Seasonal variations of spectra of wind speed and air temperature in the mesoscale frequency range

Seasonal variations of the spectra of wind speed and air temperature in the mesoscale frequency range from 1.3 × 10^-4 to 1.5 × 10^-3 Hz (10 min to 2 h periods) have been studied through observations over land for one year. Spectrographs [time series of isopleths of spectral densities, f · S(f) vs f] of wind speed and air temperature contain occasional peaks that are attributed to short-lived mesoscale atmospheric activity with narrow frequency bands. Significant spectral peaks of wind speed were found in 19% of the total observations in winter, and in 15–16% in the other seasons; for air temperature, they occured in 12% of observations in autumn, and in 16–19% in the other seasons. The peaks most often occurred in the period range from 30 min to 1 h; most had durations less than 24 h. Mesoscale fluctuations of wind speed and air temperature were highly correlated, and in most cases, phase differences were 90–180 ° with air temperature leading wind speed. Significant spectral peaks of wind speed often occurred during northerly seasonal cold winds in winter, and accompanied tropical and/or mid-latitude cyclones in the other seasons. When the peaks occurred, wind speed was usually relatively high and the atmospheric surface layer was unstable.     

The effects of mesoscale convective cells on the surface wind field over the ocean

Near-surface wind velocities were measured on an array of anchored spar buoys in the East China Sea in February 1975 as a part of the Japanese AMTEX '75 (Air Mass Transformation Experiment), a subprogram of GARP. These data were used to determine the effects of atmospheric convection associated with mesoscale convective cells (MCC) on near-surface winds over the ocean. When MCC were present, a peak occurred in the near-surface wind spectrum in the so-called spectral gap.     

Effects of regional temperature,wind speed and soil wetness on spatial structure of surface air temperature

Summary Climate parameters are usually collected on some grid or pattern that is supposed to represent the unobserved neighborhood. Spatial dependence is a measure of the extent to which observed data represent the unobserved neighborhood. Geostatistical analyses provide procedures for measuring spatial dependence. In this study, semivariograms were estimated from hourly observations of screen-height air temperature obtained from a dense meteorological observation network. The range and spatial component normalized by the sill were estimated from the semivariogram in order to obtain information on the spatial structure of the air temperature. Zones of spatial correlation were delineated, using the range of the semivariogram. Scales of spatial correlation depended on the regional mean air temperature and regional wetness at the ground. The range or spatial scale for data collected in winter was larger than those in summer. The range under wet conditions was larger than under dry conditions. Effects of regional wind speed on range were different, depending on the regional mean air temperature. The normalized spatial component was used as an index for measuring continuities on the interpolation surface. The normalized spatial component generally increased as the range increased.With 5 Figures     

黄河流域蒸散发与气温和降水以及风速的相关性分析

黄河流经我国干旱半干旱地区,其流域蒸散发变化对当地的生态安全和经济发展尤其重要。本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析产品（ERA5）定量分析了1979-2020年黄河流域蒸散发的时空变化特征,并结合气温、降水和风速数据,对黄河流域蒸散发与3种气候因子进行了相关性分析。结果表明：黄河流域蒸散发在1979-2020年呈波动下降趋势,空间分布差异明显,源区附近蒸散发上升,上游的干旱区附近蒸散发基本不变,而中游和下游地区主要呈现下降趋势。1979-2020年黄河流域气温持续上升,降水呈波动下降趋势,风速呈上升趋势。对黄河流域蒸散发与气候因子的相关性分析表明,蒸散发与气候因子的相关性空间差异较为明显,蒸散发与气温、风速呈负相关,与降水呈正相关的区域占流域的较大部分;而在复相关性方面,黄河流域大部分地区蒸散发与气候因子的相关性较强,其中以流域上游的干旱区附近复相关性最强。研究黄河流域不同地区蒸散发与气候因子的相关性可为黄河流域水资源的开发管理和区域气候调节提供科学参考。     

Estimating the surface wind speed over drifting pack ice from surface weather charts

Routine surface wind speed data, vital for the study of drifting pack ice, are not available for the polar oceans. Over sea, it has been demonstrated by Hasse that estimates of surface wind speed may be obtained from the geostrophic wind speed using linear formulae. Comparing estimated with observed data for six sites in Canada, it is found that the formulae may also be applied to obtain estimates of surface wind speed over pack ice.     

