江西省主要城市地下水系统防污性能分析评价

本文简单介绍了江西省主要城市自然和水文地质概况,采用DRASTIC方法对11个城市的地下水系统防污性能进行了分析评价。认为：全省11个主要城市地下水系统防污性能大部分为好-较好。地下水系统防污性能好-较好的面积大于70％的城市有鹰潭、抚州和萍乡．60％～70％的有景德镇、赣州、南昌、吉安和上饶,29％～38％的有新余和宜春,九江仅10．66％。讨论了地下水系统防污性能与城市规划建设的关系,并提出了相关建议。     

江西省主要城市地下水资源及应急水源地遴选

江西各主要城市都是临水系而建,地表水资源是城市集中供水的主要水源。但是,为了应对突发事件很有必要在城市及其周边规划和遴选应急地下水源地。该文在分析阐述了各主要城市水文地质条件和地下水资源特征后．根据应急水源地的遴选原则,在全省11个主要城市中,确定了29个应急地下水源地,其可采资源总量为74781．372×10^4m^3／a。     

国家地下水监测站点超九成已建成

<正>据悉,经过两年多时间的努力,国家地下水监测工程取得重大进展,90%以上的地下水监测站点建设已经完成。目前,天津、河南、山东等10多个省(区、市)站点建设已经全部完成,监测站点实现了地下水位、水温监测的自动采集、自动传输,在地下水监测点建设的同时,地下水监测信息应用服务系统已完成总体设计,该系统将开发地下水监测数据管理、综合分析、地下水数值模拟评价与预测等多个子系统。     

查清“家底”保护地下水资源——访中国地质环境监测院副院长田廷山

正地下水是"看不见的水源地"。我国600多个城市中有400多个都是以地下水为饮用水源。中国地质调查局专家曾提到,全国90%的地下水遭受了不同程度的污染,其中60%污染严重。我国的地下水污染形势不容乐观,但是每个地方的具体污染情况如何,却很难说清。因此需要开展地下水监测工作,摸清"家底",才能对地下水污染的形成、演化、发展趋势作出较为全面、客观、准确的评判。9月30日国土资源部发布通知公告对其     

鄱阳湖湿地典型植被群落地下水—土壤—植被—大气系统界面水分通量及水源组成

地下水-土壤-植被-大气系统(GSPAC)界面水分传输是湿地生态水文过程研究的关键.本文选取鄱阳湖湿地高位滩地的2种典型植被群落:茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落为研究对象,运用HYDRUS-1D垂向一维数值模拟,量化了湿地GSPAC系统界面水分通量,阐明了典型丰水年(2012年)和枯水年(2013年)鄱阳湖湿地植被群落的蒸腾用水规律和水源组成.结果表明:(1)茵陈蒿和芦苇群落土壤-大气界面的年降水入渗量为1570~1600 mm,主要集中在雨季4-6月,占年总量的60%;植物-大气界面的年蒸腾总量分别为346~470 mm和926~1057 mm,其中7-8月植被生长旺季最大,占年总量的40%~46%;地下水-根区土壤界面的向上补给水量受不同水文年水位变化的影响显著,地下水年补给量分别为15~513 mm和277~616 mm,主要发生在蒸散发作用强烈和地下水埋深较浅的时段.(2)植被蒸腾用水分为生长初期(4-6月)和生长旺季(7-10月)2个阶段,丰水年植被的整个生长期蒸腾用水充足,枯水年植被生长旺季的蒸腾用水受到严重水分胁迫,实际蒸腾量仅为潜在蒸腾量的一半左右.(3)不同水文年湿地植被生长旺季的水源贡献不同:丰水年茵陈蒿群落以地下水补给为主,芦苇群落以湖水和地下水补给为主;枯水年茵陈蒿群落以降水和前期土壤水储量为主,芦苇群落以地下水补给为主.本研究结果有助于揭示湿地植被的水分利用策略,为阐明湖泊水情变化与植被演替的作用机理提供参考依据.     

