我国海相磷矿层中发现蚀变火山凝灰岩

<正> 岩石产于云南华宁火特磷矿地区,在寒武系中谊村组(∈1 Z_1~2)的上下磷矿之间。岩石呈土黄色,粘土碎屑结构,疏松土状构造。由硅质角砾(1—5毫米)土状碎块及隐晶质石英、玉髓、蛋白石及粘土矿物(主要是蒙脱石)等组成。显微镜下观察,岩石呈变余凝灰结构。因受后期风化淋滤作用,蚀变强烈。岩石已变为粘土蒙脱石化蚀变火山凝灰岩。经显微镜鉴定、扫描电镜形貌分析、差热分析、X-衍射分析、红外光谱等多种手段分析,其主要粘土蚀变产物为蒙脱石。间夹少量蛋白石、褐铁矿、黄钾铁矾(后二者为火山玻屑中的黄铁矿的蚀变产物)等。这种呈粘土碎     

五彩湾矿区沸石矿床地质特征及成因初探

绝大多数沸石矿床是由含火山玻璃的火山岩蚀变而成.新疆卡拉麦里山南坡为中酸性火山岩集中分布区域 之一,是沸石矿形成的有利区.五彩湾沸石矿区发育酸性火山碎屑岩,主要矿石类型为玻屑凝灰质沸石矿,具变余凝灰 质结构,由玻屑、基质和少量晶屑组成,呈层状或似层状产出,产出层位稳定.其矿床为斜发沸石与丝光沸石混合型矿床, 属沉积自变质型矿床.     

四川万州中侏罗统上沙溪庙组粘土岩中火山灰的岩矿和地球化学证据

四川盆地东北缘万州地区中侏罗世上沙溪庙组产出稳定层状浅色粘土岩。利用X射线、X荧光光谱、等离子光谱（ICP）等方法对矿物成分、常量、微量和稀土元素进行了测试分析,粘土岩主要矿物为蒙脱石、伊利石和绿泥石。通过与澳大利亚后太古代平均页岩（PAAS）、北美平均页岩（NASC）、地壳粘土岩背景值以及其它具有代表性岩石的对比发现,本区粘土岩微量元素具有明显的低V,低Ti和低铁族元素的特点,高Al2O3／TiO2比值和低Ti／Th比值特征显著,某些层位具有明显的Eu负异常。推断本区粘土岩沉积物源具有火山灰和陆源碎屑的二元混合成因,各层位成分的差异显示了不同沉积时间内二者的混合比例发生变化。区域对比和地球化学资料显示火山灰可能来自于西部600km远的特提斯洋岛弧火山。     

沉积环境对降落火山灰蚀变作用的影响--以大青山晚古生代煤系为例

借助于X光衍射仪、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段,较详细地揭示了内蒙大青山晚古生代(C2-P1)煤系中降落火山灰的蚀变特征,以此来论述沉积环境对火山灰蚀变作用的影响。泥炭沼泽环境中,降落火山灰以原地直接高岭石化为主,残留较多的火山玻屑和晶屑形态,并具斑状结构;非泥炭沼泽环境中,降落火山灰以异地凝胶化-多种粘土矿物化为主,微层理、微层面等沉积岩特征明显。火山灰降落的环境不同,其蚀变作用和蚀变产物亦不同。本文对加深煤系火山事件沉积的认识和研究煤系高岭岩的成因机理颇有意义。     

辽西火山岩型膨润土矿床成矿作用的研究

辽西膨润土矿床主要岩石类型为熔岩、火山碎屑岩,经热液蚀变成矿。蚀变带的岩石基本类型为玻屑灰岩,主要的蚀变类型为蒙脱石化作用和硅化作用。通过矿床蚀变带岩矿石化学分析,总结了火山碎屑岩－－熔蚀变改变造型膨润土矿的成矿作用地球化学特征和成矿机理。     

火山沉积型非金属矿床成矿机理与成矿模式探讨

火山沉积成矿有两种类型，一是火山沉积类型，二是火山喷气沉积类型。火山沉积类型的非金属矿产成矿物质来源于成岩物质，即炽热的火山碎屑空落入火山湖盆水体中经水介脱玻及蚀变作用而成；而火山热液来源于炽热的火山碎屑进入水中后将热量传导给水体因而构成50-100℃上下的热水溶液，又反作用于火山碎屑物质，形成火山玻璃物质的水介脱玻及碎屑物质蚀变矿化而成矿，主要依据酸威废不同，由酸性至碱性可由明矶石、高岭石、叶蜡石、伊利石（近于中性）而至碱性的蒙脱石型膨润土及沸石和珍珠岩等矿床，而由水盆边缘至中心一般可出现由粗斗屑的集块、角砾至角砾凝灰质直至凝灰质等结构的矿石，尤其是沸石，膨润土和明矶石等最为明显，据此构成了火山沉积成矿模式。     

