2003-2004年浙江沿岸海域浮游植物的分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

2003年夏季和2004年夏、秋季,分别在浙江沿岸海域10m等深线(以下称内侧海域)和50 m等深线(禁渔线附近,以下称外侧海域)处共设置37个站位,对采集于大、小潮汛期间的浮游植物样品进行了种类组成、优势种、细胞丰度分布和群落结构特征的调查研究,并分析了其分布特征与环境因子的关系.结果表明,调查海域共鉴定出浮游植物3...     

Ossicle Morphology of four Sea Star Species of the Genus Astropecten (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) and its Bearing on the Investigation of a Predator's Diet

Abstract. The ossicle morphology of four sea star species of the genus Astropecten occurring in Sardinia, Italy, was investigated. Medial inferomarginals are species specific in structure, and readily differentiated by observation at low magnification in the field. Body sizes of ingested sea stars can be assessed from the size of remains such as mouth plates and selected inferomarginals, providing a basis for quantifying predation impact upon those species. We applied this method to Astropecten aranciacus L. which is common in the Mediterranean Sea.     

Socio-economic features of sea cucumber fisheries in southern coast of Kenya

A socio-economic assessment was conducted at Vanga, Shimoni, Majoreni and Gazi villages in the Kenyan south coast with focus on the sea cucumber fishing patterns, the social and economic characteristics of the fisher communities, the contribution of sea cucumbers to the local livelihoods, and analysis of the management systems. The results indicate that sea cucumber fishers are mainly men. Fishing is done in sub-tidal areas (3–10 m deep) and inter-tidal areas depending on the species being targeted. Those who fish in the sub-tidal areas do skin diving without using SCUBA diving gear. Sea cucumber fishing is heavily done during the northeast monsoon season when the sea is calm and water is clear. About 32% of the sea cucumber fishers also collect other marine products such as octopus. The sea cucumbers are sold fresh from the sea to local first level middlemen who process and sell them to the second level middlemen and exporters in Mombasa. The fishers occasionally borrow money from first level middlemen especially when they fail to catch sea cucumbers but this in turn creates conditions of dependence and possible exploitation. Almost all sea cucumber fishers have stated that they are not willing to make sea cucumbers part of their daily diet. The economic value of the product was substantial; the average monthly revenue for dry sea cucumbers in the area was estimated to US$ 8000. The relative highest profits are derived from juvenile species, thus there is an economic incentive hindering local stocks to reach sexual maturity, which in turn may create a situation in which recruitment success is highly dependent on faraway populations. The present management system falls into general fisheries regulations and was found weak. No specific management plan for sea cucumbers was found.     

浙江象山东部海域夏季大型底栖动物优势种群和生态位

为了解象山东部海域夏季大型底栖动物群落特征及种间相互作用情况,于2012年8月(夏季)对象山东部海域30个站位进行了大型底栖动物的调查研究。共采集,鉴定大型底栖动物36种(优势种20种),隶属于7门8纲24科,节肢动物15种(41.7%)最多,脊索动物7种(19.4%)次之。聚类分析和MDS排序结果表明,象山东部海域夏季大型底栖动物可以分为4个生态类群。选取Levins生态位宽度指数和Pianka重叠指数进行生态位分析,结果表明:象山东部海域夏季大型底栖动物优势种生态位宽度变化范围为5.22—21.66,生态位宽度值最高的为东方口虾蛄(21.66),最小的为小荚蛏(5.22);Pianka重叠指数大于0.60的优势种占19.5%,多样的生境以及生物本身的适应能力差异,使该海域大型底栖动物优势种的生态位重叠值偏小,减小了种间的竞争。该海域大型底栖动物优势种夏季生态位结构的形成主要与优势种的活动能力有关。     

南海北部海区有柄蔓足类的生态特点

于1986－1991年，在南海北部对17个海洋结构物进行调查，以了解有柄蔓足类的种类组成、分布状况和个体大小。结果表明，所采集的标本有2科4属8种，它们分别是茗荷属的荷、鹅荷和印度荷；条荷属的细板条荷、条荷和百条荷；软荷属的太平洋软荷及异荷属的日本异荷。荷、鹅荷和细板条荷几乎分布在所有浮标站，其附着密度随着离岸距离的增加而增大；荷和鹅行可分别在0－80m和0－75m水层中分布，而细板条荷则从表层一直分布到150m深处。该类生物属外海性种类，只附着在漂浮或能移动的物体表面，而不栖息于固定式海洋结构物。     

