缘深部也存在古太古代岩浆事件的新信息。在华北陆块早前寒武纪同位素年龄直方图(以太古宙岩浆事件为主)上,最高峰值位于2.45-2.6 Ga区间,而以2.5-2.55 Ga最为突出,显示该区间岩浆事件最为强烈,可能代表一次重要的碰撞事件。此外还见有2.7 Ga,2.8 -2.85 Ga,2.95-3.0 Ga,3.1-3.15 Ga,3.3-3.4 Ga,3.45-3.5 Ga,3.6 Ga和3.8 Ga等较高峰值,反映了岩浆事件不同活动阶段的演化趋势。扬子陆块北缘地表和深部有与华北陆块相似的太古宙古老基底信息。扬子陆块中部的长江中下游地区、东南缘相当于江南古陆的地区以及扬子陆块西南缘地区在地壳深部均保留有新太古代和/或古太古代岩浆锆石的年龄信息。秦岭-大别造山带从东到西,多处(主要是深部)也发现有新-中太古代残余岩浆锆石的年龄信息。     

华北陆块冈瓦纳大陆亲缘性的古地磁证据

通过对不同大陆寒武纪－奥陶纪磁性地层对比研究,确定了华北陆块早古生代位于南半球低纬度地区。世界各大陆块早古生代视极移曲线的相似性表明这一时期发生较快的真极移。将不同陆块的视极移曲线绕不同的欧拉极旋转,使之基本一致,便可重建寒武纪和奥陶纪世界各陆块的古位置。     

北秦岭构造属性与元古代构造演化

秦岭前寒武纪地质、地球化学和年代学证据表明,北秦岭具有明显高的初始εNd(t)值和Pb同位素比值特征,区别于明显低初始εNd(t)值和Pb同位素比值特征的华北陆块和扬子块体群.北秦岭与南秦岭具有明显不同的前寒武纪构造与演化特征.北秦岭是2 000 Ma左右形成于华北陆块南侧洋岛基础上的独立陆块,经历2 200~1 800 Ma和1 400~900 Ma分别以垂向加积增生和侧向加积增生为主要机制的地壳生长.北秦岭在早元古代洋盆演化基础上,首次于1 600 Ma左右拼接于华北陆块南缘,1 300~1 000 Ma发生扩张裂解,出现宽坪裂谷-洋盆构造环境,100 Ma左右再次拼贴于华北陆块南缘.同时,北秦岭南侧可能发生与南秦岭陆块群中的陡岭微陆块的拼接.     

华北与扬子陆块的碰撞时代及过程

秦岭—大别山造山带是我国东部华北陆块与扬子陆块相互碰撞形成的。它作为我国东部天然地质界线历来受到国内外学者重视。尤其近年来在大别山及其东延部分(苏—鲁地体)发现了柯石英和金刚石,使它成为世界上最大的超高压变质带并引起广泛注意和兴趣。确定这两大陆块的碰撞时代及过程是认识秦岭—大别山造山带形成演化机制及中国东部大陆形成演化历史的关键。然而正是在这一关键问题上地质学界存在着明显的认识分歧。国家自然科学基金资助项目“华北与扬子陆块的碰撞时代”(编号:4870188)及“秦岭造山带多期蛇绿岩识别”(编号:49070165)正是试图通过对与碰撞造山运动有关的高压变质岩(榴辉岩、蓝片岩)及蛇绿岩的同位素年代学和地球化学研究以求为解决这一重要地学基础研究课题做出贡献。经过近六年的工作,在认识华北与扬子两大陆块碰撞时代和过程以及合柯石英榴辉岩的成因方面取得了重要进展。     

地层证据--对大别造山带汇聚历史的制约

大别造山带的汇聚演化历史一直存在不同的认识,来自扬子陆块和华北陆块显生宙以来的地层记录以及北淮阳地区的地层记录可能为两个陆块的汇聚模式提供制约。通过对扬子陆块与华北陆块显生宙以来岩相古地理进行比较,其中3个阶段相似, 2个阶段差别很大。以浊积岩发育作为俯冲阶段的标志,磨拉石建造出现作为闭合的标志,显生宙以来,大别造山带曾经历了两次俯冲和两次汇聚,俯冲时间分别是晚奥陶世—早志留世和早三叠世,汇聚的时间分别为中 晚泥盆世和中三叠世,早期的汇聚具有软碰撞特征,以上认知得到了北淮阳地区地层、古生物和沉积记录的支持,同时也与大别山造山带榴辉岩的同位素年龄数据基本吻合。高压 超高压变质岩在晚三叠世处于快速折返阶段,早侏罗世以前到达地表,其平均折返隆升速率为39～66mm/a。     