三塘湖盆地晚石炭世火山岩气孔和裂缝填充物特征及其成因研究

火山岩气孔和裂缝填充物作为热液流体活动的产物,携带着流体沉淀时的物理化学环境信息。本文通过钻井岩芯、岩石薄片观察,结合X射线衍射、电子探针和扫描电镜等测试分析手段,对新疆三塘湖盆地晚石炭世火山岩气孔和裂缝填充物特征及成因进行了深入研究。研究区发育两类气孔填充物:一类气孔填充物的矿物类型多样,包括绿泥石、绿鳞石、片沸石、柱沸石、浊沸石、丝光沸石、方解石、赤铁矿,矿物填充序列为绿泥石/绿鳞石→沸石→方解石,主要赋存于熔岩层上部蚀变较为强烈的灰褐色安山岩中;另一类气孔填充物主要为蒙脱石,局部可见石英,矿物填充序列为蒙脱石→石英,常赋存于熔岩层中下部蚀变较弱的深灰色安山岩中。裂缝填充物分布具明显的分带性,其中由沸石、方解石、绿鳞石填充的脉体主要发育于灰褐色安山岩中,而石英脉仅见于深灰色安山岩中。根据气孔和裂缝填充物的沉淀序列及特定矿物稳定范围,结合岩石蚀变程度,笔者认为灰褐色安山岩火山岩气孔和裂缝填充物为低温碱性流体沉淀的产物,而深灰色安山岩气孔填充物为火山物质水化蚀变的产物,局部受到后期硅质流体的影响。     

岩浆母质对蚀变粘土矿物的约束:以贵州新民剖面P-T界线附近火山灰层为例

目前对于粘土层中伊蒙混层矿物的堆垛结构、单元层含量与岩浆母质及环境条件关系的了解等,仍然十分匮乏.一定沉积环境下火山灰层中粘土矿物组合、以及伊蒙混层堆垛方式精细结构特征,可能记录了沉积(包括成岩作用) 环境对火山物质蚀变产物的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、元素地球化学分析、氧同位素分析方法等方法,对贵州新民深海相二叠系-三叠系(P-T) 界线附近蚀变火山灰层的地球化学特征、粘土矿物精细结构特征等进行了深入研究.结果表明,4个火山灰粘土层均含有2种具有R3结构、不同混层比的伊蒙混层矿物相,且均出现粘土矿物集合体取代原先的火山碎屑颗粒或在颗粒表面生长的现象,粘土矿物形成于沉积-成岩阶段因而其泥质结构被保留;样品XM-5-1和XM-5-2的Fe3+原子数分别为0.16和0.17个且具有明显Eu负异常和较低的K₂O含量,而XM-5-3和XM-5-4的Fe3+原子数均为0.14个,说明相对于前2个粘土层,后2个的岩浆母质更加偏向酸性而表现为成岩蚀变程度更强.粘土矿物的氧同位素组成为17.3‰~18.1‰,与常温下蒙脱石与海水的平衡数值相近,表明粘土矿物化学组成与海底成岩蚀变环境有关,而不同火山灰层的粘土矿物学特征则主要取决于岩浆岩母质以及成岩蚀变强度.      

黔北后槽下石炭统含铝岩系的粘土矿物

为揭示黔北下石炭统含铝岩系的沉积环境,本文利用贵州遵义县后槽TC718剖面系统试样的粘土矿物进行x一射线衍射测试及特征分析。含铝岩系粘土岩与下伏桐梓组粘土页岩在矿物组合和成分上均有明显的差异,水云母的结晶度指数、开形指数在剖面纵向上有三个变化拐点：一是含铝岩系与下伏桐梓组粘土页岩分界处;二是含铝岩系上、下段的接触带;三是含铝岩系顶部含炭质粘土岩出现的临界面。其变化特征表明,本区下石炭统含铝岩系粘土岩段为海相或海陆过渡相,铝质岩段为残积一坡积相,顶部为大陆湖沼相;下奥陶统桐梓组页岩段为海相。     