海南儋州海域造礁石珊瑚种类组成及动态变化研究

文章通过断面法调查分析了儋州海域海花岛沿岸、南华墟沿岸和磷枪石岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚的种类组成与群落分布,结果表明：儋州海域造礁石珊瑚共有12科25属55种,相较于此前的研究增加了10个种,优势种为斯氏角孔珊瑚、澄黄滨珊瑚、柱角孔珊瑚;活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率急剧下降,由2012年的42.92%下降至现在的22.24%,降幅高至48.18%;造礁石珊瑚死亡率高居不下,长期维持在35%左右;初级群落以团块状造礁石珊瑚为优势种的趋势愈发明显,且单一绝对优势种的情况频繁出现,说明该海域造礁石珊瑚群落受到了较为严重的破坏,导致群落退化演替,分析认为这种破坏是由自然因素和人为活动共同造成的。     

中国海海葵目(刺胞动物门:珊瑚虫纲)物种多样性与区系特点

基于对中国海域海葵目700余条采集记录的分类整理和分析,对中国海域的海葵物种多样性与区系特点进行了总结。迄今共记录并核实了81个海葵目物种,其中黄渤海有29种,东海有23种,南海有55种,物种多样性呈"南海最高、黄渤海次之、东海最低"的分布格局。中国海海葵目这一分布模式既与中国大多数海洋生物类群由北向南递增的物种多样性格局不同,也不同于其所隶属的珊瑚虫纲与刺胞动物门从赤道向两极明显减少的纬度梯度分布模式,亦与全球海葵目物种多样性由南北纬30o—40o向低纬度热带海域和高纬度逐步降低的分布格局不同。本文将我国海城分布的海葵进行了区系划分并分析了各海域海葵的区系特点,探讨了驱动海葵物种多样性分布的环境因素。     

太平洋深海细菌多样性研究进展

深海是指深度在1,000m以下的大洋,从打破深海中没有生命的定论开始,在具有低温、高压、永久黑暗、营养贫乏等特征的深海环境中含有的大量细菌一直以来都是研究的重点对象之一。太平洋作为地球上最大的大洋,人们对其深海细菌的研究从起初的菌种多样性逐步延伸到功能多样性,包括在生态环境中参与的物质循环和能量流动以及代谢产物的功能应用性研究。深海中丰富的菌种资源不仅被应用到生态环境的防治与保护,同时也是酶制剂和药物来源的巨大宝库。太平洋地区的马里亚纳海沟作为地球的最深处,对此区域的研究,不仅可以丰富菌种多样性,更能开发新的菌种应用资源。本文就以上几个方面进行综述,深度整合目前太平洋深海细菌多样性的研究现状。     

基于环境DNA技术的舟山南部海域鱼类资源状况和多样性分析

为完善舟山南部海域鱼类种类组成及结构特征,文章使用环境DNA技术对该海域鱼类多样性进行检测。通过采集水样、过滤、提取环境DNA、PCR扩增、测序,在该海域6个站位中获得8个环境DNA样品,共检测到9种舟山海域常见鱼类。其中,软骨鱼纲1种,辐鳍鱼纲8种,龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)为优势种。研究结果表明,虽然环境DNA技术无法完全替代传统的鱼类资源调查方法,但是可以作为鱼类资源调查和空间分布的补充手段,与底拖网数据结合,为舟山南部海域鱼类组成和群落结构季节性变化提供依据。     

长江口邻近海域夏季大型底栖生物群落特征

本文根据2014年6月长江口邻近海域大型底栖生物的调查资料, 采用优势度指数, 物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数, Bray-Curtis相似性聚类和非参数多维标度排序(nMDS)标序方法, 分析了长江口邻近海域夏季大型底栖生物的群落特征。本次调查共采集大型底栖生物135种, 其中多毛类66种, 甲壳动物33种, 棘皮动物14种, 软体动物13种, 其他类群9种。调查海域的大型底栖生物平均丰度为122.2ind/m₂,平均生物量为7.8g/ m₂。丰度、生物量和多样性指数在不同海区间的空间差异均不显著。大型底栖生物在20%的相似性水平上可以划分为8个群组,各站位间相似性水平较低。ABC曲线表明,伴随海岸带开发及人类活动的持续影响, 长江口邻近海域底栖生境的稳定性受到轻微扰动, 建议继续开展长期连续的监测, 为研究长江口海域环境变化和大型底栖生物群落演替提供基础资料。     