Effect of wind vertical shear on diffusion characteristics in the mesoscale range

Using the turbulent statistical form of the vertical vortex diffusion coefficient K, in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and Ekman spiral wind profile, the three-dimensional diffusion equation is solved by the numeri-cal method. The influences of vertical shear of both wind direction and wind speed on pollution trajectory and horizontal diffusion parameters σy are numerically analysed. The expressions of both pollution trajectory and σy, including the factor of wind shear, are obtained. The results show that the vertical shear of wind is important among all factors affecting the mesoscale dispersion. Specifically, from neutral to stable atmospheric conditions, vertical shear of wind makes greater contribution to σy than turbulence, thus it is the most important factor. In this paper, we have compared horizontal dispersion pattern with both Pasquill's dispersion pattern considering wind direction shear, and experimental data collected at 9 different sites rang-ing from 10 to 100 km, and the results show that our dispersion pattern is closer to the experimental values than Pasquill's results, and his correction to shear of wind direction is too large under the stable conditions.     

Mapping near-surface air temperature,pressure, relative humidity and wind speed over Mainland China with high spatiotemporal resolution

As part of a joint effort to construct an atmospheric forcing dataset for mainland China with high spatiotemporal reso- lution, a new approach is proposed to construct gridded near-surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and surface pressure with a resolution of 1 km× 1 km. The approach comprises two steps： （1） fit a partial thin-plate smoothing spline with orography and reanalysis data as explanatory variables to ground-based observations for estimating a trend surface; （2） apply a simple kriging procedure to the residual for trend surface correction. The proposed approach is applied to observations collected at approximately 700 stations over mainland China. The generated forcing fields are compared with the corresponding components of the National Centers for Environmental Predic- tion （NCEP） Climate Forecast System Reanalysis dataset and the Princeton meteorological forcing dataset. The comparison shows that, both within the station network and within the resolutions of the two gridded datasets, the interpolation errors of the proposed approach are markedly smaller than the two gridded datasets.     

风垂直切变对中距离扩散特征的影响

使用行星边界层(PBL)内垂直涡旋扩散系数K_z的湍流统计形式和埃克曼风廓线,对三维扩散方程作数值解,分析讨论了风速、风向的垂直切变对污染轨迹和水平扩散参数σ_y的影响,得到一包含民切变因子的污染轨迹和σ_y的表达式。计算结果表明,在影响中尺度扩散的因子中,风切变是—重要因子,尤其是中性到稳定大气一侧,风切变σ_y的影响已超过湍流本身的贡献,因此,它是一个最重要的因子。我们将本文的扩散型σ_y和考虑风向切变订正后的 Pasquill’s扩散型以及在9个不同地方收集到的野外实测资料作了比较,其结果表明,本模型比P氏模型更接近实际,在稳定大气一侧,P氏扩散型的风向切变订正过大。     

A regression-based statistical correction of mesoscale simulations for near-surface wind speed using remotely sensed surface observations

Wind speed is an important meteorological variable for various scientific communities. In this study, numerical mesoscale simulations were performed over the Republic of Korea in 2006, to produce wind information distributed homogeneously with space. Then, an attempt was made to statistically correct the simulated nearsurface wind speed using remotely sensed surface observations. The weak wind season (WWS, from May to October) and strong wind season (SWS, from November to April) were classified on the basis of the annual mean wind speed. Although the spatial features and monthly variation pattern of the near-surface wind speed were reasonably simulated in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the simulations overestimated the observed values. To correct the simulated wind speeds, a regression-based statistical algorithm with different constants and coefficients for WWS and SWS was developed using match-up datasets of wind observations and satellitederived variables (land surface temperature and normalized difference water index). The corrected wind speeds showed reasonable performance for both WWS and SWS with respect to observed values. The monthly variation in the corrected wind speeds over the Republic of Korea also matched better with observations throughout the year, within a monthly bias range of approximately ± 0.2 m s^?1. The proposed algorithm using remotely sensed surface observations may be useful for correcting simulated near-surface wind speeds and improving the accuracy of wind assessments over the Republic of Korea.     

