岩石流变模型在孕震过程和前兆研究中的应用

本文用岩石流变模型讨论了地震孕育过程,以定常应变速率为地震孕育过程的基本条件.在解析解的基础上,计算了孕震过程中应力、应变、应变速率和能量等各种特征量随时间的变化曲线.在此基础上,分析了地震孕育过程的阶段性.本文还着重讨论了孕震过程中的各种前兆现象,探讨了多种前兆异常的综合机制,并初步给出了前兆现象和孕震过程之间的可能联系.      

沉积盆地波动过程分析研究现状与发展趋势

沉积盆地波动过程分析方法是一种较新的盆地分析方法,该方法以物理学中有关波的理论为基础,以波动的观点来分析地壳运动,本文介绍了沉积盆地波动过程分析的基本概念、发展过程、方法原理、研究步骤,从含油气盆地分析的四个主要研究内容论述了波动过程分析法研究现状,并探讨了它的发展趋势.     

地震孕育、发生、发展动态过程的三维有限元数值模拟

为探讨用数值方法模拟地震孕育、发生、发展动态过程的途径,从线性流变体介质内制约质点运动的运动方程出发,导出了模拟地震孕育、发生、发展动态过程的三维有限元方程及程序。还给出了模拟进程中地震孕育、发生、发展过程的约束条件,使得可以用同一个程序完整地模拟地震孕育、发生、发展的全过程,为地震过程本质的认识以及物理预报的实现提供了一个潜在的新手段。     

寒区桩基础的多场耦合分析模型及其应用

引入桩土相互作用的界面单元将冻土地基与混凝土桩联系起来, 考虑应力场、温度场、水份场三场耦合条件, 建立了冻土区桩土共同作用的粘弹塑性非线性有限元分析计算模式. 结合工程实例用本文方法对单桩冻胀过程中的应力场及位移场进行了计算, 着重揭示和研究了冻结过程中桩土间切向冻胀应力场、冻结应力场及位移场的随时间变化过程, 进而研究了单桩承载力冻结过程中的发生与发展的变化过程.     

地震孕育、发生、发展动态过程的三维有限元数值模拟

为探讨用数值方法模拟地震孕育、发生、发展动态过程的途径,从线性流变体介质内制约质点运动的运动方程出发,导出了模拟地震孕育、发生、发展动态过程的三维有限元方程及程序。还给出了模拟进程中地震孕育、发生、发展过程的约束条件,使得可以用同一个程序完整地模拟地震孕育、发生、发展的全过程,为地震过程本质的认识以及物理预报的实现提供了一个潜在的新手段。     

地震蕴育过程中地壳形变场图象动力学参量的研究

地震蕴育过程中的地壳形变场具有分形特征, 分数维随时间而演变。强震发生在降维、减熵和有序化过程之后, 震后维数、熵值和有序度均恢复到正常基准, 反映了地壳形变场由均匀变形-非均匀变形-失稳-均匀变形的过程。分数维、信息熵和有序度可作为地壳形场图象动力学参数使用, 它们定量刻划了变形局部化过程。      

大连地磁台环境保护与迁台选址

阐述了大连地磁台环境保护历程、台站搬迁的意义、补偿征地过程及经验,同时介绍了大连地磁台新台址的堪选过程。     

一种新的地球物理反演方法——模拟原子跃迁反演法

详细研究了一般地球物理反问题的迭代优化求解过程与物理学中原子跃迁过程的对应关系,建立了反演问题中模型空间、初始模型、局部极值模型、最优化模型等与原子的态空间、定态、激发态、基态等的对应关系. 在此基础上,模拟了物理学中原子从激发态向基态跃迁的物理过程,建立了一种与原子跃迁过程相对应的非线性随机跃迁数学模型和模型解跃迁搜索准则,导出了适用于一般地球物理资料的模拟原子跃迁的非线性反演算法. 用理论测试函数对这种新的反演方法进行了数值试验,结果表明该方法具有解不依赖于初始模型、收敛速度快等优点.     