Deep‐Sea Diversity: Overlooked Messages from Shallow‐Water Sediments

Abstract. Much of the discussion of high deep‐sea diversity has assumed that asymmetric inter‐specific competition will rapidly lead to the elimination of many species unless restrained by extensive differentiation of niches, or the action of predation and/or environmental disturbance. This is true for some habitats, including rocky shores. However, experimental studies indicate that marine soft sediment communities do not function like this. In shallow‐water sediments, competition is usually symmetric and relatively weak. Asymmetric competition that leads to the elimination of one species by another on time scales shorter than one generation is rare, apart from interactions that involve large‐scale modification or disturbance of the sediment. Competition is therefore relatively unimportant as a process structuring communities and the impact of predation is usually to reduce rather than enhance diversity. These results have been largely ignored by the literature on deep‐sea diversity. If deep‐sea communities function in similar ways, coexistence of many species within small areas on short time scales does not need further explanation. We do , however, need to explain why abundances of all species remain bounded on large spatial scales and time scales of several generations. The model of diversity maintenance proposed by Huston (1979) and applied to the deep sea by Rex (1983) achieves this by implicit intra‐specific, density‐dependent processes that increase the population growth rate of species that have become locally rare. This would give robust maintenance of diversity, but there is no evidence for density dependence of this type in the deep sea, and no plausible mechanisms by which it could occur. Alternative models require either spatial heterogeneity on a scale much larger than that envisaged by the grain‐matching hypothesis or the placing of a cap on the abundance of common species, perhaps by frequency‐dependent predation. Arbitrating between these possibilities will require assessments of the population dynamics and spatial distribution of individual species on spatial and temporal scales much greater than those usually considered in the deep sea.     

2016—2018 年夏季渤海浮游生物和大型底栖 动物多样性与优势种的时空变化研究

浮游生物和大型底栖动物参与水体营养物循环, 影响着污染物的迁移转化与沉积物的稳定性, 对海洋生态系统的能 流和物流起着至关重要的作用。为系统了解渤海海域浮游生物和大型底栖动物多样性与优势种的时空变化状况, 本研究以生 态监测调查结果为依据, 站位重点布设在渤海海域重要的河口、海湾、海岛周边海域以及渤海中部海域, 同时结合相关历史 资料, 对渤海海域的浮游生物和大型底栖动物的种类组成 、密度 、生物多样性指数 、优势种等的变化趋势进行了分析。从 2016—2018 年浮游植物的细胞密度空间分布可以看出, 细胞密度均值在滦河口-北戴河海域相对较高, 而在锦州湾 、莱州湾 和庙岛群岛海域相对偏低。渤海浮游植物多样性在各调查海域之间相差不大, 但渤海湾海域的浮游植物多样性呈现明显的逐 年下降趋势。浮游动物细胞密度在滦河口-北戴河海域相对偏高, 其余各海域差别不大。2016—2018 年, 浮游动物多样性在 双台子河口 、渤海湾 、黄河口海域明显增加, 大型底栖动物群落物种数在渤海湾 、黄河口 、莱州湾和庙岛群岛均呈减少趋 势, 大型底栖动物多样性在锦州湾 、滦河口-北戴河的水平偏低, 在渤海湾有所下降, 耐污能力较强的多毛类成为目前渤海 近岸海域大型底栖动物最主要的优势类群。通过与历史数据对比可知, 2014—2018 年, 渤海浮游植物及浮游动物的群落种 类数、密度 、多样性指数总体变化不大, 主要优势种基本一致, 但大型底栖动物种类数 、生物量和密度总体上呈减少趋势, 主要优势种类由软体动物转变为环节动物多毛类。本研究丰富了渤海海域浮游生物和大型底栖动物群落的研究, 并为渤海生 态系统的健康评价与生物多样性保护提供了数据支持, 对合理开发海洋生物资源具有一定的指导意义。     

