江西省龟峰丹霞地貌景观类型与成因分析

龟峰丹霞地貌区位于信江盆地南缘,地处扬子板块与华夏板块的结合带。景区内丹霞地貌景观类型齐全,成景层位为上白垩统龟峰群的河口组和塘边组。河口组以紫红、砖红色砾岩、砂岩为主,塘边组以紫红色砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩为主。本文介绍了区内丹霞地貌类型,并结合对该区地质特征研究,提出岩性差异、地层产状、构造发育和水流影响为龟峰丹霞地貌形成的主要因素。     

有利岩性对微细浸染型金矿化的控制作用 ——以南秦岭金龙山金矿带为例

金龙山金矿带是我国南秦岭沉积岩地区新发现的金矿带,产于南秦岭晚古生代镇旬盆地上泥盆统-下石炭统细碎屑岩-碳酸盐建造中.通过地层、沉积环境、成矿有关微量元素、矿石化学成分及显微组构研究指出赋矿有利岩性为泥质钙质粉砂岩、泥质粉砂质灰岩等,典型的浸染状矿化产于以粉砂质为主(SiO2多变化于38%～73%),含一定钙质(CaO多在10%～25%之间)的岩石中,即以钙质粉砂岩为主要的赋矿岩石类型;主要赋矿地层南羊山组生物成因黄铁矿不富集金.微细浸染型金矿化受与断裂连通的有利岩性(可渗透性层位)控制;是"岩性控矿”,而非地层时代控矿.主要赋矿地层南羊山组是"赋矿之所”,而非"生矿之源”.以钙质粉砂岩为代表的沉积岩石控制微细浸染型金矿化具有普遍意义.断裂与有利岩性一起控制了浸染状矿化.     

浙江永康盆地朝川组泥灰岩段沉积特征及其古气候意义

位于浙江省东部的永康盆地是典型的白垩纪陆相红盆.本文作者发现在永康盆地北东部的朝川组红层沉积中发育较深水暗色泥灰岩沉积,与较浅水红色细碎屑沉积呈互层或夹层产出,具渐变式湖相碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑岩混合沉积的特征.控制该混合沉积形成的主要因素是湖盆浪基面之下的静水环境及干旱与潮湿气候的交替变化.通过对朝川组泥灰岩段沉积环境及成因进行分析,结合该泥灰岩段中保存的孢粉和植物化石组合,笔者认为该套湖相碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑岩的混合沉积反映了浙东地区早白垩世晚期总体可能处于干热气候环境,但存在短时间内的干湿气候交替.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部砂岩漂白现象与天然气逸散的关系

漂白砂岩是证明油气是否曾经存在及其逸散规模的重要证据,对其研究具有重要的理论和实际意义.鄂尔多斯盆地东北部漂白现象主要分布在中生代地层中.通过对延安组漂白砂岩的岩石学特征、主量元素、稀土元素及微量元素分析研究以及与邻近砂岩的对比,初步确定该区漂白砂岩形成于酸性还原环境.岩石学特征主要表现为以自生高岭石胶结为主,含铁矿物边部颜色较中心浅;主量分析结果证实漂白砂岩的Al2O3含量较高,Fe3 /Fe2 比值较低,其总铁含量明显低于白色微红砂岩;稀土元素分析结果显示,漂白砂岩ΣREE较其他砂岩低,且显示Eu亏损和Ce相对富集;微量元素结果显示漂白砂岩Co含量相对较高,Sr相对亏损,Zr和Hf相对较富,与绿色蚀变砂岩值接近,略低于砂岩矿石.同时,盆地北部油砂样品地球化学特征表明,油砂是盆地中部气田石炭—二叠系的较高成熟度的煤成气逸散到地表形成的.砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物C,O同位素值较轻,分别为-11.729‰～-10.210‰和-14.104‰～-12.481‰,指示碳酸盐成因与有机质有关.综合研究表明,鄂尔多斯盆地北东部中生界砂岩漂白现象指示了天然气的逸散作用,其为上古生界天然气还原作用的结果.     