Narrowing the surface temperature range in CMIP5 simulations over the Arctic

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Much uncertainty exists in reproducing Arctic temperature using different general circulation models (GCMs). Therefore, evaluating the performance of GCMs in...     

关键海区海温异常的变化与中国区域降水和气温的关系

利用 １９５１年到 １９９８年的月平均海温资料及同时期中国 １６０个测站的降水和气温的月平均资料,选用海温异常的变化趋势一变温,讨论了关键海区海温异常的变化与我国降水和气温的关系,旨在探讨变温因子与我国降水和气温的关系与海温距平与降水和气温的关系有什么不同,用变温因子能否降低降水预报的不确定性。结果表明：降水异常对海温异常两种变化趋势的响应不完全相同,说明分别讨论同一种海温异常态的两种变化趋势对降水的影响比单独讨论海温距平对降水的影响更有效一些,有助于降低预报的不确定性;除西太平洋海区外,气温异常对各海区海温异常两种变化趋势的响应较一致。降水异常对变温的响应与对海温异常的响应,有一致之处,也有不同之处。     

Large-sample estimates of wind fluctuations over the ocean

The best quality wind data from the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, consisting of 3662 20-min time series measured at the top of the Statfjord A drilling derrick, are analyzed. Identification of Autoregressive wind models with Akaike's AIC and Achwarz's BIC measures appears to give rather arbitrary results. Spectral estimation with FFT- and AIC-identified AR-methods give almost identical results in the mean. At the higher frequencies (% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaaaa!36D7!\[f\] > 10^–2 s^–1) the spectrum is estimated to follow the usual inertial subrange law with little variability. The small-scale turbulent intensity is estimated to be very low, even in hurricane conditions. Comparatively, the low-frequency (% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaaaa!36D7!\[f\] ~ 10^–3 s^–1) fluctuations are more energetic than expected. None of the chosen low-frequency characteristica appear to be significantly linearly correlated to the available mean weather variables. However, some nonlinear relations appear to exist.     

Estimation of contemporary observed variations of air temperature and wind speed in the troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere

Carried out is the statistical analysis of contemporary observed variations of air temperature and wind speed in the troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere based on the data on global surface air temperature for 1850–2013 obtained from the University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit (HadCRUT4) and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis (1948–2013). Revealed are the long-term trends of air temperature and wind speed at different constant-pressure levels. Established is the anticipatory role of the zonal atmospheric circulation in the long-term variability of air temperature in the lower troposphere averaged for the zone of 30°–70° N. According to the results of correlation analysis, in some areas of the Northern Hemisphere the contribution of the wind speed to air temperature variability makes up not less than 60%.     

孟加拉湾的叶绿素a,海表温度和风速的趋势

孟加拉湾（BoB）是一个高能量活跃的地区,其短期内的动态变化将对浮游环境产生巨大影响."风泵"能够在BoB海域导致垂直的混合从而影响海表温度和叶绿素浓度.本文对2006——2016年的月平均Aqua-MODIS叶绿素a （chl-a）浓度数据和Sea WiFS月度气候态数据进行了分析,研究了叶绿素浓度的时间/季节变化和温度以及风速的关系.基于季风期间的chl-a变异与海表温度（SST）,评估了在BoB海域它们之间的关系和变化.chl-a浓度值的趋势分析表明,该区域的垂直混合非常低,冬季最高,夏季最低.冬季最大chl-a浓度值为0.50 mg/m³,并且从2月开始下降到夏季季风期间.与冬季季风相比,夏季季风期间叶绿素表现出较低的浓度.在夏季季风期间,特别是在7月和8月,由于云层密集,卫星传感器无法准确捕获chl-a浓度值.chl-a浓度和SST之间相关系数R²值为0.218 1.     