椒南化工区排污口附近海域的底栖生物状况

利用2002年6～7月椒南化工区排污口附近海域生态调查资料,对该海域底栖生物的种类组成、数量分布及其生态群落多样性等进行了分析和研究,结果表明:(1)该海域底栖生物种类贫乏,多毛类Polychaeta、海地瓜Acaudinamolpadioidea及纵肋织纹螺Nassariusvari-ciferus等耐污种类为优势种;(2)该海域底栖生物生物量较低,且局部海域出现了无底栖生物现象;(3)该海域底栖生物多样性指数低、丰富度低、优势度大,表明底栖生物的生态环境已受到严重污染。     

中国海洋浮游植物和赤潮物种的生物多样性研究进展(一):渤海

渤海是我国最大的半封闭型内海,也是重要的海洋生物产卵场、育幼场和索饵场。其陆源径流丰富,环境异质性高,具有很高的浮游植物物种多样性,其中包括大量的赤潮物种。该海域赤潮频发对水产养殖、生态环境、旅游业等造成了很大影响。因此,针对该海域浮游植物物种多样性的研究具有极其重要的意义。本文整理了1957—2019年间46个主要航次的调查资料,比较分析了这些航次中鉴定的浮游植物组成以及相对丰度,并跟踪分析了近20年来渤海的主要赤潮事件,重点描述了赤潮物种多样性,并详细阐述了常见赤潮物种。在航次鉴定的140个赤潮物种中,包括硅藻78种,甲藻52种,定鞭藻5种,绿藻4种和蓝藻1种。本文为比较研究包括渤海海域在内的不同海域浮游植物和赤潮物种的多样性,探索海洋生物多样性的起源和演化规律,解读宏基因组学及宏条形码分析结果提供了基础和参考。     

Benthic meiofaunal composition and community structure in the Sethukuda mangrove area and adjacent open sea,East coast of India

The ecological aspects of meiofaunal communities in the Muthupettai mangrove forest, East coast of India, has not been investigated in the last two decades. Surface water temperature ranged from 23.5 °C to 31.8 °C. Salinity varied from 24 to 34 ppt, while water pH fluctuated from 7.4 to 8.3. Dissolved oxygen concentration ranged from 3.86 to 5.33 mg/l. Meiofauna analysis in this study identified a total of 106 species from the mangrove and adjacent open sea area of Sethukuda. Among these, 56 species of foraminiferans, 20 species of nematodes, 7 species of harpacticoid copepods, 4 species of ostrocodes, and 2 species of rotifers were identified. Furthermore, a single species was identified from the following groups: ciliophora, cnidaria, gnathostomulida, insecta, propulida, bryozoa and polychaete larvae. Meiofaunal density varied between 12029 to 23493 individuals 10 cm/m². The diversity index ranged from 3.515 to 3.680, species richness index varied from 6.384 to 8.497, and evenness index varied from 0.839 to 0876 in the mangrove area and adjacent open sea.     

Low densities of sea urchins influence the structure of algal assemblages in the western Mediterranean

Numerous studies of interactions between urchins and algae in temperate areas have shown an important structuring effect of sea urchin populations. These studies focused almost wholly on the effect of high urchin densities on laminarian forests. In contrast, algal communities below 5–6 m depth in the northwestern Mediterranean are characterised by low sea urchin densities (<5 ind m⁻²) and the absence of laminarian forests. No previous research has addressed sea urchin/algal interactions in this type of community. To determine the effect of the most abundant echinoid species, Paracentrotus lividus, on well-established algal communities in this area, we performed a removal–reintroduction experiment in rocky patches located between 13 and 16 m depth in the northwestern Mediterranean, where sea urchin densities ranged between 0.9 and 3.4 ind m⁻². After 6 months, the cover of non-crustose algae was significantly higher in the plots from which sea urchins had been removed than in control plots (84 vs 67% cover). These removal plots reverted to their original state upon reintroduction of sea urchins. The non-crustose algae consisted of turfing and frondose forms, with the former representing some 70% of the non-crustose algal cover. Change in the cover of turfing algae was responsible for the significant increase in algal development in the sea urchin removal plots. The response of frondose algae to the treatment varied between algal species. It is concluded that grazing by P. lividus exerts a significant effect on habitat structure, even in communities with low sea urchin densities, such as those found in vast areas of the Mediterranean sublittoral.     