多通道动态应变观测系统在地震模拟实验中的应用

为了研究实验变形失稳过程中的应变场快速调整阶段和岩石结构破坏过程中的复杂变形场,将高速、高分辨率、多通道的应变观测技术引入构造物理实验,搭建了用以观测瞬态变形场的多通道动态应变观测系统,形成了16Bit分辨率、96通道、3.4kHz采样速度、1με分辨率且连续记录的应变观测系统。通过观测断层失稳过程高速滑动阶段和裂纹扩展过程的力学场时空变化,发现断层粘滑失稳过程的演化具有3个特征阶段:预滑动阶段、高频震荡阶段和低频调整止滑阶段。每个阶段的持续时间、应变速率、频率特性、振幅等都具有自身特点;三维断层扩展模型的实验结果显示,岩桥区断层贯通是一个快速过程,先多点局部扩展,后跳跃式连接。在断层贯通之后,样品整体崩垮之前,存在一个相对稳定的阶段,持续时间为几十ms。多通道动态应变观测系统填补了在地震模拟与岩石力学实验中应变观测频带的空缺,可以获得高密度、高精度的动态应变场,进一步研究瞬态应变场演化与应变波时空过程,为理解从缓慢递进变形到突发失稳释放过程提供了技术支持。     

沙漠陆面过程参数化与模拟

沙漠地区植被稀疏、干旱少雨,其陆面物理过程具有与全球其它地区显著不同的特点.本文利用巴丹吉林沙漠观测资料,分析和计算了地表反照率、比辐射率、粗糙度和土壤热容量、热传导系数等关键陆面过程参数,建立了适合于沙漠地区的陆面过程模式DLSM (Desert Land Surface Model),并与NOAH陆面过程模式的模拟结果和观测资料进行了比较.结果表明:巴丹吉林沙漠地表反照率为0.273,比辐射率为0.950,地表粗糙度为1.55×10-3 m,土壤热容量和热扩散系数分别为1.08×106 J·m-3·K-1和3.34×10-7 m2·s.辐射传输、感热输送和土壤热传导过程是影响沙漠地区地表能量平衡的主要物理过程.通过对这三种过程的准确模拟检验,DLSM能够较准确地模拟巴丹吉林沙漠地气能量交换特征;短波辐射、长波辐射和感热通量的模拟结果与观测值间的标准差分别为7.98,6.14,33.9 W·m-2,与NOAH陆面过程模式的7.98,7.72,46.6 W·m-2的结果接近.地表反照率是沙漠地区最重要的陆面过程参数,地表反照率增大5%,向上短波辐射通量随之增加5%,感热通量则减小2.8%.本文研究结果对丰富陆面过程参数化方案,改进全球陆面过程模式、气候模式具有参考意义.     

SWAT modeling with uncertainty and cluster analyses of tillage impacts on hydrological processes

The impacts of tillage practices, majorly conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT), on soil hydraulic properties have been studied in recent decades. In this paper, we incorporated an auto-calibration algorithm into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and calibrated the model at eight field sites with soil water content (SWC) observations in the Pataha Creek Watershed, WA, USA. The Green–Ampt method in SWAT was chosen to determine infiltration and surface runoff. Parameter uncertainty was quantified by “relatively optimal” parameter sets filtered by a critical objective function value. Cluster analysis was adopted to obtain equal-sized parameter sets for each site and to compare parameter sets between tillage practices. The centers of these clusters were employed as a sample of parameter values. The clustered parameter sets were then used in scenario analysis to examine the impacts of cropland tillage practices on lateral flow, runoff and evapotranspiration (ET). The model parameters (e.g., soil hydraulic properties) were significantly different between CT and NT. In particular, higher bulk density, larger available water capacity, and higher effective hydraulic conductivity were found for NT than for CT. SWCs at three depths of the NT sites were significantly higher than those of CT sites, which could be attributed to tillage practices. However, higher available water capacity at NT sites indicated that the NT soil had a higher capacity to hold water. Thus the mean net changes in SWC during a year were not significantly different between CT and NT. The statistically different model parameters neither resulted in statistical differences in annual outputs (e.g., runoff and ET) nor substantial differences in monthly outputs. Our study indicates that the tillage impacts on hydrological processes are site-specific and scale-dependent.     

