Topographic site effects of Xishan Park ridge in Zigong city,Sichuan considering epicentral distance

Ground motion amplification induced by topography plays a vital role in engineering seismology. A topographic array of 8 accelerographs has been operating along the ridge in Xishan Park since 2007. The topographic site effects in Zigong city are studied based on the strong motion data of 2008 M_s 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake (the epicentral distance?=?225 km) and 2019 M_s 5.2 Zizhong earthquake (the epicentral distance?=?29 km). We compare the peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the two earthquakes and find that the PGA of Station 7#, which locates on a relatively steep slope, is amplified by 4.41 times comparing with the reference station in Zizhong earthquake, while this value is only 1.62 in Wenchuan earthquake. Fourier amplitude spectrum shows that the high frequency content of Zizhong earthquake is more abundant because of its smaller epicentral distance. By using the standard spectral ratio (SSR) method, we conclude that the amplification occurs because high-frequency ground motion is likely to resonate at small-scale features. Finally, the 3D numerical simulations are used to verify these conclusions. Our work indicates that more sophisticated numerical models need to be established for more accurate topographic site effects quantification. In addition, the influence of nearby topographic features should be considered when selecting reference stations.

     

Site effects by generalized inversion technique using strong motion recordings of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

The generalized inversion of S-wave amplitude spectra from the free-field strong motion recordings of the China National Strong Motion Observation Network System (NSMONS) are used to evaluate the site effects in the Wenchuan area. In this regard, a total of 602 recordings from 96 aftershocks of the Wenchuan earthquake with magnitudes of M3.7-M6.5 were selected as a dataset. These recordings were obtained from 28 stations at a hypocenter distance ranging from 30 km to 150 km. The inversion results have been verified as reliable by comparing the site response at station 62WUD using the Generalized Inversion Technique (GIT) and the Standard Spectral Ratio method (SSR). For all 28 stations, the site predominant frequency F _p and the average site amplification in different frequency bands of 1.0–5.0 Hz, 5.0–10.0 Hz and 1.0–10.0 Hz have been calculated based on the inversion results. Compared with the results from the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method, it shows that the HVSR method can reasonably estimate the site predominant frequency but underestimates the site amplification. The linear fitting between the average site amplification for each frequency band and the V _s20 (the average uppermost-20 m shear wave velocity) shows good correlation. A distance measurement called the asperity distance D _Aspt is proposed to reasonably characterize the source-to-site distance for large earthquakes. Finally, the inversed site response is used to identify the soil nonlinearity in the main shock and aftershocks of Wenchuan earthquake. In ten of the 28 stations analyzed in the main shock, the soil behaved nonlinearly, where the ground motion level is apparently beyond a threshold of PGA > 300 cm/s² or PGV > 20 cm/s, and only one station coded 51SFB has evidence of soil nonlinear behavior in the aftershocks.     

Site Response Evaluation Using the H/V Ratio at the Yan-Liau Station in Hualien, Taiwan

—?Four days after the December 13, 1990 Hualien, Taiwan earthquake (M _L = 6.9), a temporary array of fifteen triaxial digital accelerographs was deployed in the epicenter area to monitor aftershocks. Approximately 600 earthquakes triggered this array during the three-month deployment period. The Yan-Liau station (S63) alone recorded 162 events. Most of the accelerograms at S63 exhibit resonance. We have estimated site responses at the Yan-Liau station using both the single-station spectral ratio (or H/V ratio) method and the traditional spectral ratio method that compares ratios at a soil site with those at a reference hard rock site. Based on site response analyses of S waves and coda waves of ground motion recordings, both types of waves show that the H/V ratio provide a good estimate at the resonant frequency although the site amplification factor is overestimated. In addition, the study of microtremor is also a good alternate for estimating the site predominant frequency. While the ground acceleration (or PGA) gradually increases, the resonant frequency shifts to lower frequencies.     