秦岭—巴山地区区域地质构造历史和特征

秦岭→巴山地区的地质构造是中国地质构造的一个缩影。本文论述了该区的区域地质构造发展史、特征、分区和形成机制,将区域陆壳的形成发展史划分为古陆块形成期、陆缘增生期、华北陆块与扬子陆块联合期和南北联合大陆期。并将区域划分为华北、扬子和华北—扬子陆间三个构造区。指出,华北—扬子陆间构造区是华北与扬子构造区的交接过渡带;前三叠纪华北、扬子构造区是分別形成的南北两个古陆块及其陆缘地槽褶皱带,二者在地质构造史和构造特征方面均明显不同;陆缘地槽褶皱带以东窄西宽为特征,晚古生代和三叠纪自东向西有较明显的构造迁移,早古生代以来古生态气候区带逐渐北移,古生态气候区带与现代纬线的交角逐渐变小;区域构造的形成主要与华北、扬子陆块向北位移的速度差和相对旋转运动的速度和有关。     

秦岭—巴山地区区域地质构造历史和特征

秦岭-巴山地区的地质构造是中国地质构造的一个缩影.本文论述了该区的区域地质构造发展史、特征、分区和形成机制,将区域陆壳的形成发展史划分为古陆块形成期、陆缘增生期、华北陆块与扬子陆块联合期和南北联合大陆期.并将区域划分为华北、扬子和华北-扬子陆间三个构造区.指出,华北-扬子陆间构造区是华北与扬子构造区的交接过渡带;前三叠纪华北、扬子构造区是分别形成的南北两个古陆块及其陆缘地槽褶皱带,二者在地质构造史和构造特征方面均明显不同,陆缘地槽褶皱带以东窄西宽为特征,晚古生代和三叠纪自东向西有较明显的构造迁移,早古生代以来古生态气候区带逐渐北移,古生态气候区带与现代纬线的交角逐渐变小;区域构造的形成主要与华北、扬子陆块向北位移的速度差和相对旋转运动的速度和有关.     

南秦岭东河群碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其板块构造意义

南秦岭微陆块是秦岭造山带的重要构造单元,其早白垩世沉积物是研究物源区及南秦岭微陆块构造演化的理想对象.南秦岭微陆块南缘观音坝盆地早白垩世砂砾岩中的碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄给出了5个年龄峰,范围分别是2600～2300Ma、2050～1800Ma、1200～750Ma、650～400Ma和350～200Ma,对应于Kenor、Columbia、Rodinia、Gondwana和Pangaea等5次超大陆事件.碎屑锆石源区复杂,但主要源自华北克拉通和北秦岭增生带,表明晚古生代南秦岭微陆块是秦岭-华北联合大陆板块的一部分,而非独立的微陆块.最年轻的锆石年龄峰给出了勉略洋向秦岭-华北大陆俯冲的时限,即350～ 200Ma;扬子与秦岭-华北联合大陆板块的碰撞造山作用始于三叠纪-侏罗纪之交,强烈的挤压造山作用发生在侏罗纪,而非三叠纪或更早.     

河南南召盆地上三叠统碎屑岩地球化学特征及物源示踪

三叠纪是秦岭造山带全面碰撞造山的关键时期,随着扬子、秦岭和华北板块分别沿勉略、商丹缝合带的汇聚拼合, 秦岭造山带逐渐形成并从板块构造体制向陆内造山体制转化,同时强烈的造山作用控制着周缘盆地的形成与演化。文章通 过研究区的碎屑岩元素地球化学分析,对河南南召盆地上三叠统的物源区及构造背景特征进行探讨。结果表明,上三叠统 源岩成分主要为上地壳长英质火山岩;源岩经历了中等的化学风化强度,校正后CIA值指示其形成于温暖潮湿的气候和相 对较强的构造活动环境;太山庙组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧与活动大陆边缘,太子山组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧 与被动大陆边缘。根据南召盆地近源沉积特征和秦岭造山带构造演化过程推断,秦岭造山带和华北南缘是南召盆地晚三叠 世的重要物源区,前期太山庙组物源主要由北秦岭隆升基底提供,后期太子山组物源可能来自南秦岭、北秦岭和华北南缘 沉积再循环。南召盆地上三叠统物源区的转变是晚三叠世秦岭造山带逆冲推覆作用逐渐增强的体现,对研究恢复秦岭构造 带造山隆升过程和周缘盆地盆山系统演化具有重要的意义。     