Quantifying the impact of no-till on runoff in southern Brazil at hillslope and catchment scales

No-till (NT) is a conservation system that improves the hydrological regime of agricultural slopes by providing greater surface protection and benefits to the physical and hydrological properties of soils. However, the isolated use of NT is not enough to control runoff and its associated degradation processes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the runoff of agricultural slopes under NT under different runoff control conditions by monitoring 63 rainfall events in two 2.4-ha zero-order catchments and 27 rainfall events in four 0.6-ha macroplots. The catchments are paired and similar in terms of the type of soil and relief, but different regarding the presence of terraces. The macroplots have different soil and crop management systems. By using monitoring techniques, the hyetographs and hydrographs revealed the influence of the different types of management on the catchments and macroplots and allowed rainfall characteristics, runoff volume, runoff coefficients, water infiltration, peak runoff, response times, and curve number to be analysed. The terraces positively affected the NT and controlled runoff and related variables, in addition to infiltration significantly increasing and runoff reducing in the terraced catchment. All the hydrological information assessed pointed to the positive effects provided by the presence of the terraces. The results in the macroplots showed that high amounts of phytomass and/or chiselling do not control runoff and its correlated variables in medium and high magnitude events. The study concludes by underlining the need for additional measures to control runoff (terraces), even in areas under NT and with high phytomass production. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of monitoring at the catchment scale to better understand the hydrological behaviour of agricultural areas and provide the necessary parameters to effectively control runoff.     

Soil creep: problems raised by a 23 year study in Australia

In October 1965 and February 1966, 55 Young-pits were installed in tropical Northern Territory (NT) and temperate New South Wales (NSW). Pits were monitored in 1968, 1971 and 1974; also, for the NT only, in 1988. In each region, half of the pits are on weathered granite, and half on sandstone. Local relief is 30m or less, and slopes are up to 20°. Annual rainfall is evenly distributed in the NSW sites (800 mm a⁻¹), but is confined to the five to six month wet season in NT (1200 mm a⁻¹). Six pits suffered external disturbance and so were not analysed. Analysis of 160 rods in 49 undisturbed pits shows: (1) vectorial movement generally not downslope parallel to the ground surface, but dominated by a vertically downward component; (2) significant uphill and vertically upward components of movement for many rods; (3) a weak correlation between total movement and sine of slope; (4) rapid movement during 1965-68, and slow movement thereafter; (5) significantly higher creep rates on the NT granites than on all other sites, perhaps because mound-building termites are especially active there. We conclude that our data do not support soil creep models which assume that all movement is downslope and slope-parallel. Repeated long-term measurements are essential to distinguish long-term creep rates from the short-term effects of disturbance. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Signal Processing for Indian and Pakistan Nuclear Tests Recorded at IMS Stations Located in Israel

