土地利用变化对花岗岩红壤颗粒有机碳及其组分的影响

选取湘东丘陵区花岗岩红壤4种典型土地利用方式(天然林以及由此转变而来的杉木人工林、板栗园和坡耕地),挖掘土壤剖面深至1 m,研究土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)及其组分(粗颗粒有机碳:CPOC和细颗粒有机碳:FPOC)的储量,分析POC及其组分与土壤有机碳(SOC)的关系。结果表明,4种土地利用方式土壤POC储量介于5.46~7.17 t·hm~(-2),以浅层表土最高。天然林改为其他土地利用方式后,POC储量仅仅在0~40 cm表土层显著降低。土壤CPOC和FPOC储量分别介于0.23~1.39 t·hm-2和0.24~1.57 t·hm~(-2)。天然林转变为其他利用方式后,CPOC储量未有显著变化,但天然林改为板栗园和坡耕地后,FPOC储量大幅降低(29%~38%)。表土FPOC敏感地反映SOC储量的变化,可用作土地利用过程中土壤C库缓慢变化的"指示器"。POC占SOC的比例(POC/SOC)介于6%~8%,天然林和杉木人工林POC/SOC在40 cm以下底土中迅速降低,但板栗园和坡耕地土壤剖面上的POC/SOC差别不大。天然林和杉木人工林土壤POC中以FPOC为主,而板栗园和坡耕地皆以CPOC为主。本研究表明,有必要区别看待POC及其组分对土地利用变化响应的敏感度。     

中亚热带山区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响

土地利用变化是全球环境变化的重要组成部分,其可以直接影响到土壤性质的变化。本研究通过中亚热带山区天然林、人工林(用材林和经济林)、次生林、农业用地(橘园和坡耕地)等7种典型土地利用方式土壤性质的研究,结果表明:土地利用变化后土壤有机质和全氮含量下降幅度分别达到52.2%~81.8%和57.9%~172.6%;同时土壤容重增加,pH值升高。而土地利用变化对土壤全磷、全钾的影响的规律较为不明显。综合比较中国区域土地利用变化对土壤性质变化的影响,其中20~25°N纬度带土壤物理化学性质变化幅度最大。     

森林转换对土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳的影响

对中亚热带米槠天然林转换为米槠人工林后,两林分土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳的变化及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明,森林转换后,土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳分别平均下降28.8%、11.0%(P0.05)。米槠天然林和米槠人工林0~10 cm土壤可溶性有机碳含量分别为306 mg·kg-1、209 mg·kg-1,分别占土壤有机碳的0.71%、0.91%;10~20 cm分别为210 mg·kg-1、158 mg·kg-1,分别占土壤有机碳的0.71%、0.88%;两林分0~10cm土层微生物生物量碳分别为508 mg·kg-1、460 mg·kg-1,10~20 cm土层微生物生物量碳分别为373 mg·kg-1、327 mg·kg-1。米槠天然林和米槠人工林中的土壤可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳在不同季节表现出极显著差异(P0.01),两林分土壤可溶性有机碳最高值出现在秋季,最低值出现在冬季;而微生物生物量碳夏秋季显著高于春冬季(P0.05)。     

中亚热带山区土地利用变化对土壤CO2排放的影响

对中亚热带山区天然常绿阔叶林、次生常绿阔叶林、人工林(针叶林和阔叶林)、柑橘园和坡耕地等典型土地利用方式土壤CO₂排放连续3a定位观测,结果表明:天然林改为其它土地利用方式后,土壤CO₂排放量显著减少32%~63%,主要原因为地上凋落物归还量减少,地下细根生物量和周转下降,频繁人为干扰和严重水土流失引起土壤有机碳库数量和质量大幅下降。本区天然林改为次生(人工)林,土壤CO₂排放量减幅(32%~48%)高出热带平均水平(29%),改为农业用地,土壤CO₂排放量减幅(50%~63%)高出全球平均水平(33%)。     