利用地下水预报地震

地震与地下水的变化有关系吗?我们知道,地下岩石的孔隙和裂隙中都充满着水和气,在岩石发生变形或破裂的过程中,岩石中的水和气必然随着发生变化.地震前发生的一系列地下水异常现象,如地下水位的升降,井水的翻花冒泡、变混、变色、变味,干枯多年的井(泉)突然涌水或原有一定涌水量的井(泉)突然干枯等;还有的需要用仪器进行观测,观测中可发现地下水的水质成分、气体成分、同位素成分及地下水位、水温等发生了变化,这些变化有可能是地震的前兆.随着地震前兆研究的进展,利用地下     

单孔同位素稀释示踪法测定地下水渗流速度、流向的技术发展

地下水渗流速度、流向不仅是地下水渗流场研究中两个重要的动态参数,而且是测定含水层渗透系数、渗流量等水文地质参数的主要参量.本文结合前人研究成果,系统梳理了应用放射性同位素测定地下水渗流速度、流向的技术方法与工作流程等,其中比较详细的分析了井孔中有垂向流和无垂向流情况下,应用放射性同位素单孔稀释法测定渗流速度的方法与适用条件,旨在为广泛开展地下水渗流场参数的野外观测与研究提供可行的技术途径.作为一种地下水渗流场参数定量研究的技术方法,单孔稀释示踪法在与渗流场研究有关的水库诱发地震机理、地下流体对构造活动的影响过程、地下流体强震异常解释、地震地下流体异常落实等方面具有广泛的应用前景.     

北京市地下水资源开采的现状和问题

目前北京市地下水资源已处在多年超量开采、地质环境质量不断下降的状况,建议：第四系地下水不宜扩大开采,应急水源地不应作为常规后备水源使用,北京市需依靠节水、扩大再生水利用、实施水资源联合调蓄等一系列措施解决北京市水资源问题,同时结合科学合理确定城市规模,调整经济产业结构等措施,启动涵养恢复地下水资源等工程,保证首都的供水安全。     

光纤地下水动态监测系统的初步研究

深井中地下水监测是地震预报的一种重要手段。本文初步研究了一个光纤地下水动态多参量监测系统。该系统测量参量包括水温、混浊度、气泡度、酸碱度、氢气浓度、甲烷浓度、岩石声辐射以及它们的分布。     

污染物进入地下水的路径示踪

污染物如何从土壤地表渗透到地下水层——水文学家们称之为渗流带区域——正是水文学方兴未艾的研究领域.近来为了解污染物在渗流带内如何运动和预测地下水何时、何地及有多少受到污染进行的研究表明,水流及其传输可能是混沌并且难以测量的. 污染物已经成为现今及将来对地下水使用的主要威协.渗流带逐渐变成大量垃圾的仑库.无数事例表     

Assessing the Impact of Chlorinated‐Solvent Sites on Metropolitan Groundwater Resources

Chlorinated‐solvent compounds are among the most common groundwater contaminants in the United States. A majority of the many sites contaminated by chlorinated‐solvent compounds are located in metropolitan areas, and most such areas have one or more chlorinated‐solvent contaminated sites. Thus, contamination of groundwater by chlorinated‐solvent compounds may pose a potential risk to the sustainability of potable water supplies for many metropolitan areas. The impact of chlorinated‐solvent sites on metropolitan water resources was assessed for Tucson, Arizona, by comparing the aggregate volume of extracted groundwater for all pump‐and‐treat systems associated with contaminated sites in the region to the total regional groundwater withdrawal. The analysis revealed that the aggregate volume of groundwater withdrawn for the pump‐and‐treat systems operating in Tucson, all of which are located at chlorinated‐solvent contaminated sites, was 20% of the total groundwater withdrawal in the city for the study period. The treated groundwater was used primarily for direct delivery to local water supply systems or for reinjection as part of the pump‐and‐treat system. The volume of the treated groundwater used for potable water represented approximately 13% of the total potable water supply sourced from groundwater, and approximately 6% of the total potable water supply. This case study illustrates the significant impact chlorinated‐solvent contaminated sites can have on groundwater resources and regional potable water supplies.     

