深海海面目标单水听器被动测距方法与验证

基于射线理论分析了在深海情况下海面声源产生声场的频率-距离干涉结构,给出了影区内声场频率-距离干涉结构的近似理论表达式,分析得到影区内声场频域干涉周期随收发距离的增加而增大、随着接收水听器深度的增加而减小。因此由单水听器记录的声场干涉结构即可实现被动声源距离估计。在南海深海实验中观测到海面宽带噪声源在声场影区形成的声场干涉结构,对实验获得声场干涉结构的处理结果验证了深海声场影区干涉结构用于被动声源距离估计的有效性。与传统的匹配场被动定位方法相比,该方法不需要已知海底声学参数和大规模的拷贝场计算。     

Interference fringes on GLORIA side-scan sonar images from the Bering Sea and their implications

GLORIA side-scan sonographs from the Bering Sea Basin show a complex pattern of interference fringes sub-parallel to the ship's track. Surveys along the same trackline made in 1986 and 1987 show nearly identical patterns. It is concluded from this that the interference patterns are caused by features in the shallow subsurface rather than in the water column. The fringes are interpreted as a thin-layer interference effect that occurs when some of the sound reaching the seafloor passes through it and is reflected off a subsurface layer. The backscattered sound interferes (constructively or desctructively) with the reflected sound. Constructive/destructive interference occurs when the difference in the length of the two soundpaths is a whole/half multiple of GLORIA's 25 cm wavelength. Thus as range from the ship increases, sound moves in and out of phase causing bands of greater and lesser intensity on the GLORIA sonograph. Fluctuations (or wiggles) of the fringes on the GLORIA sonographs relate to changes in layer thickness. In principle, a simple three dimensional image of the subsurface layer may be obtained using GLORIA and bathymetric data from adjacent (parallel) ship's tracks. These patterns have also been identified in images from two other systems; SeaMARC II (12 kHz) long-range sonar, and TOBI (30 kHz) deep-towed sonar. In these, and other cases world-wide, the fringes do not appear with the same persistence as those seen in the Bering Sea.     

Ferromagnetism in Eu-doped ZnO films deposited by radio-frequency magnetic sputtering

This paper reports that Eu-doped ZnO films were successfully deposited on silicon (100) by radio-frequency magnetic sputtering. The x-ray diffraction patterns indicate that Eu substitutes for Zn in the lattice. Ferromagnetic loops were obtained by using superconducting quantum interference device at 10 K and room temperature. No discontinuous change was found in both of the zero-field-cooled and field-cooled curves. The observed ferromagnetism in Eu-doped ZnO can be attributed to a single magnetic phase. The saturation magnetisation decreased remarkably for the Eu-doped ZnO prepared by introducing 5% of oxygen in the sputtering gas or by the post annealing in O₂, suggesting that the defects play key roles in the development of ferromagnetism in Eu-doped ZnO films.     

时空混合调制型偏振干涉成像光谱仪数据处理研究

研究了基于Savart偏光镜的偏振干涉成像光谱仪在时空混合调制模式下图像形成、数据分布的特点,论证了视场补偿型偏振干涉成像光谱仪更适用于单色光条件下的时空混合调制工作模式,并提出了时空混合调制模式下数据采集与处理的基本原理及其需要注意的问题与解决方法.最后,应用这种方法对实验获取的干涉图进行了数据处理,并成功复原出了光谱.     

马氏珠母贝PfAQP4免疫功能初探

文章对马氏珠母贝水通道蛋白基因PfAQP4进行免疫功能分析。利用实时荧光定量分析免疫刺激和RNA干扰后PfAQP4及免疫相关基因的表达模式, 旨在为马氏珠母贝自然免疫研究提供新的资料。结果表明, 注射脂多糖LPS后, 在外套膜组织中PfAQP4 mRNA表达量在24h时显著上调(p<0.05), 在消化腺中PfAQP4 mRNA表达量先在12h时显著下调(p<0.05), 后在24h、36h和48h时显著上调(p<0.05)。注射聚肌胞poly(I:C)后, 在外套膜组织中PfAQP4 mRNA表达量在36h时和48h时显著上调(p<0.05), 在消化腺中PfAQP4 mRNA表达量在48h时显著上调(p<0.05)。RNA干扰PfAQP4表达后, 免疫相关基因CuZn-SOD在外套膜中的表达量显著下降(p<0.05), Pearson相关性分析显示PfAQP4与CuZn-SOD的表达存在显著正相关(r=0.818, p<0.001)。综上所述, PfAQP4参与马氏珠母贝的免疫应答。     