1978年以来5个时期南四湖区土地利用格局及土壤有机碳储量北大核心CSCD

以1978年、1987年、1998年、2008年和2018年南四湖区的遥感影像为数据源,采用监督分类方法,对遥感影像进行人机交互目视解译,得到5个时期南四湖区各种土地利用类型的分布和面积数据;在沼泽、水产养殖区、水稻田和旱地中各设置了8个采样点,采集表层(0~15 cm深度)土样,测定土样中的溶解性有机碳、轻组有机碳和重组有机碳的含量,计算出各种土地利用类型表层土壤有机碳密度和碳储量。研究结果表明,受水文变化和人类活动干扰的影响,随着时间的推移,5个时期南四湖区天然湿地(湖泊、河流、沼泽)面积在不断减少,人工湿地面积(水产养殖区、水稻田、人工水渠)在不断增加;随着土地利用方式的改变,南四湖区土壤碳储量也发生了明显变化,沼泽表层土壤的溶解性有机碳密度和轻组有机碳密度都相对最大,水稻田表层土壤的重组有机碳密度相对最大。虽然水产养殖区和水稻田面积的增加,使其表层土壤重组有机碳储量增加了921.58×10~3t,但是,天然湿地的丧失,使得2018年南四湖区表层土壤碳储量比1978年减少了136.34×10~3t。     

森林转换对不同土层土壤碳氮含量及储量的影响

森林转换是影响森林碳氮储量的重要因素。研究森林转换对土壤碳氮的影响,对明确生态系统碳氮循环动态具有重要意义。对由中亚热带常绿阔叶天然林转换而成的阔叶天然次生林(BL)与杉木人工林(CF)不同土层的有机碳(SOC)、氮(TN)含量以及储量进行研究,探讨森林转换对地下土壤碳氮储量的影响及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)相同土层,阔叶天然次生林的SOC含量、TN含量高于杉木人工林,分别在0～40 cm各土层与0～20 cm各土层之间均具有显著性,相同森林类型下SOC含量与TN含量垂直拟合关系均以幂函数拟合效果最好,R~2均达到0.9以上,可以为当地碳氮含量估算提供依据,土壤碳氮比(C/N)均随土层深度增加而下降。(2)森林转换后0～100 cm碳氮储量(SCM、SNM)阔叶天然次生林高于杉木人工林。土壤碳氮在2种林分的差异主要集中在0～10 cm,且阔叶天然次生林显著高于杉木人工林。(3)相关分析显示土壤SOC、 TN含量与土壤容重呈显著负相关,与C/N之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。研究表明:森林土壤碳氮储量主要集中在0～10 cm土层,天然林转换为杉木人工林后,土壤碳氮含量降低,不利于森林碳氮储量的积累,因此要加大对天然林的保护。     

卧龙自然保护区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响

森林景观受干扰后的次生演替、人工林种植与农业耕作等在许多方面影响着土壤性质的变化。研究选取了四川卧龙自然保护区作为研究地点 ,阐述湿润高山区的土地利用方式与土壤性质之间的关系。选择了六种典型的土地利用方式加以比较 ,方差分析结果表明 ,不同土地利用之间土壤容重、全氮、有机碳、速效磷、速效钾的含量差异显著。相比之下 ,农田土壤养分含量偏低 ,而灌丛有着较高的有机碳、总氮与有效氮含量。 0～ 4 0cm土壤碳的储量变化幅度不大。综合土壤退化指数表明 ,坡耕地 ,撂荒地与人工林有土壤退化的趋势 ,而灌丛与次生林对土壤的性质有着改善的作用。人工林年龄与土壤有机碳、有机氮的含量正相关。     