Evaluation of hydrologic data obtained from a local groundwater monitoring network in a metropolitan city,Korea

In the late 1980s, dramatic increases in water use caused over‐exploitation of groundwater resources and deterioration of water quality in Seoul metropolitan city. To monitor changes in quantity of groundwater resources and their quality, the metropolitan government established a local groundwater monitoring network in 1997 consisting of 119 monitoring wells. Groundwater resources in the urban area were affected by various human activities, including underground construction such as subways, pumping for public or private water use, leaky sewer systems and pavements. The variation patterns of the groundwater levels were mainly classified into four types, reflecting natural recharge due to rainfall events during the wet season, artificial recharge from leaky sewer or water supply systems, and heavy groundwater pumping for drainage or flood control purposes at underground construction sites. Significantly decreasing trends of groundwater levels in the suburbs of Seoul indicate groundwater use for various agricultural activities. Subway construction lowered the water level by an average of 25 m. Electrical conductivity values showed a wide range, from 100 to 1800 µS/cm (mean 470 µS/cm). Groundwater temperature generally showed a stable pattern, except for some sensitive increases at relatively shallow monitoring wells. Detailed analysis of the monitored groundwater data would provide some helpful implications for optimal and efficient management of groundwater resources in this metropolitan city. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Current research in urban hydrogeology – A review

Urban groundwater is a heritage at risk because urban land use practises puts enormous and highly complex pressure on this resource. In this article, we review urban groundwater studies in the context of urban water management, discuss advances in hydrogeological investigation, monitoring and modelling techniques for urban areas and highlight the challenges. We present how techniques on contaminant concentration measurements, water balancing and contaminant load estimation were applied and further developed for the special requirements in urban settings. To fully understand and quantify the complex urban water systems, we need to refine these methods and combine them with sophisticated modelling approaches. Only then we will be able to sustainably manage our water resources in and around our urban areas especially in light of growing cities and global climatic change. We believe that over the next few years much more effort will be devoted to research in urban hydrogeology.     

Numerical modeling of geothermal groundwater flow in karst aquifer system in eastern Weibei, Shaanxi Province, China

The quantitative assessment of geothermal water resources is important to the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources. In the geothermal water systems the density of groundwater changes with the temperature, therefore the variations in hydraulic heads and temperatures are very complicated. A three-dimensional density-dependent model coupling the groundwater flow and heat transport is established and used to simulate the geothermal water flow in the karst aquifers in eastern Weibei, Shaanxi Province, China. The multilayered karst aquifer system in the study area is cut by some major faults which control the regional groundwater flow. In order to calibrate and simulate the effect of the major faults, each fault is discretized as a belt of elements with special hydrological parameters in the numerical model. The groundwater dating data are used to be integrated with the groundwater flow pattern and calibrate the model. Simulation results show that the calculated hydraulic heads and temperature fit with the observed data well.     

Numerical modeling of geothermal groundwater flow in karst aquifer system in eastern Weibei,Shaanxi Province,China

The quantitative assessment of geothermal water resources is important to the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources. In the geothermal water systems the density of groundwater changes with the temperature, therefore the variations in hydraulic heads and temperatures are very complicated. A three-dimensional density-dependent model coupling the groundwater flow and heat transport is established and used to simulate the geothermal water flow in the karst aquifers in eastern Weibei, Shaanxi Province, China. The multilayered karst aquifer system in the study area is cut by some major faults which control the regional groundwater flow. In order to calibrate and simulate the effect of the major faults, each fault is discretized as a belt of elements with special hydrological parameters in the numerical model. The groundwater dating data are used to be integrated with the groundwater flow pattern and calibrate the model. Simulation results show that the calculated hydraulic heads and temperature fit with the observed data well.

     

Numerical modeling of geothermal groundwater flow in karst aquifer system in eastern Weibei,Shaanxi Province,China

The quantitative assessment of geothermal water resources is important to the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources. In the geothermal water systems the density of groundwater changes with the temperature, therefore the variations in hydraulic heads and temperatures are very complicated. A three-dimensional density-dependent model coupling the groundwater flow and heat transport is established and used to simulate the geothermal water flow in the karst aquifers in eastern Weibei, Shaanxi Province, China. The multilayered karst aquifer system in the study area is cut by some major faults which control the regional groundwater flow. In order to calibrate and simulate the effect of the major faults, each fault is discretized as a belt of elements with special hydrological parameters in the numerical model. The groundwater dating data are used to be integrated with the groundwater flow pattern and calibrate the model. Simulation results show that the calculated hydraulic heads and temperature fit with the observed data well.     