地形效应影响下地震动参数与斜坡稳定性的相关性研究

地形对地震动的影响比较复杂, 考虑地形放大效应的地震滑坡稳定性分析需要选择合适的地震动参数. 本文使用自贡地形影响台阵记录到的2008年汶川M_S8.0地震主震加速度记录, 分析了地震动峰值加速度、 阿里亚斯烈度以及90%能量持时随地形高度的变化, 探讨了地形效应作用下峰值加速度和阿里亚斯烈度与地震动作用下斜坡稳定性的相关性. 结果表明: ① 地形场地对峰值加速度和阿里亚斯烈度均有显著的放大效应. 地形放大效应较为复杂, 其整体上随台站高度的增加而增大, 水平向的放大效应大于竖直向. 水平向峰值加速度的放大系数为1.1—1.8, 阿里亚斯烈度的放大系数为1.2—3.3; 竖直向相应放大系数分别为1.1—1.3和1.2—1.7. ② 地形对地震动持时也有一定的放大效应, 但不同高度、 不同分量的放大效应没有显著差异, 其放大系数均约为1.3. ③ 阿里亚斯烈度和峰值加速度均能很好地表征地形对地震动的影响, 与地震动对斜坡稳定性的影响具有很强的相关性. 与峰值加速度相比, 阿里亚斯烈度综合了地震动的多方面特征, 可以更好地表征地形对地震动的影响, 与地震动作用下斜坡稳定性的相关性更强.      

Strong ground motion from the November 12, 2017, <Emphasis Type="Bold">M</Emphasis> 7.3 Kermanshah earthquake in western Iran

In this paper, we analyzed the strong ground motion from the November 12, 2017, Kermanshah earthquake in western Iran with moment magnitude (M) of 7.3. Nonlinear and linear amplification of ground motion amplitudes were observed at stations with soft soil condition at hypocentral distances below and above 100 km, respectively. Observation of large ground motion amplitudes dominated with long-period pulses on the strike-normal component of the velocity time series suggests a right-lateral component of movement and propagation of rupture towards southeast. Comparison of the horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) from the M 7.3 earthquake with global PGA values showed a similar decay in ground motion amplitudes, although it seems that PGA from the M 7.3 Kermanshah earthquake is higher than global values for NEHRP site class B. We also found that the bracketed duration (D_b) was higher in the velocity domain than in the acceleration domain for the same modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) threshold. For example, D_b reached ~?30 s at the maximum PGA while it was ~?50 s at the maximum peak ground velocity above the threshold of MMI?=?5. Although the standard design spectrum from Iranian Code of Practice for Seismic Resistant Design of Buildings (standard No. 2800) seems to include appropriate values for the design of structures with fundamental period of 1 s and higher, it is underestimated for near-field ground motions at lower periods.     

Investigating the role of source mechanism,surface topography,and attenuation on the observed PGA pattern in May 28, 2004, Mw 6.2 Baladeh earthquake (Iran)

In this paper, we use seismic waveform simulation to investigate the influence of source mechanism complexity, surface topography, and quality factor on the observed peak ground motions in May 28, 2004, moment magnitude (Mw) 6.2 Baladeh earthquake. The observed peak ground acceleration (PGA) pattern in this event, which is the biggest earthquake to hit the Central Alborz Mountains of Iran in modern instrumental era, is irregular in some respects. First, the observed PGA contours are elongated toward north-west and, second, the maximum observed PGA value of 1049 cm/s² on the horizontal component of Hasan Keyf station 50 km away from the epicenter is quite high and irregular for an earthquake of this magnitude, at such long distance. In this study, we employ the spectral element method, implemented in SPECFEM3D software package to simulate the 3D wave propagation from several source models in the area. Our results suggest directivity effect is the main cause of the anomalous observations in this earthquake and could account for the elongation of PGA contours and also the anomalous maximum PGA value observed at Hasan Keyf strong motion station. We show that the surface topography has minor effect on the observed peak ground acceleration and the resulting PGA maps. Also by finding the bounds of seismic quality factor effect on the peak ground acceleration values, we show that this factor could not account for the elongation of iso-acceleration contours in the north-west direction.     

Directional dependence of site effects observed near a basin edge at Aegion,Greece

We study site effects using 520 weak motion earthquake records from a vertical array in Aegion, Greece. The array is inside a basin, has four stations in soil, and one in bedrock (178 m depth). The site is marked by high seismicity and complex surface geology. We first use the records to establish the downhole accelerometer orientations and their evolution with time. Then we estimate site effects using empirical spectral ratios with and without a reference site (standard and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio). We find significant site amplification which cannot be accounted for by 1D model predictions, along with a significant difference in the amplification level between the two horizontal components. These are indications of 2D effects, namely surface waves generated at the basin edge. The difference in amplification between the horizontal components is maximised when these are rotated with respect to the orientation of the basin edge. The strongest amplification takes place in the direction parallel to the basin edge (SH, or out-of-plane motion), and is up to 2 times higher than in the perpendicular direction (SV, or in-plane motion). This directional effect on the amplification is corroborated by numerical 2D modelling using incident SH and SV waves, with the former possibly generating strong Love waves. In the records, the directionality is clear for windows containing the largest amplitudes of the records (S waves and strong surface waves), while it tends to vanish for coda-wave windows. This directionality is also observed when using response spectral ratios rather than Fourier ratios. We compute soil-to-rock amplification factors for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and find it is significantly higher than what is predicted by current design codes. We attribute this difference to the basin edge amplification, linear soil behaviour, and to the inability of simple scalar values like PGA to describe complex amplification effects. Finally, we analyse the earthquake records at a surface station near the slope crest and do not observe significant topographic amplification.     