兰州盆地渐新世沉积物岩石磁学性质探究

我国西北地区出露大量富含哺乳动物化石的"第三纪红层",探明这些地层的岩石磁学特征对进一步开展磁性地层、环境磁学和古气候学研究具有重要意义.本文对青藏高原东北缘兰州盆地渐新世地层进行了详细的岩石磁学研究,分别确定了咸水河组下部砂岩和泥岩中磁性矿物含量、种类及其在加热过程中的转变;并结合X射线衍射,漫反射光谱和粒度分析等非磁学手段,揭示了磁性矿物种类与沉积环境的关系.结果表明,剖面底部和顶部的砂岩为河道沉积,磁性矿物含量较低,主要为高矫顽力的赤铁矿和针铁矿;中部泥岩为湖相沉积,指示了一个相对稳定的静水沉积环境,其磁性矿物含量比砂岩要高,不仅含有高矫顽力的赤铁矿和针铁矿,也含有低矫顽力的磁铁矿.在岩石磁学和环境磁学结果的基础上,结合野外考察和古生物证据,我们推测兰州盆地在晚渐新世为半湿润半干旱的气候条件,这为赤铁矿的生成提供了有利条件,导致盆地中富含赤铁矿的红色泥岩广泛发育.     

含泥含钙致密砂岩导电规律与导电模型

A地区致密砂岩储层具有孔隙结构复杂、高泥、高钙的特征,使其导电规律更复杂,现用饱和度模型不能全面描述三种因素对致密砂岩导电规律的影响,造成A地区致密砂岩储层饱和度评价精度较低.本文首先从实验角度分析了孔隙结构、泥质、钙质胶结对致密砂岩导电规律的影响,得出随孔隙结构变差、泥质含量减小、钙质含量增加,岩石导电性变差.其次,考虑影响A区致密砂岩导电规律三种主要因素,利用有效介质对称导电理论具有描述泥质和钙质胶结对岩石导电性影响的优点,而改进等效岩石元素理论具有更好的描述孔隙结构变化对岩石导电性影响的优点,将两种理论结合,建立了适用于致密砂岩储层饱和度评价的导电模型.理论分析表明,建立的致密砂岩导电模型能正确地描述孔隙结构、泥质、钙质胶结对致密砂岩导电规律的影响,并与实验规律相符.第三,基于含水致密砂岩可动流体孔隙中水流与电流流动的相似性以及改进等效岩石元素模型和弯曲毛管模型,建立了有效流动孔隙度计算式.利用半径均值和无效流动孔隙与有效流动孔隙之比对致密砂岩孔隙结构进行了分类,在分类基础上,采用优化技术和有效流动孔隙度计算式,建立了孔隙结构效率和孔隙曲折度计算式.利用致密砂岩岩电实验数据,采用优化技术确定了模型中流体非均匀分布指数、渗滤速率及渗滤指数等参数值,并建立了相应参数计算式.与密闭取心井的饱和度对比,致密砂岩导电模型计算的含水饱和度平均绝对误差为4.5%;与试油结果对比,解释结果与试油结论吻合.这表明所建立的导电模型适用于A地区含泥含钙致密砂岩储层饱和度评价.     