湖北省2013年梅雨新特点与启示

使用湖北1961—2012年70个站点逐日20—20时降水资料及相应时段入梅、出梅日期和梅雨期强度指数统计资料,通过最小二乘法拟合、滑动平均、趋势系数和气候倾向率分析等方法,从多年变化、空间分布、趋势变化、强度指数等方面,探讨近52 a湖北梅雨期降水的气候变化特征。结果表明：(1)湖北的入梅、出梅日期和梅雨期长度历年差异较大,梅雨期较长但呈减少趋势。2000年为湖北梅雨的转折点,该年之后入梅日期推迟,出梅日期提前,梅雨长度缩短,梅雨期降水呈现弱化的特点。(2)湖北年降水量、梅雨期降水量、暴雨量、暴雨站次数较多,梅年比、暴雨比较高,且历年差异较大。年降水量的年际变化表现为小振幅波动震荡,其他的波动震荡较大且除梅年比外的震荡趋势很一致。(3)梅雨期降水存在明显的区域性和年代际变化。52 a平均特征表明,鄂西南和鄂东为高值区,鄂西北为低值区。1990s和2000s的梅雨期降水量和梅年比分别较其他时段明显偏多、偏高和偏少、偏低,1970s的梅雨期暴雨日、暴雨量较其他时段明显偏少,暴雨比明显偏低。(4)趋势系数和气候倾向率分析表明,鄂东的暴雨比明显增加,湖北大部分站点的年降水量、梅年比、梅雨期降水量、暴雨量、暴雨日在增加,主要位于江汉平原南部和鄂东南,少部分站点在减少,主要位于江汉平原中北部和鄂西南,但趋势均不明显。(5)梅雨强度指数其呈弱增加趋势,其在典型的水涝年份的等级为强或偏强,在典型的干旱年份的等级为偏弱,且等级偏弱的年数最多,为20个。

     

Enhanced seasonality of surface air temperature over China during the mid-Holocene

利用PMIP4多模式试验数据,作者量化了中全新世(距今约6000年)中国温度季节性变化.结果表明:相对于工业革命前期,所有16个模式一致模拟显示中全新世我国温度季节性(即夏季与冬季温差)增强,平均增幅9%;这与该时期轨道强迫引起的地表能量通量的季节对比变化密切相关,其中净短波辐射起主导作用,净长波辐射作用次之,感热和潜热为负贡献;与模拟不同,重建结果存在不确定性.     

复杂下垫面风电场风速数值模拟及误差特征

利用WRF模式分别对沿海及山地条件下风电场风速进行高分辨数值模拟,并对其误差特征进行分析,结果表明:1)WRF模式对复杂地形条件下的风速模拟性能良好,模拟值较好地体现天气尺度的周期变化;2)沿海及山地条件下模拟与观测的误差特征各不相同。模式静态数据未能显现沿海的小岛,并且低估了山地测风塔所在的海拔,导致沿海平均模拟风速偏大,山地平均模拟风速偏小;3)分析不同风向的归一化均方根误差,沿海陆风情况下,下垫面相对复杂,误差明显增大;沿海海风情况下,下垫面均一,误差明显减小;4)仅作单个风电场周边数百平方千米的模拟,采用一台12核的服务器进行WRF模式的并行计算可满足48 h短期预测的时效性。仅仅提高模拟的网格分辨率,并不一定能提升模拟的准确性。     

Joint multifractal description of the relationship between wind patterns and land surface air temperature

Land surface air temperature (SAT), registered at 1.25–2 m above the ground, is influenced by wind patterns. As a consequence, some phenomena such as urban heat islands and the formation of ground-level air pollutants are affected. Detailed understanding of the effects of wind circulations on SAT is convenient to improve the knowledge of these phenomena. Thus, the joint multifractal analysis has been applied to describe time series recorded at Cordoba (southern Spain) from 2001 to 2008 revealing the presence of seasonal patterns related with warm and cold winds blowing from the SW (later spring and summer) and NE (later autumn and winter), respectively, that provoke different heterogeneity in SAT values. In addition, the extreme high SAT values seem to be related with summer SW winds. However, the presence of rare low SAT values produced by NE winds is less relevant.