2013年8月新疆乌鲁木齐市5.1级地震强震动记录及特征分析

2013年8月30日乌鲁木齐市发生M_S5.1地震,乌鲁木齐烈度速报台网有32个强震动台触发获得了主震加速度记录。选取23条强震动记录进行常规处理,统计强震动记录数量随震中距分布,对比分析此次地震峰值加速度(PGA)与新疆土层加速度衰减关系;并利用强震动数据对此次地震进行定位,定位结果对应台站震中距与到时线性度较好;最后分析了典型强震动台站记录特性与建筑物震害及工程震害相关性。     

硬场地实测记录下几种土层地震反应分析程序可靠性对比

以日本KiK-net强震观测台网中硬场地井下记录为样本,对传统等效线性化方法LSSRLI-1（频域）、SHAKE2000,时域非线性方法DEEPSOIL和频域一致等效线性化方法SOILQUAKE等几种计算程序在硬土场地地震反应分析中的可靠性进行对比检验。检验工况包括KiK-net井下台网中地表峰值加速度不小于0.05g的水平硬场地的总计344台次的加速度记录,涉及5个台站,土层厚度6~50m,地表峰值加速度范围0.050~0.805g。结果表明:认为硬土场地以往计算方法能够体现土层放大的认识是片面的,在中强地震动情况下,现有流行方法计算出的地表响应会偏小,强地震动下会严重偏小,会给工程抗震设计提供偏于危险的输入;硬场地中烈度8度以下（地表PGA在0.19g以下）,SHAKE2000和DEEPSOIL、LSSRLI-1（频域）计算结果与实际记录差距可以接受,但烈度8度以上,计算出地表响应均较实际记录明显偏小,且随地震动强度增加差距急剧增大;硬场地中,无论何种烈度,SOILQUAKE16计算的地表加速度响应与实测相当,可体现出土层放大作用。     

Estimation of Source Parameters of M w 6.9 Sikkim Earthquake and Modeling of Ground Motions to Determine Causative Fault

In this study, source parameters of the September 18, 2011 M _w 6.9, Sikkim earthquake were determined using acceleration records. These parameters were then used to generate strong motion at a number of sites using the stochastic finite fault modeling technique to constrain the causative fault plane for this earthquake. The average values of corner frequency, seismic moment, stress drop and source radius were 0.12 Hz, 3.07 × 10²⁶ dyne-cm, 115 bars and 9.68 km, respectively. The fault plane solution showed strike-slip movement with two nodal planes oriented along two prominent lineaments in the region, the NE-oriented Kanchendzonga and NW-oriented Tista lineaments. The ground motions were estimated considering both the nodal planes as causative faults and the results in terms of the peak ground accelerations (PGA) and Fourier spectra were then compared with the actual recordings. We found that the NW–SE striking nodal plane along the Tista lineament may have been the causative fault for the Sikkim earthquake, as PGA estimates are comparable with the observed recordings. We also observed that the Fourier spectrum is not a good parameter in deciding the causative fault plane.     

Simulation of Strong Ground Motion During the 1950 Great Assam Earthquake

In this paper, ground motion during the Independence Day earthquake of August 15, 1950 (M_w 8.6, Ben-Menahem et al., 1974) in the northeastern part of India is estimated by seismological approaches. A hybrid simulation technique which combines the low frequency ground motion simulated from an analytical source mechanism model with the stochastically simulated high-frequency components is used for obtaining the acceleration time histories. A series of ground motion simulations are carried out to estimate the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral accelerations at important cities and towns in the epicentral region. One sample PGA distribution in the epicentral region encompassing the epicenter is also obtained. It is found that PGA in the epicentral region has exceeded 1 g during this earthquake. The estimated PGA’s are validated to the extent possible using the MMI values. The simulated acceleration time histories can be used for the assessment of important engineering structures in northeastern India.     