四川盆地侏罗系致密砂岩弹性特征及岩石物理建模

近年来围绕四川盆地侏罗系陆相致密砂岩已取得了勘探突破,其中川中—川西过渡带具备形成大气田的地质条件,但对该套致密砂岩弹性性质变化规律的研究还较少,致使利用地震方法进行"甜点"储层预测的精度不高.本文利用四川盆地侏罗系沙溪庙组32块样品开展了系统的声学测量,在此基础上,分析了样品弹性性质的变化规律.结合X射线衍射矿物组分分析、扫描电镜、铸体薄片和岩石薄片特征确定了不同成岩作用对岩石储集性能的影响.研究结果表明,研究区致密砂岩储层表现为孔隙型储层,受差异性成岩作用影响,黏土含量、钙质含量和硅质含量的差异以及它们分布特征之间的差异对岩石弹性性质造成了很大的影响.在研究区对岩石物性及弹性性质有明显影响的成岩作用包括早期的钙质胶结作用、压实作用和溶蚀作用,因此针对不同时期的成岩作用对岩石弹性及物性的影响,利用接触-胶结模型、微分等效模量模型和临界孔隙度校正的Hashin-Shtrikman上限模型建立了研究区致密砂岩的岩石物理模型.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组高自然伽马砂岩储层特征

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组岩芯分析与测井特征研究表明,相对高自然伽马砂岩具有高长石、高Th、局部高U、K含量变化不大的共同特征,Th、U含量特征与凝灰岩极为相似;相对高自然伽马砂岩具有相对高自然伽马、高声波时差、低电阻率值的测井曲线特征,与凝灰岩测井曲线特征也极其相似;再者,从长6到长4+5油层组的各亚组,凝灰岩层逐渐不发育的同时,伴随相对高自然伽马砂岩发育程度依次增强;上述3项特征预示着延长组相对高自然伽马砂岩可能为同沉积期或较先期沉积的凝灰岩经搬运后作为砂岩组成部分再沉积形成的.四性关系研究表明：（1）依据自然伽马-自然电位曲线重叠图、声波时差-自然电位曲线重叠图,可快速识别相对高自然伽马砂岩;（2）相对高自然伽马砂岩具有相对发育的次生孔隙,非均质性强,一般物性越好,声波时差-自然电位曲线重叠图幅度差越大;（3）计算自然电位-自然电位曲线重叠图的幅度差,反映相对高自然伽马砂岩含油性,幅度差越大,表明其含油性越好.     

沁水盆地寿阳煤层气区块水文地质特征研究

基于对沁水盆地寿阳地区构造特征、含隔水层的组合特征、地下水流动系统特征的研究结果表明,寿阳地区主要的含水层是山西组的K7砂岩和3号煤层顶板砂岩,以及太原组的四套灰岩,其中太原组灰岩发育稳定,富水性强;寿阳区块可划分为三个地下水流动系统。     

燕山地区中生代盆地演化及构造体制

燕山地区中生代盆地经历了重要的构造变革, 由前晚三叠世台缘克拉通盆地转变为晚三叠世至晚侏罗世挠曲盆地, 进而再次转变为晚侏罗世晚期至早白垩世裂谷盆地. 晚三叠世和晚侏罗世响应两次板内强变形作用, 分别沿逆冲带边缘沉积了杏石口组和土城子组粗碎屑冲积体系; 早白垩世受转换伸展断层控制, 盆地充填以扇三角洲-湖泊体系为主. 晚三叠世挠曲盆地的沉积碎屑成分反映了源区元古界和太古界地层的剥露过程; 而晚侏罗世挠曲盆地则反映了源区受早期沉积覆盖的火山碎屑岩的剥蚀及其基底岩石的剥露过程. 原型盆地再造结果显示, 早侏罗世至晚侏罗世早期盆地展布具有向近北东东向和近东西向迁移的趋势; 早白垩世盆地呈北北东向横跨于前期盆地之上. 两期盆地分别受控于不同的构造体制.     

河南灵宝盆地中新生代陆相地层的新划分与对比研究

灵宝盆地位于华北板块南缘与秦岭造山带之间,是豫西北一系列北东-南西向断陷盆地之一.盆地内沉积地层主体为一套厚约2000m陆相碎屑岩夹泥灰岩、薄煤层沉积.本文根据盆地内的恐龙蛋、介形虫、腹足类、哺乳动物化石及少量孢粉等,将地层自下而上划分为下白垩统枣窳组、上白垩统南朝组、古近系古新统-下始新统项城群、中始新统川口组、上始新统庄里坡组及新近系上-中新世（组名暂未定）等6个地层单元.研究表明：下、上白垩统之间及其与项城群之间为不整合或超覆,上中新统与川口组或庄里坡组为不整合接触,整个地层是一套河流相沉积、局部洪泛洼地或小浅湖相沉积.     