Tectonic evolution of the western Ordos Basin during the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic time as constrained by detrital zircon ages

ABSTRACT

The Ordos Basin has experienced a complicated tectonic evolution since the Palaeozoic. Its multi-stage evolution was closely related to the tectonic events that occurred along plate boundaries. The detrital zircon ages and crystallization age (CA)-deposition age (DA)/cumulative proportion curves obtained from Palaeozoic-Mesozoic strata from different tectonic units in and around the western Ordos Basin demonstrate that during the early Palaeozoic, the so-called Helan Aulacogen did not develop along the western Ordos Basin, the Alxa Block was an independent unit from the North China Craton, and the southern Ordos Basin was a foreland basin of the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. During the early Palaeozoic, the western Ordos Basin and its vicinity belonged to three different tectonic units (i.e. the North China Craton, the Alxa Block, and the North Qilian Orogenic Belt). At the end of the early Palaeozoic, the Alxa Block amalgamated with the Ordos Basin. From the Silurian to the Middle Devonian, the southern Alxa Block was a foreland basin of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt and underwent regional extension during the Late Devonian. During the late Palaeozoic, the western Ordos Basin and its vicinities were located in a back-arc extensional setting of the western Qinling Orogenic Belt. The southern part of the western Ordos Basin may have been a retro-arc foreland basin of the western Qinling Orogenic Belt during the Late Triassic, and the northern part of the western Ordos Basin experienced large-scale left-lateral strike-slip at the same time. The CA-DA/cumulative proportion curves can adequately explain the evolution of the western Ordos Basin during the Palaeozoic; however, the settings indicated by the CA-DA/cumulative proportion curves in intraplate evolutions are different from those proposed in other studies, which may be due to the number and distribution of samples and rapid lateral changes in sedimentary facies.     

长江中下游燕山期逆冲推覆构造及成因机制

长江中下游地区为我国著名铜、铁多金属成矿带之一.本文根据长江中下游及邻近地区构造等特征,将该区构造单元自北向南划分为华北地块、大别造山带、长江中下游前陆构造带、扬子地块、华夏地块;并进一步将长江中下游前陆构造带细分为保康-武汉-宿松-巢湖褶冲带、长江中下游中生代坳陷带、通山-瑞昌-石台-宁国褶冲带三个次级构造带.在燕山早期,长江以北的保康-武汉-宿松-巢湖褶冲带逆冲构造极性指向SE,而长江以南的通山-瑞昌-石台-宁国褶冲带逆冲构造极性指向NW.长江以南褶皱样式在岳阳-通山-瑞昌一线以南由隔挡式变为隔槽式,叠瓦式逆冲断裂更发育.在九岭-幕阜山隆起及南部的白垩纪红色盆地基底中逆冲断裂多为高角度,褶皱多为隔槽式,元古宇的浅变质岩卷入逆冲作用,为典型的厚皮构造.长江以北的紧闭同斜褶皱主体形成在印支期,随后被早燕山期的逆冲推覆作用改造.结合野外地质调查,通过对已有跨长江中下游地区的深地震剖面重新解释,发现以长江为界,长江中下游地区北侧深部、浅部构造处于耦合状态;而南侧深部、浅部构造已经脱藕,形成上下地壳的“鱼骨刺”结构,深部构造可能是是印支期扬子地块向华北地块下俯冲的残余结构.长江中下游地区浅部从北向南的逆冲作用应该与大别造山带超高压变质岩挤出有关,而从东南向北西的逆冲推覆作用可能同中侏罗世古太平洋板块向亚洲大陆俯冲有关.     