Stochastic strong ground motion simulations in sparsely-monitored regions: A validation and sensitivity study on the 13 March 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake

Stochastic simulations have recently become quite popular for estimating synthetic ground motion time histories. For seismically active regions that are not well-monitored or studied extensively, input parameters of the simulations should be carefully selected as the reliability of the simulation results directly depends on the accuracy of the input parameters. In the first part of this study, 13 March 1992 Erzincan (eastern Turkey) earthquake (Mw=6.6), which is recorded at only three strong ground motion stations, is simulated using the stochastic finite-fault method. The source and regional path parameters for this event are adopted from previously validated studies whereas the local site parameters are derived herein. In the second part of the paper, sensitivity of the simulation results with respect to small changes in selected input seismic parameters is investigated. The parameters for which sensitivities are computed include stress drop, crustal shear-wave quality factor and kappa operator. A change of 20% in stress drop value results in 14% change in PGA, whereas a 20% difference in the Q₀ value causes 17% change in PGA, and a 20% variation in kappa leads to 15% difference in PGA. Numerical experiments presented in this study prove that the ground motion simulations are prone to trade-off between the source, path and site filters. Hence, input models must be implemented carefully for reliable synthetic ground motions.     

2011年新西兰Mw6.1地震震源过程及强地面运动特征初步分析

2011年2月21日新西兰南岛发生M_w6.1地震,震中位置43.58°S,172.70°E,震源深度约5.0 km,发震断层为新西兰第三大城市克赖斯特彻奇(Christchurch)南约9 km一条近东西走向的未知隐伏断层,为逆冲断层机制.地震已经造成163人遇难,Christchurch城内多处建筑物严重损毁,距震中约1 km的Heathcote Valley Primary School (HVSC)台站强地面运动峰值加速度(PGA)高达2.0g.针对新西兰M_w6.1地震近场强地面运动偏高这一现象,利用HVSC台站的强震观测记录,计算地震震源谱参数,应用Brune圆盘模型估算其近场强地面运动的理论值,并建立动态复合震源模型进行模拟计算.研究结果表明,新西兰M_w6.1地震近断层强地面运动偏高的主要原因为复杂震源破裂过程中有效应力降(动态应力降,Δσ_d)过高造成的.未来工作中,需要加强对可能发生的、距离城市较近的中小型地震的重视,防止地震对城市的加强型破坏.     

Evaluation of site effects on ground motions based on equivalent linear site response analysis and liquefaction potential in Chennai,south India

We study local site effects with detailed geotechnical and geophysical site characterization to evaluate the site-specific seismic hazard for the seismic microzonation of the Chennai city in South India. A Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE) of magnitude 6.0 is considered based on the available seismotectonic and geological information of the study area. We synthesized strong ground motion records for this target event using stochastic finite-fault technique, based on a dynamic corner frequency approach, at different sites in the city, with the model parameters for the source, site, and path (attenuation) most appropriately selected for this region. We tested the influence of several model parameters on the characteristics of ground motion through simulations and found that stress drop largely influences both the amplitude and frequency of ground motion. To minimize its influence, we estimated stress drop after finite bandwidth correction, as expected from an M6 earthquake in Indian peninsula shield for accurately predicting the level of ground motion. Estimates of shear wave velocity averaged over the top 30 m of soil (V_S30) are obtained from multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) at 210 sites at depths of 30 to 60 m below the ground surface. Using these V_S30 values, along with the available geotechnical information and synthetic ground motion database obtained, equivalent linear one-dimensional site response analysis that approximates the nonlinear soil behavior within the linear analysis framework was performed using the computer program SHAKE2000. Fundamental natural frequency, Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at surface and rock levels, response spectrum at surface level for different damping coefficients, and amplification factors are presented at different sites of the city. Liquefaction study was done based on the V_S30 and PGA values obtained. The major findings suggest show that the northeast part of the city is characterized by (i) low V_S30 values (<?200 m/s) associated with alluvial deposits, (ii) relatively high PGA value, at the surface, of about 0.24 g, and (iii) factor of safety and liquefaction below unity at three sites (no. 12, no. 37, and no. 70). Thus, this part of the city is expected to experience damage for the expected M6 target event.     

地震动衰减关系拟合的新两步法

本文根据地震动衰减的理论分析结果和强震观测记录，提出了一种新的拟合地震动衰减关系的两步法，并用新近补充，完善的美国西部强震记录，对PGA，EPA和EPV衰减特性进行了分析，结果表明，建议的方法能反映近场强震地震动饱和效应和大震远场衰减的特点。     