中国海域赤潮物种多样性

遍布全球的赤潮问题近几十年来在我国海域愈演愈烈,成为我国海域最突出的生态灾害之一,严重威胁人类健康、生态安全和社会经济发展。随着研究的深入,我国海域越来越多的赤潮物种及隐存种得到鉴定,分类地位也经过不断修订,但是这些信息零散,不利于研究者系统认识和跟踪研究我国海洋赤潮物种。为此,文章整理了国内外赤潮物种研究资料,并参照联合国教科文组织全球有害藻华物种分类参考名单(2021年版,仅包括有毒赤潮物种)内容,完成了赤潮物种统计,共收录了341个赤潮物种,既包括有毒赤潮物种,也包括无毒赤潮物种。在这341个赤潮物种中,大部分(215种)在中国海域也得到鉴定,其中76个物种在所有主要海域都得到鉴定。近年来,基于通用分子标记(比如18S rDNA序列)的宏条形码分析被广泛应用于针对赤潮物种的鉴定和研究,成为研究赤潮物种组成及其时空动态变化的重要手段。然而,这341个赤潮物种中近30%的物种其18SrDNA序列尚未得到解析,严重限制了宏条形码方法的充分应用,是推行宏条形码分析中的重要瓶颈。全面构建赤潮物种分子标记可以促进宏条形码分析方法作为新一代海域生态调查分析技术,更好地将其应用于解析我国海域赤潮...     

渤海湾近岸海域浮游动物多样性

2004~2009年每年1~2次对渤海湾近岸海域选定站位进行采样,分析了其浮游动物的种类组成及种类多样性。结果表明,渤海湾近岸海域共鉴定出浮游动物9大类48种,主要种类为近岸低盐种,优势种主要为强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、大同拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similes)、小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)和双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)。通过不同年份渤海湾近岸海域浮游动物物种丰度、多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度的对比,发现渤海湾海域生物环境质量在2007年前呈下降趋势,2007年后呈回升趋势。渤海湾近岸海域南部断面的浮游动物多样性指数呈减小趋势,北部断面的浮游动物多样性呈增大趋势。     

厦门海域蟹类资源的变化

本研究依据2006—2007年与2016—2017年各个季节在厦门海域采样获得的蟹类样品数据,对比分析了其种类组成、资源密度及其多样性指数。结果表明：厦门海域蟹类的种类组成有较大变化,种类更替率为55.32%,伴随着在两次调查中扇蟹科、方蟹科和关公蟹科等物种的新出现及梭子蟹科和长脚蟹科物种的消失,同时蟹类丰度(d)有所减少;均匀度(J)、种类多样性指数(H′)和资源密度变化较小;蟹类的群落结构变得更单一,容易遭到破坏;研究期间拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)资源出现一定程度的恢复,蟹类资源的平均个体质量有所增加,其中秋季蟹类个数密度增长较为明显。本研究建议在保证严格禁渔等管理的同时,加强对其海洋栖息地的管理和恢复。     

荣成靖海湾海参养殖池塘初级生产力季节变化特征

2007年5月~2007年11月调查了山东荣成靖海湾海参养殖池塘水体中浮游植物种类组成、生物量、叶绿素含量变化以及底泥沉积物中叶绿素和脱镁叶绿素含量的变化.结果表明,海参养殖池塘水体中浮游植物共有7门,44属,62种,主要以硅藻为主.水体中浮游植物平均生物量1号池塘为17.52×10~4 /L;2号池塘为18.30×10~4 /L.水体叶绿素含量变化范围:1号池塘为1.38～5.00 μg/L;2号池塘为0.98～5.45 μg/L.池塘沉积物中叶绿素含量变化范围:1号池塘为0.66～1.67 μg/g,2号池塘为0.56～1.34 μg/g.池塘沉积物中脱镁叶绿素含量变化范围:1号池塘为2.97～5.63 μg/g;2号池塘为2.90～6.36 μg/g.1号池塘和2号池塘的浮游植物群落结构及叶绿素含量没有显著性差异(P>0.05).叶绿素,脱镁叶绿素变化趋势较为一致.海参夏眠期间,沉积物中叶绿素及脱镁叶绿素含量最高,为海参结束夏眠进入摄食提供食物储备.研究结果表明,靖海湾海参养殖池塘浮游植物以硅藻为主,养殖池塘水体浮游植物生物量较低,多样性指数较高,增加浮游植物沉降速率,增加养殖系统初级生产力可为海参提供更多食物.