阿尔泰山南坡土壤有机碳密度的分布特征和储量估算

在陆地生态系统中土壤有机碳库是重要的碳库之一,对于研究全球碳循环和温室效应有重要影响。通过野外实地采样和室内分析,按照0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm、40~50 cm、50~100 cm的土壤分层方法,综合分析了阿尔泰山南坡土壤有机碳密度的分布特征,并估算了该地区的有机碳储量。结果表明:(1)在阿尔泰山南坡土壤有机碳密度随海拔梯度的变化具有一定的变化规律,海拔在500~2 400 m之间,土壤有机碳密度呈现逐渐增加的趋势;2 400~3 000 m之间,出现下降趋势;(2)土壤有机碳密度在0~100 cm土壤层内呈递减趋势,且不同土层有机碳密度的变异程度不同;在土壤各个土层深度,9种土壤类型的有机碳密度均有显著差异(p0.05);(3)研究区域0~100 cm有机碳储量为0.477 4 Pg,各土壤类型储量差异显著(p0.05),亚高山草甸土的储量最多,山地灰色针叶林土次之,储量最少的出现在高山寒冻土和棕钙土;其中0~30 cm层土壤有机碳储量为0.225 Pg,占总储量的44.13%。研究结果为估算不同土壤类型土壤有机碳密度,以及分析碳源碳汇提供了数据参考,并对进一步研究此地区碳循环具有一定意义。     

1978年以来5个时期南四湖区土地利用格局及土壤有机碳储量

以1978年、1987年、1998年、2008年和2018年南四湖区的遥感影像为数据源,采用监督分类方法,对遥感影像进行人机交互目视解译,得到5个时期南四湖区各种土地利用类型的分布和面积数据;在沼泽、水产养殖区、水稻田和旱地中各设置了8个采样点,采集表层(0～15 cm深度)土样,测定土样中的溶解性有机碳、轻组有机碳和重组有机碳的含量,计算出各种土地利用类型表层土壤有机碳密度和碳储量。研究结果表明,受水文变化和人类活动干扰的影响,随着时间的推移,5个时期南四湖区天然湿地(湖泊、河流、沼泽)面积在不断减少,人工湿地面积(水产养殖区、水稻田、人工水渠)在不断增加;随着土地利用方式的改变,南四湖区土壤碳储量也发生了明显变化,沼泽表层土壤的溶解性有机碳密度和轻组有机碳密度都相对最大,水稻田表层土壤的重组有机碳密度相对最大。虽然水产养殖区和水稻田面积的增加,使其表层土壤重组有机碳储量增加了921.58×10~3t,但是,天然湿地的丧失,使得2018年南四湖区表层土壤碳储量比1978年减少了136.34×10~3t。     

中亚热带红壤丘陵区松林生态系统表层土壤活性有机碳空间分异规律

土壤活性有机碳在指示土壤碳库平衡、表征土壤肥力与质量、衡量土壤微生物生长等方面具有重要意义。本文对中亚热带红壤丘陵区松林生态系统93个表层（0～20cm）土壤样品的活性有机碳空间分布特征及其与地形、植被和土壤特性的关系进行了深入分析。结果表明：表层土壤活性有机碳的平均值为1.92g/kg,占土壤有机碳的29.18%,变...     

中亚热带山区土地利用变化对土壤有机碳储量和质量的影响

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is widely recognized as one of the most important driving forces of global carbon cycles. The influence of converting native forest into plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land on stores and quality of soil organic carbon (SOC) was investigated in mid-subtropical mountainous area of southern China. The results showed that LUCC had led to great decreases in SOC stocks and quality. Considerable SOC and light-fraction organic carbon (LFOC) had been stored in the native forest (142.2 t hm⁻² and 14.8 t hm⁻² respectively). When the native forest was converted to plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land, the SOC stocks decreased by 25.6%, 28.7%, 38.0%, 31.8% and 51.2%, respectively. The LFOC stocks decreased by 52.2% to 57.2% when the native forest was converted to woodland plantations and secondary forest, and by 82.1% to 84.2% when converted to economic plantation, orchard and arable land. After the conversion, the ratios of LFOC to SOC (0–60 cm) decreased from 13.3% to about 3.0% to 10.7%. The SOC and LFOC stored at the upper 20 cm were more sensitive to LUCC when compared to the subsurface soil layer. Also, the decline in carbon storage induced by LUCC was greater than the global average level, it could be explained by the vulnerable natural environment and special human management practices. Thus, it is wise to enhance soil carbon sequestration, mitigate elevated atmospheric CO₂ and develop ecological services by protecting vulnerable environment, restoring vegetation coverage, and afforesting in mountainous area in mid-subtropics. Foundation: Supported by the Key Project of Ministry of Education of China, No.JA04166 Author: Yang Yusheng (1964–), Professor, specialized in carbon and nitrogen cycles of forest.     