2021年9月16日四川泸县MS6.0地震强地面运动特征分析

2021年9月16日4时33分在四川省泸州市泸县发生M_S6.0地震,震中附近的强震动观测台网获取了1 320组三分向加速度记录,对有效记录进行常规处理后计算出地震动相关参数,并利用克里金插值方法得到峰值加速度PGA、峰值速度PGV和拟加速度反应谱的空间分布图。结果显示,极震区与中远场的长轴方向有较大差异,地震动表现出沿断裂走向衰减较慢的特性。通过与常用衰减关系预测值进行对比,分析了PGA和多个周期的拟加速度反应谱随距离的衰减特性,结果显示此次地震的PGA相比衰减关系预测值偏小,拟加速度反应谱相比各经验预测值呈现周期越大衰减变慢的特点,体现出川东南地区特有的衰减规律。最后分析了本次地震获得的最大加速度记录,进一步验证了局部地形和场地对地震动有显著影响。      

Field survey around strong motion stations and its implications on the seismic intensity in the Lushan earthquake on April 20, 2013

The M _s7.0 Lushan earthquake on April 20, 2013 is another destructive event in China since the M _s8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and M _s7.1 Yushu earthquake in 2010. A large number of strong motion recordings were accumulated by the National Strong Motion Observation Network System of China. The maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) at Station 51BXD in Baoxing Country is recorded as ?1,005.3 cm/s², which is even larger than the maximum one in the Wenchuan earthquake. A field survey around three typical strong motion stations confirms that the earthquake damage is consistent with the issued map of macroseismic intensity. For the oscillation period 0.3–1.0 s which is the common natural period range of the Chinese civil building, a comparison shows that the observed response spectrums are considerably smaller than the designed values in the Chinese code and this could be one of the reasons that the macroseismic intensity is lower than what we expected despite the high amplitude of PGAs. The Housner spectral intensities from 16 stations are also basically correlated with their macroseismic intensities, and the empirical distribution of spectral intensities from Lushan and Wenchuan Earthquakes under the Chinese scale is almost identical with those under the European scale.     

Deterministic Seismic Scenarios for Imphal City

In this article, the spatial variation of ground motion in Imphal City has been estimated by the finite-fault seismological model coupled with site response analysis. The important seismic sources around Imphal City have been identified from the fault map and past seismicity data. The rock level acceleration time histories at Imphal City for the 1869 Cachar (M_w 7.5) earthquake and a hypothetical M_w 8.1 event in the Indo-Burma subduction zone have been estimated by a stochastic finite-fault model. Soil investigation data of 122 boreholes have been collected from several construction projects in Imphal City. Site response analysis has been carried out and the surface level ground motion has been determined for Imphal City for these two earthquake events. The results are presented in the form of peak ground acceleration (PGA) contour map. From the present study it has been ascertained that the maximum amplification for PGA over Imphal City is as high as 2.5. The obtained contour maps can serve as guidelines for identifying vulnerable areas and disaster mitigation in Imphal City.     

鲁甸地震强震动记录与地震动衰减模型的对比研究

利用2014年鲁甸M_S6.5地震断层距小于300 km的32个自由场地观测台站的地震动加速度记录,分析了地震动峰值加速度(PGA)和峰值速度(PGV)的空间分布特征,并对已有地震动衰减模型中的NGA-West2四个模型和1个中国川藏区模型进行了比较分析.研究表明,地震动PGA和PGV衰减最快的方向与断层主破裂方向一致.在整个断层距(R_(rup))范围内大多数台站的地震动PGA、PGV和加速度反应谱值(Sa(T=0.1、5.0 s))均位于NGA-West2四个模型预测曲线的±1倍标准差之外.PGA、PGV和Sa(T=5.0 s)的事件内残差均值在-1.43～-0.74之间.Sa(T=0.01～5.0 s)事件内残差均值在整个距离范围内均表现出系统性偏负.NGA-West2四个模型的PGA事件内残差的空间分布特征相似,其最大正值和最大负值分布区域的震源-场地方位角约为-90°和90°,与主破裂断层方向垂直,所处地势较为平坦且台站场地V_(S30)相对较大.NGA-West2四个模型总体上会较大地高估鲁甸地震整个断层距范围内各个周期尤其是短周期(T1.0 s)的地震动加速度反应谱值.考虑本地区实际地震资料的中国川藏区地震动衰减模型也会在一定程度上高估鲁甸地震大多数台站的地震动加速度反应谱值,但是相对于NGA-West2四个模型,其预测值更接近鲁甸地震的实际观测值.     

芦山地震强地面运动之阿里亚斯强度及Newmark位移特征研究

本文以芦山地震强地面运动记录为基础资料,研究了阿里亚斯强度和Newmark位移两个地震动参数的空间分布特征、衰减特征以及与其它地震动参数的相关性.研究结果表明:阿里亚斯强度的空间分布与地震断层空间展布和地震破裂方向具有相关性;阿里亚斯强度与峰值加速度(PGA)有较好的相关性,场地条件对二者的相关性具有显著影响,PGA相...