New age data from the Lesnaya Group: A key to understanding the timing of arc-continent collision, Kamchatka, Russia

Abstract The Lesnaya Group is part of a thick, poorly dated turbidite assemblage that sits in the footwall of a regionally extensive collision zone in which the Cretaceous–Paleocene Olutorsky island arc terrane was obducted onto continental margin basin strata. Nannoplankton from 18 samples from the upper part of the Lesnaya Group yield Paleocene through Middle Eocene assemblages. Detrital zircons from nine sandstone samples have a young population of fission-track ages that range from 43.7 ± 3.4 to 55.5 ± 3.5 Ma (uppermost Paleocene to Middle Eocene). The deformed footwall rocks of the Lesnaya Group and the overlying thrusts of the Olutorsky arc terrane, are unconformably overlain by neoautochthonous deposits which are Lutetian (lower Middle Eocene) and younger. Together, these new data indicate that thrusting, which is inferred to have been driven by collision of the Cretaceous–Paleocene island arc with north-eastern Asia, took place in the mid-Lutetian, at about 45 Ma.     

DETERMINATION OF TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF A SEDIMENTARY BASIN FROM SANDSTONE COMPONENTS

1 INTRODUCnONThe comPonents of terrigenous sedimenop rocks indicate not only provenance information, but alsotoctOnic evolution of basin. The chdrical composition of the soure rOCks is probaby the major conttDon the chendstry of sedimentny rocks although this can be greaily modified by subsequent Processes(Rollinson l993). Thus, through exndning Petrological and chendcal comPosihons of tenigenoussedlinmp rocks, the comPonentS of the provenance or somee rOCks - which are conunnly a fun…     

The headward extent of fluvial landforms and associated vegetation on massanutten mountain,Virginia

Variation in fluvial landforms and associated vegetation in the headward (upstream) direction has received little study and the controlling factors are not well understood. The relations among channel gradient, basin area, stream order, and the headward extent of fluvial landforms and vegetation was studied in 18 small basins and larger nearby stream reaches in the Massanutten Mountain area, northern Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. Low-order streams were traversed to their basin heads. Notice was made of the point or region of the disappearance of fluvial landforms. Indicator species were used to confirm landform identification. The studied landforms include the channel bar, channel shelf, floodplain, and terraces. Basin geomorphic characteristics were determined from topographic and geologic maps and ground surveys. Results suggest that gradient is the most important factor controlling the development of fluvial landforms. Floodplains have not developed along stream reaches where average channel gradients exceed 0.15. Channel shelves and associated vegetation occur farther upstream than floodplains.     

The Pb isotopic composition of Jurassic cherts overlying ophiolites in the North Apennines,Italy

In the Mesozoic eugeosynclinal sequences of the Italian North Apennines, ophiolitic rocks are commonly stratigraphically overlain by thick bedded chert sequences of Late Jurassic age. The isotopic composition of Pb contained in upper basalts, lower ferruginous (and in places manganiferous) cherts, middle cherts and upper cherts indicates that simple mixing occurred in the sediments between basalt-derived Pb, and more radiogenic Pb provided by fine-grained terrigenous detritus, radiolarian silica and possibly seawater.The most ferruginous cherts are those nearest the ophiolitic basement, which is interpreted as ocean crust formed early in the opening of the Apennine ocean. Hematite content, considered to represent original Fe hydroxy-oxide chemical precipitate in the sediment, decreases upwards in a general way to very low values in the upper cherts. The most ferruginous cherts also contain the highest volcanogenic Pb component and total Pb, whereas higher cherts contain mainly terrestrially-derived Pb. These relations indicate a volcanic-hydrothermal origin for a significant portion of the Pb in the basal to middle parts of the chert formation, and suggest a similar origin for the hematitic Fe. The vertical distribution of hematite and volcanogenic Pb suggests that some initial Fe precipitates, carrying such Pb, had a widespread lateral dispersal after formation at an active ridge.     