The impact of land use/cover change on storage and quality of soil organic carbon in midsubtropical mountainous area of southern China

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is widely recognized as one of the most important driving forces of global carbon cycles. The influence of converting native forest into plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land on stores and quality of soil organic carbon (SOC) was investigated in mid-subtropical mountainous area of southern China. The results showed that LUCC had led to great decreases in SOC stocks and quality. Considerable SOC and light-fraction organic carbon (LFOC) had been stored in the native forest (142.2 t hm?2 and 14.8 t hm?2 respectively). When the native forest was converted to plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land, the SOC stocks decreased by 25.6%, 28.7%, 38.0%, 31.8% and 51.2%, respectively. The LFOC stocks decreased by 52.2% to 57.2% when the native forest was converted to woodland plantations and secondary forest, and by 82.1% to 84.2% when converted to economic plantation, orchard and arable land. After the conversion, the ratios of LFOC to SOC (0–60 cm) decreased from 13.3% to about 3.0% to 10.7%. The SOC and LFOC stored at the upper 20 cm were more sensitive to LUCC when compared to the subsurface soil layer. Also, the decline in carbon storage induced by LUCC was greater than the global average level, it could be explained by the vulnerable natural environment and special human management practices. Thus, it is wise to enhance soil carbon sequestration, mitigate elevated atmospheric co2 and develop ecological services by protecting vulnerable environment, restoring vegetation coverage, and afforesting in mountainous area in mid-subtropics.     

Reducing topsoil salinity and raising carbon stocks through afforestation in Khorezm, Uzbekistan

Agricultural mismanagement of irrigated drylands results in severe soil degradation. Afforestation is an option for ameliorating such degraded land. We evaluated the impact afforestation has on the topsoil (0-20 cm) of salinized degraded cropland in regards to salinity, aggregate stability, and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in Uzbekistan, Central Asia. The effects of tree plantations established under either furrow or drip irrigation were studied four years following afforestation and two years after irrigation ceased. For comparative study we also sampled fallow land, land with 80 years of tree growth, natural forest, desert ecosystems, and paddy rice fields. Initial furrow irrigation showed to be most effective in improving soil fertility after four years of afforestation; the respective plantations of Populus euphratica and Ulmus pumila showed significant levels of reduced soil salinity and increased aggregate stability and improved SOC stocks. The comparison of the long-term afforested land with the short-term equivalent suggested a C sequestration rate of 0.09-0.15 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The SOC stocks of the long-term afforestation site exceeded those of the native forest. Hence, a rehabilitation of salt-affected cropland is feasible following the conversion into occasionally irrigated tree plantations, although it takes decades to reach steady-state conditions.     

不同更新方式对中亚热带森林土壤理化性质的影响

森林的不同更新方式对森林土壤理化性质有重要影响．本研究通过野外调查探讨中亚热带山区杉木人工林和米槠人促更新林2种不同更新方式下林地土壤理化性质的变化特征,并用土壤退化指数定量描述土壤质量变化．结果表明：杉木人工林土壤表层（0—10cm）容重显著高于米槠人促更新林（P〈0．05）;随土壤深度的增加,杉木人工林和米槠人促更...     

不同更新方式对中亚热带森林土壤理化性质的影响

森林的不同更新方式对森林土壤理化性质有重要影响．本研究通过野外调查探讨中亚热带山区杉木人工林和米槠人促更新林2种不同更新方式下林地土壤理化性质的变化特征,并用土壤退化指数定量描述土壤质量变化．结果表明：杉木人工林土壤表层（0—10cm）容重显著高于米槠人促更新林（P〈0．05）;随土壤深度的增加,杉木人工林和米槠人促更新林土壤有机C、全N、全P、水解N和有效P均逐渐降低．米槠人促更新林表层（0—10cm）土壤有机c比杉木人工林高出15．6％,全N、全P以及水解N和速效P也均表现出人促米槠更新林高于杉木人工林的趋势;土壤退化指数的计算结果表明杉木林土壤质量显著低于米槠人促更新林．     