Analysis, synthesis and modelling of high-resolution observations of salt-marsh eco-geomorphological patterns in the Venice lagoon

The present paper describes observations, analyses and models of salt-marsh channel network and vegetation patterns with the aim of contributing to the development of predictive models of ecological and morphological co-evolution. Existing and new observations are described, with particular emphasis on remote sensing and ancillary field surveys, which are shown to allow reliable, accurate and repeatable quantitative characterizations of landform and vegetation properties over the spatial scales of interest. The observed channel network morphological characters are then used as the basis and validation of models describing the emergence of channel network and vegetation spatial patterns. In particular, with reference to observations performed in the Venice Lagoon, the note describes: (i) new, 2-cm resolution, characterizations of channel network geometry obtained from “proximal sensing” photographic observations; (ii) the reliable quantitative maps of salt-marsh vegetation which may be retrieved from hyperspectral remote sensing data and field ancillary observations; (iii) a synthesis of recent and new analyses of the statistical properties of vegetation and landform spatial organization, that may be inferred from the maps so derived; (iv) recent and new conceptual and quantitative ecological and geomorphic models developed and validated by remote-sensing and field observations. A coherent observational and theoretical eco-morphodynamic framework is then proposed.     

Patterns of juvenile reef-fish recruitment in Kenya’s shallow fringing- lagoon reefs

Studies to understand local-scale patterns in the recruitment of juvenile coral-reef fishes within the western Indian Ocean (WIO) region are few, yet such knowledge is important in fisheries management. Underwater visual census surveys were conducted at five shallow fringing-lagoon reef sites along the Kenyan coast, between June 2012 and March 2016, to quantify patterns in the abundance of new recruits and juveniles. Recruitment was observed year-round, with a consistent pronounced seasonal peak in recruit densities and species richness during December to April of each year, which was strongly correlated with high sea temperatures. Annual variations in recruitment were also observed, with a higher recruitment peak in 2013 as compared with in other years. A total of 112 species belonging to 19 families were identified, dominated by species belonging to the Pomacentridae, Labridae and Apogonidae, which altogether represented 91% of the total number of recruits recorded. The species with the largest number of recruits (Chromis viridis, Thalassoma hebraicum and Gomphosus caeruleus) showed evidence of year-round recruitment, although the timing of recruitment peaks was not consistent. Multivariate analysis of the species composition separated mainland from offshore fringing-reef sites, and also revealed strong habitat associations, pointing towards increasing recruit abundance with increasing live hard-coral cover and rugosity. Live hard-coral cover, which constituted an average of 21%, was associated with 63% of the total number of recruits recorded. This study contributes new insight into local-scale patterns of juvenile reef-fish recruitment in Kenya and the WIO region, and demonstrates the important nursery function of shallow fringing-lagoon reefs.     

干涉谱法测量水下竖直运动目标轨迹

以被动测量竖直运动目标轨迹为目的,通过分析多途信号声压场模型,讨论了经过相干多途信道的目标辐射噪声在接收点产生相干干涉的现象。在目标水平距离已知的情形下,给出了干涉频率周期与目标深度的关系,提出了利用多途信道的相干干涉信息来解算目标深度轨迹的方法。时频分析可以得到干涉条纹、条纹粗细变化的规律与目标深度变化有关。通过对实测数据的分析,说明本方法的有效性。     

Rapid geoacoustic characterization: applied to range-dependent environments

The problem of rapid environmental assessment in a range-dependent environment is addressed. For rapid assessment, the exact geoacoustic parameters are not required, nor is it a requirement that the exact structure of the acoustic field (location of peaks and s) be matched by an acoustic prediction model. The parameters that are relevant are the overall transmission loss (incoherent TL), the time spread (/spl tau/), and the slopes of the range/frequency interference patterns (/spl beta/, the waveguide invariant). The rapid geoacoustic characterization algorithm uses a homogeneous single-sediment layer overlying a hard acoustic basement model to optimally match the predicted acoustic observables with those estimated from data. The approach is presented here and is applied to the range-dependent benchmark cases TC1 and TC2 from the Inversion Techniques Workshop held in Gulfport, MS, in May 2001. The technique successfully reproduces the acoustic observables and estimates the sediment sound-speed, density, and attenuation profiles, as well as the sediment thickness.     