局部地形下入射波散射效应对场地地震响应的影响

局部地形下入射波散射效应对场地地震响应的影响是目前众多学者所关注的问题.其影响主要由入射波频率、入射角度、地形几何形状、介质性质等几个因素所制约,所反应出来的散射效应主要体现在地表位移变化上.本文归纳了凹陷地形、凸起地形、沉积谷地以及复合地形这四类局部地形入射波散射效应对场地地震响应的影响,对目前研究成果进行了评述,并针对数学技术、工程应用、模型建立等7个方面指出了现今存在的问题和今后发展的方向.     

从第29届国际地质大会看含油气盆地分析的某些进展

总结分析了第２９届国际地质大会上有关含油气盆地分析中某些方面的进展，主要包括：（１）弧后及大陆裂谷盆地、克拉通盆地、前陆盆地以及与走滑作用有关的盆地形成的地球动力学背景及形成机理分析；（２）利用砂岩岩石学和火山岩地球化学特征探讨盆地形成的构造背景及其演化；（３）层序地层学在分析沉积盆地沉积充填特征及历史、识别和预测储集砂体、预测源岩分布及有机质丰度中的应用；（４）盆地发育过程中主要地质作用的数值模拟；（５）油气生成、运移和聚集的数值模拟。     

Distribution of secondary minerals in crusts developed on sandstone exposures

Previous research on rock weathering crusts has revealed their large variability depending on the type of host rocks and development of weathering processes. The composition of crusts developed on natural sandstone exposures is less documented in the literature in comparison to those developed on architectonic stones. In both cases, previous research has focused mainly on the progress of salt weathering. This study considers the surfaces of sandstone tors in the Polish Outer Carpathians. The exposed parts of the rocks in this area are often covered by crust, which is up to several centimetres thick, and differs from the internal part in colour and composition. The crusts were characterized using light and electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, thermal analyses, Mössbauer spectroscopy, bulk chemical analyses and sequential chemical extractions. Porosity was estimated by digital image processing. The following two hardened zones were observed: (1) thin (up to 30 µm), black, external layer, rich in carbon and composed of opal‐type silica, covered in places by sulphate incrustations and numerous spherical particles of anthropogenic origin; (2) thicker (up to several millimetres), internal part composed of a set of laminae of variable colouration, enriched in iron (oxyhydr)oxides (goethite and hematite) in comparison to the rock interior. Development of the crust results from silicon and iron redistribution during the sandstone alteration. The chief source of silica is hydrolysis of aluminosilicates, whilst that of iron is decomposition of aluminosilicates, carbonates and sulphides. Hematite is probably a result of goethite transformation. However, air pollutants may play an important role in the formation of sulphates. Silica and iron compounds affect the properties of the rock, hardening the surface and lowering porosity by formation of secondary cement. Crystallization of sulphate salts, in turn, may contribute to mechanical disintegration of the rock. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏措勤县打加错地区硅质岩中首次发现晚三叠世放射虫化石及其意义

在西藏冈底斯山西部措勤县打加错地区新发现一套紫红色石英砂岩、钙质粉砂岩、生物碎屑微晶灰岩夹放射虫硅质岩的地层体,在硅质岩中首次发现了晚三叠世卡尼期—诺利期放射虫动物群Pseudostylosphaera sp.,Perispongidium cf.tethys De Wever.放射虫化石的发现对冈底斯山西部打加错地区地层的划分和地质构造发展演化史的研究具有重要意义.