东秦岭镇平县南湾组碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及地质意义

东秦岭位于秦岭造山带与大别造山带的结合部位,其构造演化对于了解华北陆块与扬子陆块的碰撞拼合起着至关重要的作用;而南湾组是了解东秦岭构造过程的一个重要窗口,目前却少有关于其区域物质组成差异的研究.对东秦岭镇平县望火楼一带南湾组碎屑锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究.结果表明,锆石年龄峰值主要集中于2 757~2 500 Ma、2 500~2 400 Ma、2 150~1 800 Ma、1 800~1 700 Ma、1 520~1 165 Ma、1 100~1 000 Ma、1 000~880 Ma、840~630 Ma、550~471 Ma,原岩物质主要来源于华北陆块、北秦岭构造带和南秦岭构造带.对比镇平县南湾组、秦岭地区刘岭群、信阳地区南湾组及大别山造山带北侧佛子岭群的年龄峰值及物质组成,结果显示均存在一定的差异.因此,四者是否具有真正意义上的可对比性需要进一步研究.      

Mesozoic intracontinental orogeny in the Qinling Mountains,central China

The Qinling Orogenic belt has been well documented that it was formed by multiple steps of convergence and subsequent collision between the North China and South China Blocks during Paleozoic and Late Triassic times. Following the collision in Late Triassic times, the whole range evolved into an intracontinental tectonic process. The geological, geophysical and geochronological data suggest that the intracontinental tectonic evolutionary history of the Qinling Orogenic Belt allow deduce three stages including strike-slip faulting during Early Jurrassic, N-S compressional deformation during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and orogenic collapse during Late Cretaceous to Paleogene. The strike-slip faulting and the infills in Early Jurassic along some major boundary faults show flower structures and pull-apart basins, related to the continued compression after Late Triassic collision between the South Qinling Belt and the South China Block along the Mianlue suture. Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous large scale of N-S compression and overthrusting progressed outwards from inner of Qinling Orogen to the North China Block and South China Block, due to the renewed southward intracontinental subduction of the North China Block beneath the Qinling Orogenic Belt and continuously northward subduction of the South China Block, respectively. After the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous compression and denudation, the Qinling Orogenic Belt evolved into Late Cretaceous to Paleogene orogen collapse and depression, and formed many large fault basins along the major faults.     

河南省构造演化与矿床成矿系列

河南省大地构造单元涉及华北陆块、秦岭造山带和扬子陆块。前中侏罗世华北陆块区的大地构造单元划分在省内外基本上形成了共识,而有关秦岭造山带构造单元的划分存在较大分歧,许多岩石地层单位具有跨代性。根据大地构造演化特征和新发表的同位素年龄数据,将各大地构造单元划分为10个构造演化阶段,各阶段均形成了优势大地构造相和相应的矿产资源。在一定的大地构造演化阶段、一定的大地构造相分布一定的矿产或矿床组合,不同大地构造单元各个构造阶段的相系清晰反映了矿床的空间分布规律。根据矿床形成的地质构造环境、成矿作用等特征,将河南省众多矿床厘定出27个矿床成矿系列。文章基于大地构造演化进行矿床成矿系列的划分是一种新的探索。     

TECTONICS OF THE DABIE OROGENIC BELT, CENTRAL CHINA

Tectonically the Dabie orogenic belt consists mainly of the Dabieshan Yanshanian uplifted zone and the Beihuaiyang Variscan-Indosinian folding zone. In the north boundary adjoining the North China Block, there are an Early Palaeozoic ophiolitic mixtite belt and the Hefei Mesozoic-Cenozoic faulted basin which overlaps on the suture belt. In the south of Dabie orogen, there is a secondary tectonic unit called Foreland thrust-faulted structural zone which was mainly formed by the intracontinental subductions during Mesozoic era. The study shows that the Dabie Block is a part of mid-late Proterozoic palaeo-island arc at the north margin of Yangtze Block. During Caledonian period, as a submerged uplift at the northen continental margin of Yangtze Block, the Dabie Block collided with the early Palaeozoic palaeo-island arc at the south margin of North China Block, resulting in the convergence of the North and South China Blocks and the disappearance of oceanic crust. Since then,large-scale intracontinental subductions were followed. Dabie Orogenic Belt is the product of overlapping of Yangtze Block, Dabie Block and North China Block under the mechanism of intracontinental subduction. Indosinian period is the period of chief deformation and high pressure dynamic metamorphism for Dabie Block, and Yanshan period is the main orogenic period in which the remelting of crust caused by basement shearing resulted in large scale thermometamorphism. The present tectonic framework of the orogen was finally formed by the rapid uplifting of the Dabieshan mountains and gliding southwards, which result in the developing of thrust belt on south side and the extensional tectonic movement on north side.     