Passive Control of Flow-Induced Vibration(FIV) by Helical Strakes for Two Staggered Flexible Cylinders

Helical strake is a widely-used device for passive flow-induced vibration(FIV) control of cylindrical structures. It is omnidirectional and can effectively reduce FIV response amplitude. Studies on the passive FIV control for cylindrical structures are mainly concerned with a single isolated cylinder, while the influence of wake interference between multiple cylinders on FIV suppression devices is less considered up to now. In engineering applications,multiple flexible cylinders with large aspect ratios can be subjected to complex flow forces, and the effects of wake interference are obvious. The FIV suppression effect of helical strake of a common configuration(17.5 D pitch and0.25 D height, where D is the cylinder diameter) in two staggered cylinders system is still unknown. This paper systematically studied the FIV response of multiple cylinders system fitted with the helical strakes by model tests.The relative spatial position of the two cylinders is fixed at S = 3.0 D and T = 8.0 D, which ensures the cylindrical structures in the flow interference region. The experimental results show that the helical strakes effectively reduce the FIV response on staggered upstream cylinder, and the suppression efficiency is barely affected by the smooth or straked downstream cylinder. The corresponding FIV suppression efficiency on the downstream cylinder is remarkably reduced by the influence of the upstream wake flow. The wake-induced vibration(WIV) phenomenon is not observed on the staggered downstream cylinder, which normally occurs on the downstream straked cylinder in a tandem arrangement.     

Data-processing and recognition of seepage and microseepage anomalies of acid-extractable hydrocarbons in the south slope of the Dongying depression,eastern China

The successful use of near-surface anomalous signals, exhibited in all petroliferous basins, must lead to great development in petroleum exploration. The elementary equations and methods for objective and accurate separation of anomalous signals from background signals are the most critical requirements in these surface geochemical surveys. Therefore, we have worked up a series of fundamental equations and methods for eliminating surface interference and influences of geological conditions on anomaly intensities and recognizing multi-type anomalies of uni- and multi-variates, by using statistics, fractal geometry, wavelet analysis and artificial neural networks. These equations illustrate that the threshold (i.e. the boundary between background and micro-seepage anomalies) is determined by means, standard deviations and prior probabilities of background and micro-seepage anomalies when multi-normality is met, and that the traditional equation for the threshold (background mean plus one or two standard deviations) is not correct. In the face of many new equations and methods, it is important how to comprehensively use them to resolve the problems in geochemical surveys. A geochemical survey in the south slope of the Dongying depression, eastern China provides a good opportunity to address this issue. The anomalies obtained with the traditional equation do not reflect oil/gas fields. This study reveals three problems in the previous data-processing and anomaly recognition: (1) the surface interference caused by the variation of soil composition was not identified and removed, (2) the influence of caprock thickness on anomaly intensities was not revealed and eliminated, and (3) the micro-seepage (related to oil/gas pools) and seepage (related to faults) anomalies were not separated and correctly recognized. Furthermore, the interaction of these problems makes the data-processing and anomaly recognition more difficult. To ensure effective elimination of the surface interference and caprock thickness influence and correct recognition of uni-variate anomalies, we iteratively applied the wavelet-analysis-based methods to eliminate the surface interference and caprock thickness influence, and statistical methods with new fundamental equations to recognize uni-variate anomalies of seepage and microseepage. And then, multi-variate anomalies of seepage and microseepage were recognized with our fundamental equations and the corresponding methods. In the results, the seepage anomalies display a string-bead-shaped pattern and are distributed along faults, and the micro-seepage anomalies are ring-shaped and coincide with oil/gas pools, sandbodies or traps. Therefore, reprocessing of geochemical data with our fundamental equations and methods combined in an iterative manner can resolve the complicated problems in data-processing and anomaly recognition and thus greatly improve the predictive capability of surface geochemical survey.     