Optimal allocation of water and land resources for maximizing the farm income and minimizing the irrigation-induced environmental problems

The continuous decrease in good quality water and land resources and concurrent increase in global population accentuates the need of optimal allocation of these resources to fulfilling the rising food requirements. This study presents the formulation and application a management model for the optimal allocation of available good quality water and land resources to maximize the farm revenue of a canal command area. A groundwater balance constraint was imposed on the model, which moderates the irrigation-induced environmental problems of waterlogging and salinization, while making the optimal allocation of resources. The model results show a reduction in mustard, rice, and gram crop areas against an increase in sorghum, millets, and wheat areas. The net annual revenue from the command area increased by about 18 % under the optimal allocation plans. The farmers and stakeholders concerned in the actual agricultural production process are suggested to use groundwater and canal water conjunctively to maximizing the farm income. This strategy would also mitigate the hydrological imbalances to the groundwater system without installing costly drainage systems which is not viable as the quality of groundwater is poor and drainage water may cause a serious disposal problem. The developed model can be used as a reliable decision tool for taking the farm and regional level decisions of optimal land and water resources allocation and is able to solve the irrigation-induced environmental problems of agricultural systems.     

Assessing the Impact of a Heated Basement on Groundwater Temperatures in Bratislava,Slovakia

Groundwater temperature is a useful hydrogeological parameter that is easy to measure and can provide much insight into groundwater flow systems, but can be difficult to interpret. For measuring temperature directly in the ground, dedicated specifically designed monitoring wells are recommended since conventional groundwater wells are not optimal for temperature monitoring. Multilevel monitoring of groundwater temperature is required to identify contributions of different possible heat inputs (sources) on measured temperature signals. Interpreting temperature data as a cosine function, including period, average temperature, amplitude, and phase offset, is helpful. Amplitude dampening and increasing phase shift with distance from a boundary can be used for estimation of transport parameters. Temperature measurements at different depths can be used for evaluation of unknown parameters of analytical functions by optimization of regression fits in Python. These estimated parameters can be used to calculate temperatures at known water table depths which can be applied as a fixed transient boundary condition in MT3DMS to overcome the limitations of MT3DMS heat transport modeling in the unsaturated zone. In this study, temperature monitoring and modeling was used to evaluate the influence of a department store's heated basement foundation on groundwater temperature within a green space (city park), with the main outcome that 17 years after construction, the department store foundation has increased the mean groundwater temperature by 3.2 °C. Heat input evaluated by the MT3DMS model varied from 0.1 W/m² at a distance of 100 m up to 12 W/m² next to the building.     

Evaluation of bacteriological and nutrient concerns in nearshore waters of a barrier island community in SW Florida

To determine if local onsite treatment systems affect nearshore water quality, seasonal and rain event monitoring of bacteria and nitrogen was conducted on the Gulf and estuary sides of Captiva Island. Monitoring wells were used to examine the relationship between surface water and groundwater quality. Nitrates were found to be significantly greater in ground water samples from the areas of Captiva using onsite treatment compared to areas with sewer. However, groundwater enterococci were no greater in areas with onsite treatment. Surface water nitrogen was significantly greater near onsite systems than areas with sewer, linking groundwater and surface water quality. Surface water enterococci increased significantly after rain events. Study results indicated stormwater runoff disperses indicator bacteria from diffuse terrestrial sources into nearshore waters, elevating the concentrations. This study reveals local onsite treatment systems produce elevated surface water nitrogen levels but do not contribute to elevated indicator bacteria concentrations in this system.     

基于氢氧同位素分析南昌地震台流体观测井水补给来源

在地震地下流体研究中,地下水补给及循环过程是重要的研究内容之一,氢氧同位素示踪技术是目前研究该过程的常用手段。南昌地震台流体观测井自2013年8月22日投入观测以来,其基础数据未进行有效分析,通过对南昌井水样数据进行氢氧同位素及水化学实验分析,结果表明：井水主要补给源为直接大气降雨,补给前经历了一定蒸发作用;水—岩反应不充分,属于未成熟水;水样中无明显优势阳离子,Ca²⁺、Na⁺占主体,优势阴离子为HCO₃^－,表明井水属重碳酸型水;水源补给高程约582 m。南昌地震台流体观测井总体受大气降水影响较大。