v—vIn compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban-Treaty (CTBT) the International Monitoring System (IMS) was designed for detection and location of the clandestine Nuclear Tests (NT). Two auxiliary IMS seismic stations MRNI and EIL, deployed recently, were subjected to detectability, travel-time calibration and discrimination analysis. The study is based on the three recent 1998 underground nuclear explosions: one of India and two of Pakistan, which provided a ground-truth test of the existing IMS. These events, attaining magnitudes of 5.2, 4.8 and 4.6 correspondingly, were registered by many IMS and other seismic stations.¶The MRNI and EIL broadband (BB) stations are located in Israel at teleseismic distances (from the explosions) of 3600, 2800 and 2700ukm, respectively, where the signals from the tests are already weak. The Indian and the second Pakistan NT were not detected by the short-period Israel Seismic Network (ISN), using standard STA/LTA triggering. Therefore, for the chosen IMS stations we compare the STA/LTA response to the results of the more sensitive Murdock-Hutt (MH) and the Adaptive Statistically Optimal Detector (OD) that showed triggering for these three events. The second Pakistan NT signal arrived at the ISN and the IMS stations in the coda of a strong Afghanistan earthquake and was further disturbed by a preceding signal from a local earthquake. However, the NT signal was successfully extracted at EIL and MRNI stations using MH and OD procedures. For comparison we provide the signal analysis of the cooperating BB station JER, with considerably worse noise conditions than EIL and MRNI, and show that OD can detect events when the other algorithms fail. Using the most quiet EIL station, the most sensitive OD and different bandpass filters we tried in addition to detect the small Kazakh chemical 100-ton calibration explosion of 1998, with magnitude 3.7 at a distance approaching 4000ukm. The detector response curve showed uprising in the expected signal time interval, but yet was low for a reliable decision.¶After an NT is detected it should be recognized. Spectra were calculated in a 15-sec window including P and P-coda waves. The spectra for the first Pakistan NT showed a pronounced spectral null at 1.7uHz for all three components of the EIL station. The effect was confirmed by observation of the same spectral null at the vertical component of the ISN stations. For this ground-truth explosion with a reported shallow source depth, the phenomenon can be explained in terms of the interference of P and pP phases. However, the spectral null feature, considered separately, cannot serve as a reliable identification characteristic of nuclear explosions, because not all the tests provide the nulls, whereas some earthquakes show this feature. Therefore, the multi-channel spectral discrimination analysis, based on a spectral ratio of low-to-high frequency energy (in the 0.6–1uHz and 1–3uHz bands), and a semblance of spectral curves (in the 0.6–2uHz band), was conducted. Both statistics were calculated for the vertical component of the ISN stations as well for the three components of the EIL station. The statistics provided a reliable discrimination between the recent NT and several nearby earthquakes, and showed compliance with the former analysis of Soviet and Chinese NT, where nuclear tests demonstrated lower values of energy ratio and spectral semblance than earthquakes. ¶Accurate location of NT requires calibration of travel time for IMS stations. Using known source locations, IASPEI91 travel-time tables and NEIC origin times we calculated expected arrival time for the P waves to the EIL and MRNI stations and showed that the measured arrival time has a delay of about 4 sec. Similar results were obtained for the nearby Pakistan earthquakes. The analysis was complimented by the P travel-time measurements for the set of Semipalatinsk NT, which showed delays of about 3.7usec to the short-period MBH station which is a surrogate station for EIL. Similar delays at different stations evidence a path- rather than site-effect. The results can be used for calibration of the IMS stations EIL and MRNI regarding Asian seismic events.     

西藏高原南部两次快速冷却事件的构造含义

研究了西藏泽当地区冈底斯逆冲断层（ＧＴ）和念青唐古拉山峰东侧两条山谷（ＮＴ）中８个钾长石样品的ＭＤＤ冷却历史，对钾长石低温阶段异常高年龄进行了Ｃ１校正，得到了两次明显的快速冷却事件。前者（ＧＴ）提供了网底斯逆冲断层的活动时间２７～２４Ｍａ、下限年龄约１８Ｍａ和最小滑动速率（１２±６）ｍｍ／ａ。后者（ＮＴ）表明在约８Ｍａ，即正断层运动开始时，西藏高原东南部地壳增厚和抬升可能已达到了近于现今的高度和水平     

地震前兆信息网安全管理的几个问题

从主机系统安全、服务软件配置、网络系统安全、木马和病毒防范以及安全管理制度等几个方面进行了探讨，总结了基于NT技术的前兆网络安全防范问题，给出了加强前兆网络安全的一些措施和建议。     

Pixel‐scale evaluation of SSM/I sea‐ice algorithms in the marginal ice zone during early fall freeze‐up

Observed reduction in recent sea ice areal extent and thickness has focused attention on the fact that the Arctic marine system appears to be responding to global‐scale climate variability and change. Passive microwave remote‐sensing data are the primary source underpinning these reports, yet problems remain in geophysical inversion of information on ice type and concentration. Uncertainty in sea‐ice concentration (SIC) retrievals is highest in the summer and fall, when water occurs in liquid phase within the snow–sea‐ice system. Of particular scientific interest is the timing and rate of new ice formation due to the control that this form of sea ice has on mass, energy and gas fluxes across the ocean–sea‐ice–atmosphere interface. In this paper we examine the critical fall freeze‐up period using in situ data from a ship‐based and aerial survey programme known as the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange study combined with microwave and optical Earth observations data. Results show that: (1) the overall physical conditions observed from aerial survey photography were well matched with coincident moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer data and Radarsat ScanSAR imagery; (2) the shortwave albedo was linearly related to old ice concentration derived from survey photography; (3) the three SSM/I SIC algorithms (NASA Team (NT), NASA Team 2 (NT2), and Bootstrap (BT)) showed considerable discrepancies in pixel‐scale comparison with the Radarsat ScanSAR SICs well calibrated by the aerial survey data. The major causes of the discrepancies are attributed to (1) the inherent inability to detect the new thin ice in the NT and BT algorithms, (2) mismatches of the thin‐ice tie point of the NT2 algorithm, and (3) sub‐pixel ambiguity between the thin ice and the mixture of open water and sea ice. These results suggest the need for finer resolution of passive microwave sensors, such as AMSR‐E, to improve the precision of the SSM/I SIC algorithms in the marginal ice zone during early fall freeze‐up. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1900-2000年非偶极子磁场的全球变化