Predictors of species richness in the deep-benthic fauna of the northern Gulf of Mexico

Species richness in macrofauna and megafauna collected with box cores and trawls from 35 standard stations over a depth range of 175–3720 m in the northern Gulf of Mexico was examined in terms of two primary questions: (1) are observed patterns random? and (2) if not, what environmental factors might account for the patterns? A null model tested whether richness vs. depth distributions were random. Groups with species that had broad vertical depth ranges fit the null model better than groups with small ranges, but for almost all phyla a non-random pattern was indicated. With randomness as a proximal explanation ruled out, further examination of the relationship between richness and environmental factors was justified. A generalized linear model (GLM) showed that a suite of 18 factors categorized as food-related, habitat-related, pollution-related and location-related were significantly related to richness patterns, but that different mixes of factors applied to different phyla. No one factor accounted for any observed patterns. Thus, each taxonomic group needs to be examined individually, and no generally applicable explanation for the causes of richness patterns may exist. Nonetheless, mapping richness itself indicates valuable areas in the Mississippi Trough that must receive special consideration and possible protection.     

一种利用SMOS卫星观测的海表面盐度反演海水盐度廓线的方法

This paper proposes a new method to retrieve salinity profiles from the sea surface salinity(SSS) observed by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity(SMOS) satellite. The main vertical patterns of the salinity profiles are firstly extracted from the salinity profiles measured by Argo using the empirical orthogonal function. To determine the time coefficients for each vertical pattern, two statistical models are developed. In the linear model, a transfer function is proposed to relate the SSS observed by SMOS(SMOS_SSS) with that measured by Argo, and then a linear relationship between the SMOS_SSS and the time coefficient is established. In the nonlinear model, the neural network is utilized to estimate the time coefficients from SMOS_SSS, months and positions of the salinity profiles. The two models are validated by comparing the salinity profiles retrieved from SMOS with those measured by Argo and the climatological salinities. The root-mean-square error(RMSE) of the linear and nonlinear model are 0.08–0.16 and 0.08–0.14 for the upper 400 m, which are 0.01–0.07 and 0.01–0.09 smaller than the RMSE of climatology. The error sources of the method are also discussed.     

南海北部深水区东西构造差异性及其动力学机制

This paper overviews research progress in observation, theoretical analysis and numerical modeling of submesoscale dynamic processes in the South China Sea(SCS) particularly during recent five years. The submesoscale processes are defined according to both spatial and dynamic scales, and divided into four subcategories as submesoscale waves, submesoscale vortexes, submesoscale shelf processes, and submesoscale turbulence. The major new findings are as follows.(1) Systematic mooring observations provide new insights into the solitary waves(ISWs) and the typhoon-forced near-inertial waves(NIWs), of which a new type of ISWs with period of 23 h was observed in the northern SCS(NSCS), and the influences of background vorticity, summer monsoon onset, and deep meridional overturning circulation on the NIWs, as well as nonlinear wave-wave interaction between the NIWs and internal tides, are better understood. On the other hand, satellite altimeter sea surface height data are used to reveal the internal tide radiation patterns and provide solid evidence for that the ISWs in the northeastern SCS originate from the Luzon Strait.(2) Submesoscale offshore jets and associated vortex trains off the Vietnam coast in the western boundary of the SCS were observed from satellite chlorophyll concentration images. Spiral trains with the horizontal scale of 15–30 km and the spacing of 50–80 km were identified.(3) 3-D vertical circulation in the upwelling region east of Hainan Island was theoretically analyzed. The results show that distribution patterns of all the dynamic terms are featured by wave-like structures with horizontal wavelength scale of 20–40 km.(4) Numerical models have been used for the research of submesoscale turbulence. Submesoscale vertical pump of an anticyclonic eddy and the spatiotemporal features of submesoscale processes in the northeastern SCS are well modeled.     

Sandbank occurrence on the Dutch continental shelf in the North Sea

Sandbanks, the largest of bed patterns in shallow sandy seas, pose a potential risk to shipping. They are also valuable elements of natural coastal protection, dissipating the energy of waves. In the Southern Bight of the North Sea, several sandbank areas have been reported in the literature. However, based on an objective crest–trough analysis of the bathymetry of the Dutch continental shelf, the present study shows that sandbanks are more widespread than commonly considered. These banks are relatively low, presumably explaining why they have not been documented before. This widespread occurrence of sandbanks in the North Sea is in agreement with theoretical predictions based on stability analysis techniques. The possible interference between large-scale human activity and low-amplitude open-shelf ridges implies that one should be careful not to overlook these patterns if none should appear in a preliminary (visual) assessment. The only part of the Southern Bight in which no ridges can be seen is a circular area with a diameter of about 50 km near the mouth of the river Rhine. Here, freshwater outflow affects the direction of tidal ellipses and residual flow, and suppresses the formation of open ridges.     