Impact of land use conversion on soil organic carbon stocks in an agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia

Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in terrestrial ecosystems vary considerably with land use types. Grassland, forest, and cropland coexist in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia, China. Using SOC data compiled from literature and field investigations, this study compared SOC stocks and their vertical distributions among three types of ecosystems. The results indicate that grassland had the largest SOC stock, which was 1.5- and 1.8-folds more than stocks in forest and cropland, respectively. Relative to the stock in 0–100 cm depth, grassland held more than 40% of its SOC stock in the upper 20 cm soil layer; forest and cropland both held over 30% of their respective SOC stocks in the upper 20 cm soil layer. SOC stocks in grazed grasslands were remarkably promoted after ≥20 years of grazing exclusion. Conservational cultivation substantially increased the SOC stocks in cropland, especially in the 0–40 cm depth. Stand ages, tree species, and forest types did not have obvious impacts on forest SOC stocks in the study area likely due to the younger stand ages. Our study implies that soil carbon loss should be taken into account during the implementation of ecological projects, such as reclamation and afforestation, in the arid and semi-arid regions of China.     

中国亚热带地区造林对土壤碳周转的影响

Afforestation in China’s subtropics plays an important role in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere and in storage of soil carbon (C). Compared with natural forests,plantation forests have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) content and great potential to store more C. To better evaluate the effects of afforestation on soil C turnover,we investigated SOC and its stable C isotope (δ13C) composition in three planted forests at Qianyanzhou Ecological Experimental Station in southern China. Litter and soil samples were collected and analyzed for total organic C,δ13C and total nitrogen. Similarly to the vertical distribution of SOC in natural forests,SOC concentrations decrease exponentially with depth. The land cover type (grassland) before plantation had a significant influence on the vertical distribution of SOC. The SOC ?13C composition of the upper soil layer of two plantation forests has been mainly affected by the grass biomass 13C composition. Soil profiles with a change in photosynthetic pathway had a more complex 13C isotope composition distribution. During the 20 years after plantation establishment,the soil organic matter sources influenced both the δ13C distribution with depth,and C replacement. The upper soil layer SOC turnover in masson pine (a mean 34% of replacement in the 10 cm after 20 years) was more than twice as fast as that of slash pine (16% of replacement) under subtropical conditions. The results demonstrate that masson pine and slash pine plantations cannot rapidly sequester SOC into long-term storage pools in subtropical China.     

海南岛东部地区土地利用方式对土壤有机碳与 易氧化有机碳的影响

以海南岛东部地区的4种土地利用方式（水田、抛荒地、果园、橡胶林地）的土壤为研究对象,通过对其SOC（土壤有机碳）和ROC（土壤易氧化有机碳）质量分数的测定,分析不同土地利用方式下SOC以及ROC的分布特征。结果表明：研究区的土地利用方式对SOC与ROC具有显著影响,土地利用方式通过影响植被凋落物、根系以及耕作方式、施肥收割等管理措施影响SOC及ROC的分布特征。就整个土壤剖面（0~30 cm）而言,不同土地利用方式下SOC质量分数的分布特征表现为水田＞抛荒地＞果园＞橡胶林地;各土地利用方式下SOC在表层土壤中质量分数最高,并随着土壤层的加深逐渐递减。水田、果园和橡胶林地土壤的ROC质量分数随着土壤深度的加深而逐渐降低,抛荒地呈现出先减少后增加的趋势。不同土地利用方式下土壤ROC质量分数表现为抛荒地＞水田＞果园＞橡胶林地。ROC质量分数的高低顺序与SOC质量分数基本相同。土壤的SOC质量分数是影响ROC质量分数变化的重要因素,相关性分析结果表明：水田、抛荒地和橡胶林地的SOC与ROC质量分数呈极显著正相关,而果园的SOC与ROC质量分数呈显著正相关。4种土地利用方式中水田土壤ROC的分配比例较低,说明水田的SOC稳定性相对于其他土地利用方式较高,有利于土壤碳的储存。