煤系火山灰蚀变黏土岩:矿物学和地球化学研究进展

含煤地层中广泛分布的火山灰蚀变成因的高岭石黏土岩被称为Tonstein。少数情况下,煤系蚀变火山灰层的黏土矿物以蒙脱石和伊蒙混层矿物为主,则分别称为斑脱岩和钾质斑脱岩。尽管中外学者对煤系火山灰蚀变黏土岩已有大量研究,然而,迄今为止这几个术语在定义和使用上在国内外科学界仍然存在争议。煤中火山灰的淋滤作用会对煤的地球化学组成产生重要影响。含煤地层中这类岩石因为分布广泛可以被用作等时标志层,提供地层对比的依据,其中的原生矿物还可以提供绝对年龄信息。有的碱性火山灰层具有找矿指示意义。煤中火山灰蚀变黏土岩夹矸中化学性质相对稳定的元素可以用来推断原始火山灰的组成,提供原始岩浆的成分以及区域地质历史演化方面的信息。     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Geology, mineralogy, and PGE mineralization of the copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, Sredinny Range, Kamchatka

The geology and mineralogy of host metamorphic rocks, the mineralogy of sulfide ores, and the distribution of PGE mineralization were studied in detail for the Kvinum-1 and Kvinum-2 copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, which are the most promising targets for the copper-nickel-PGE mineralization of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka. It was established that stringer-disseminated and massive copper-nickel ores are localized in amphibole peridotites, cortlandites, and form ore bodies varying from tens of centimeters to 5–20 m thick among the layered cortlandite-gabbroid massifs. The massive sulfide ores were found only at the bottom of cortlandite bodies and upsection grade into stringer-disseminated and disseminated ores. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite are the major ore minerals with a sharply subordinate amount of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, and löllingite. Besides pentlandite, the Ni-bearing minerals include sulforasenides (gersdorffite), arsenides (nickeline), and tellurides (melonite) of nickel. It was found that PGE mineralization represented by antimonides (sudburyite) and tellurobismuthides (michenerite) of Pd with sharply subordinate platinum arsenide (sperrylite) is confined to the apical parts of massive sulfide zones and the transition zone to the stringer-disseminated ores. Ore intervals enriched in arsenides and tellurides of Ni, Pd, and Bi contain high-purity gold. In the central parts of the orebodies, the contents of PGE and native gold are insignificant. It is suggested that the contents of major sulfide minerals and the productivity of PGE mineralization in the cortlandites are defined by combined differentiation and sulfurization of ultramafic derivatives under the effect of fluids, which are accumulated at the crystallization front and cause layering of parental magmas with different sulfur contents. The fluid-assisted layering of mafic-ultramafic massifs resulted in the contrasting distribution of PGM in response to uneven distribution of sulfur (as well as As, Te, and Bi) during liquid immiscibility. The productivity of PGE mineralization significantly increases with increasing contents of S, As, Te, and Bi (elements to which Pt and, especially, Pd have high affinity) in fluids.     

Depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer, based on geophysical exploration, southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA

 A geophysical survey was conducted to determine the depth of the base of the water-table aquifer in the southern part of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) measurements at 77 sites in the study area yielded electrical-resistivity logs of the subsurface, and these were used to infer lithologic changes with depth. A 100–600 ohm-m geoelectric layer, designated the Jackson aquifer, was used to represent surficial saturated, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The median depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is estimated to be 200 ft (61 m), based on 62 sites that had sufficient resistivity data. AMT-measured values were kriged to predict the depth to the base of the aquifer throughout the southern part of Jackson Hole. Contour maps of the kriging predictions indicate that the depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is shallow in the central part of the study area near the East and West Gros Ventre Buttes, deeper in the west near the Teton fault system, and shallow at the southern edge of Jackson Hole. Predicted, contoured depths range from 100 ft (30 m) in the south, near the confluences of Spring Creek and Flat Creek with the Snake River, to 700 ft (210 m) in the west, near the town of Wilson, Wyoming. Received, May 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, April 1998     

西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体岩石成因

以出露在西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体为研究对象,从野外地质调查、岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等方面对其进行了分析研究。结果显示：秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体类似于A型花岗岩,形成于古近纪(E1),其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(62.0±0.5)~(63.0±0.5) Ma;岩体形成的温度较高(锆石饱和温度为745~805 ℃,平均766 ℃);岩石富SiO2(72.6%~75.0%)、Na2O(2.86%~3.59%)和K2O(4.12%~5.25%),贫CaO(0.72%~1.39%)和MgO(0.26%~0.36%),高FeOT/MgO值(7.26~10.3),属高钾钙碱性系列,弱过铝质;岩石具明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.40~0.70),普遍表现出Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素的亏损和Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素的富集。εHf(t)值为-4.7~-1.8,其两阶段地壳Hf模式年龄tDM2为(1.1~1.3) Ga。秦马弄A型花岗岩体是冈底斯基底地壳物质部分熔融的岩浆产物,形成于古近纪印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞引起的总体为岛弧背景下的局部拉张构造环境。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.