基于弧段检测的高频地波雷达特定目标航迹跟踪方法研究

本文对现有的高频地波雷达目标跟踪方法进行了概述,提出了一种地波雷达目标长时连续跟踪的方法,基本思想是:充分挖掘航迹弧段特征,基于特征对船只运动建模,并结合杂波背景进行融合决策。进一步,为了达到长时间连续跟踪的需求,借鉴深度学习的思想,利用新获取的弧段数据对算法估计结果不断递归校正,使得随着获取数据的增加跟踪越准确。该方法适用于杂波环境且在航道附近存在众多干扰船只的情况下对机动目标航迹的实时稳定跟踪,为高频地波雷达在复杂干扰环境下特定目标持续跟踪提供理论基础和方法指导,为充分发挥地波雷达在海上监视监测中的作用提供技术支撑。     

Two-dimensional analysis of the semidiurnal tide in some regions of the white sea

An improved method of two-dimensional kinematical structural analysis of tides (the “method of the orbits”) is presented. This method allows us to determine the parameters of the primary tidal waves shaping the observed tidal structure. The construction of the vertical orbits for the individual tidal harmonics is performed along the horizontal coordinate axes; one of them is oriented along the so-called “reactive azimuth,” which coincides with the direction of the tidal current at the instant of the zero tidal level. In this case, the orbit parameters include information on the amplitude-phase relations of the interfering waves and allow us to determine the angle of the waves crossing. The suggested method enables us to quantitatively describe the mechanism of the tidal formation with oblique interference both close to the shore and in the open sea. We tested the new method in two local zones of the White Sea (Morzhovets Island and in the vicinity of the entrance to Kandalaksha Gulf) where the presence of rotating semidiurnal tidal currents evidences the significant role of oblique interference of tidal waves. In these zones, the developed method made it possible to perform a detailed quantitative analysis of the local tide structure caused by the M₂ tidal wave, which plays the dominant role in the White Sea. The result describes the structure of the propagation of the primary tidal waves better than the field of “pure” energy fluxes that was used earlier.     

Production regimes in four Eastern Boundary Current systems

High productivity (maxima 3 gCm⁻² day⁻¹) of the Eastern Boundary Currents (EBCs), i.e. the California, Peru-Humboldt, Canary and Benguela Currents, is driven by a combination of local forcing and large-scale circulation. The characteristics of the deep water brought to the surface by upwelling favorable winds depend on the large-scale circulation patterns. Here we use a new hydrographic and nutrient climatology together with satellite measurements of the wind vector, sea-surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll concentration, and primary production modeled from ocean color to quantify the meridional and seasonal patterns of upwelling dynamics and biological response. The unprecedented combination of data sets allows us to describe objectively the variability for small regions within each current and to characterize the governing factors for biological production. The temporal and spatial environmental variability was due in most regions to large-scale circulation, alone or in combination with offshore transport (local forcing). The observed meridional and seasonal patterns of biomass and primary production were most highly correlated to components representing large-scale circulation. The biomass sustained by a given nutrient concentration in the Atlantic EBCs was twice as large as that of the Pacific EBCs. This apparent greater efficiency may be due to availability of iron, physical retention, or differences in planktonic community structure.     

陆架环流作用下的北黄海中北部细颗粒物质输运

海洋泥质沉积是流域、古气候及海平面变化信息的重要载体,对该粒级物质的系统研究,是获取环境信息的重要手段。为此,采集北黄海中北部表层沉积物80件,经室内筛分处理,并对细颗粒组分（<63 μm）进行了稀土元素（REE）测试。结果显示REE的含量及分布模式在长山列岛东西两侧差异显著:东侧物质明显富集REE,尤其轻稀土元素（LREE）,Eu元素则明显缺失,指示了受鸭绿江的显著控制;长山列岛以西,REE除含量降低外,分布模式也变平缓。造影剂马根维显（Gd-DTPA）在磁共振成像（MRI）中的大量使用,可能是造成Gd明显富集的主要原因。此外,辽南沿岸物质的来源及分布与以往认识存在差异,以往认为辽南沿岸泥质沉积为鸭绿江为主的辽东半岛河流的远端泥沉积,而本文的研究发现:辽东半岛东侧长山列岛至大连湾外海域以黄河来源物质为主,鸭绿江物质对北黄海西部泥质区的贡献在西侧大于东侧,其中陆架环流对物质输运发挥着重要作用。