根据第７代ＩＧＲＦ模型,计算并绘制了１９００-２０００年（时间间隔为５ａ）非偶极子磁场的全球分布,计算和分析了各个磁异常中心位置和强度的变化,东亚正磁异常、大洋洲负磁异常、南大西洋正磁异常、非洲负磁异常和北美洲正磁异常是分布范围广、异常强度大的５个磁异常。南大西洋正磁异常是强度最大的磁异常。在２０世纪９０年代以前,东亚正磁异常的强度位居第２位,９０年代以后,非洲负磁异常的强度（绝对值）超过东亚正磁异常,成为第２大磁异常。磁异常强度增长最快的是非洲负磁异常、南大西洋正磁异常和大洋洲负磁异常。南大西洋正磁异常和非洲负磁异常是磁异常中心位置变化最快的两个磁异常。     

1900-2000年非偶极子磁场的全球变化

根据第７代ＩＧＲＦ模型,计算并绘制了１９００-２０００年（时间间隔为５ａ）非偶极子磁场的全球分布,计算和分析了各个磁异常中心位置和强度的变化,东亚正磁异常、大洋洲负磁异常、南大西洋正磁异常、非洲负磁异常和北美洲正磁异常是分布范围广、异常强度大的５个磁异常。南大西洋正磁异常是强度最大的磁异常。在２０世纪９０年代以前,东亚正磁异常的强度位居第２位,９０年代以后,非洲负磁异常的强度（绝对值）超过东亚正磁异常,成为第２大磁异常。磁异常强度增长最快的是非洲负磁异常、南大西洋正磁异常和大洋洲负磁异常。南大西洋正磁异常和非洲负磁异常是磁异常中心位置变化最快的两个磁异常。     

Soil sealing and soil water content under no‐tillage and conventional tillage in irrigated corn: Effects on grain yield

The main objective of this research was to analyse the effect of soil management on soil sealing and on soil water content under contrasting tillage practices and its influence on corn yield. The experimental research was carried out in a field cultivated with irrigated corn differentiated into three zones representing a gradient of soil texture (Z1, Z2, and Z3, i.e., increasingly coarser). Two plots under different soil management practices (conventional intensive tillage, CT, and no‐tillage, NT) were selected in each zone. The susceptibility to sealing of each soil and the steady infiltration rates were evaluated in the laboratory subjecting the soils to rainfall simulation applied at an intensity of 25 mm h^?1. In addition, soil porosity under each treatment was quantified. Soil water content (0–90 cm depth) was determined gravimetrically at the beginning and the end of the growing cycle and at the surface (0–5 cm) during three growing seasons and continuously at two depths (5–15 and 50–60 cm) during the last growing cycle. Soil water content was simulated using the SIMPEL model, which was calibrated for the experimental conditions. Corn yield and above‐ground biomass were also analysed. Significant differences in soil sealing among zones, with decreasing soil sealing for coarser textures, and treatments were observed with infiltration rates that were near twice in NT than in CT, being the effect of soil cover significant in the reduction of soil detachment and soil losses. NT showed higher soil water content than CT, especially in the surface layers. Above‐ground biomass production was smaller in CT than in NT, and in the areas with higher sealing susceptibility was 30% to 45% smaller than in other zones, reaching the smallest values in Z1. A similar reduction in corn yield was observed between treatments being smaller in CT than in NT. No‐tillage has been confirmed as an effective technique that benefits soil physical properties as well as crop yields in relation to CT, being its impact greater in soils susceptible to sealing.