中国南方显生宙大地构造演化简史

中国南方的构造格架以众多造山带围绕扬子克拉通分布为特征。这些造山带分别形成于古生代(华南造山带)和中—新生代(秦岭-大别山造山带、松潘-甘孜造山带、三江造山带、右江造山带和沿海造山带)。在造山带中散布着保山地块和南海地块等微陆块。本文以扬子克拉通为中心,概述了中国南方显生宙构造古地理演化的主体面貌,并归纳了其对海相烃源岩堆积的制约关系,指出制约和影响中国南方古地理演化的几个主要的构造事件为:新元古代晚期至古生代早期的大陆裂谷和被动大陆边缘形成事件,古生代中期华南造山带形成演化事件,古生代晚期张裂事件,中生代古特提斯洋闭合造山事件,侏罗纪以来的太平洋板块俯冲事件,新生代印度板块与欧亚大陆的碰撞事件等。本文还指出,上述这些事件延续的时间有限,变形强度在空间上也有差异,对于油气成藏和晚期调整的影响也会因时因地而异。具体事物具体分析才能对研究中国南方油气分布规律有所帮助。     

TECTONICS OF THE DABIE OROGENIC BELT, CENTRAL CHINA

Tectonically the Dabie orogenic belt consists mainly of the Dabieshan Yanshanian uplifted zone and the Beihuaiyang Variscan-Indosinian folding zone. In the north boundary adjoining the North China Block, there are an Early Palaeozoic ophiolitic mixtite belt and the Hefei Mesozoic-Cenozoic faulted basin which overlaps on the suture belt. In the south of Dabie orogen, there is a secondary tectonic unit called Foreland thrust-faulted structural zone which was mainly formed by the intracontinental subductions during Mesozoic era. The study shows that the Dabie Block is a part of mid-late Proterozoic palaeo-island arc at the north margin of Yangtze Block. During Caledonian period, as a submerged uplift at the northen continental margin of Yangtze Block, the Dabie Block collided with the early Palaeozoic palaeo-island arc at the south margin of North China Block, resulting in the convergence of the North and South China Blocks and the disappearance of oceanic crust. Since then,large-scale intracontinental subductions were followed. Dabie Orogenic Belt is the product of overlapping of Yangtze Block, Dabie Block and North China Block under the mechanism of intracontinental subduction. Indosinian period is the period of chief deformation and high pressure dynamic metamorphism for Dabie Block, and Yanshan period is the main orogenic period in which the remelting of crust caused by basement shearing resulted in large scale thermometamorphism. The present tectonic framework of the orogen was finally formed by the rapid uplifting of the Dabieshan mountains and gliding southwards, which result in the developing of thrust belt on south side and the extensional tectonic movement on north side.     

青藏高原东北缘祁连山三叠系砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及其物源分析

三叠系沉积物广泛覆盖青藏高原东北缘,其中松潘—甘孜地区三叠系的沉积物得到了较系统的研究,但是青藏高原北缘的祁连山三叠系盆地的研究却较为缺乏。为了丰富相关研究和揭示区域构造演化的特点,通过古水流方向统计、砂岩中碎屑矿物统计和碎屑锆石U-Pb测年等方法对祁连山三叠纪盆地物源进行系统研究。结果表明,祁连山三叠系盆地的古流向主要有南东向、正南向、南西向,物源来自岩浆弧和大规模褶皱造山作用的混合区。祁连山三叠系砂岩中的碎屑锆石的年龄谱主要峰值集中在250~290 Ma、360~460 Ma、1 600~2 000 Ma和2 200~2 600 Ma这4个年龄段。通过对比分析华北板块、华南板块中和秦祁昆中央造山带中岩浆锆石年龄谱特征可知:1 600~2 000 Ma和2 200~2 600 Ma年龄段的锆石来自华北板块,360~460 Ma年龄段的锆石来自北祁连造山带,250~290 Ma年龄段的锆石来自东昆仑的火山岛弧。此外,600~1 000 Ma年龄段锆石很少,这些锆石来自扬子板块,表明在三叠纪扬子克拉通和华北克拉通发生碰撞形成了秦岭造山带,阻断了来自扬子克拉通的物源。