桩板式抗滑挡墙地震响应的振动台试验研究

汶川地震路基震害调查表明,在顺层或堆积体边坡中的桩板式抗滑挡墙具有良好的抗震性能。为了更好地了解该结构的抗震性能和优化抗震设计方法,以大型振动台模型试验为手段对其进行研究。为明确地震作用下桩板式抗滑挡墙的地震响应特性,试验采用缩尺的卧龙台站实测地震波对模型激励。试验结果揭示了土压力沿桩身分布规律、桩体位移和边坡岩土体加速度的地震响应特征。研究表明,地震土压力沿桩身呈非线性分布,竖向地震荷载对水平加速度有放大效果。所以,双向加载时的地震土压力比水平单向加载时大,但二者差距在地震基本烈度VII、VIII度区域不显著。滑坡推力、滑床对桩的土体抗力和桩身位移均与输入地震动峰值加速度成正比,即随着地震动峰值加速度的增加,加速度放大比增大;滑动面材料剪切强度折减,滑坡推力、土体抗力和抗身位移均增大,且增大速率加快。此外,结合试验成果,建议了桩板式抗滑挡墙设计时地震综合影响系数Cz的合理取值,对应地震基本烈度VII、VIII、IX度区分别为0.2、0.35、0.4。试验结果有助于揭示该结构抗震机制,也为其抗震设计提供了可靠依据。     

降雨诱发直线型黄土填方边坡失稳模型试验

近年来,随着“治沟造地”和“固沟保塬”等工程在黄土高原的陆续开展,出现了许多直线型黄土填方边坡。降雨是诱发边坡失稳的重要因素,但对降雨诱发直线型黄土填方边坡变形演化特征和破坏模式的研究较少。以直线型黄土填方边坡为研究对象,通过传感器监测、三维激光扫描和人工降雨,开展室内降雨模型试验,记录了降雨入渗下边坡内部水文响应特征和边坡失稳破坏过程,并对湿润锋、土颗粒运移、坡体内部变形响应、裂缝演化特征及破坏模式进行了分析。试验结果表明：随着降雨入渗,湿润锋达到后,体积含水率增加,并在峰值后保持稳定,而基质吸力则减小,到达最低点后保持稳定。冲沟对填方边坡的影响较大,它的发育改变了坡体内含水率特征,同时也是控制边坡整体滑动的边界;边坡变形响应区域主要是以填方边坡前缘堆积区和后缘滑塌区为主;裂缝演化方向由边坡前缘向后缘发展,它的发育为雨水入渗提供优势通道,同时也加剧边坡的变形破坏;降雨形成的水动力驱使坡体中细颗粒从填方边坡后缘向前缘流失,减弱了土体颗粒之间的胶结能力,使其抗剪强度降低,进而使边坡失稳破坏。因此,在降雨入渗下,直线型黄土填方边坡的变形破坏模式为：坡顶冲沟破坏、坡脚软化→局部牵引坍塌、整体失稳→块体分割、流滑破坏。研究结果可为直线型黄土填方边坡的工程建设和滑坡灾害防治提供理论参考。     

框架锚杆支护黄土边坡大型振动台模型试验研究

设计并完成了相似比为1:10的框架锚杆支护黄土边坡的大型振动台模型试验,通过加载不同波型、加速度峰值和持时的地震波,探讨了地震作用下模型边坡的动力响应规律,并对框架锚杆支护结构的抗震性能进行了评价。试验结果表明：框架锚杆支护结构加固黄土边坡的抗震效果是显著的,在进行框架锚杆支护结构抗震设计时需要输入不同的地震波来验证其可靠性。框架锚杆支护结构作用下,黄土边坡对地震波具有明显的滤波作用和频谱放大作用,边坡加速度响应具有临空面放大作用和垂直放大作用,随着输入地震波峰值的增大,PGA放大系数呈减小趋势,在地震输入加速度峰值较小的情况下,加速度响应出现“衰减”现象;在框架锚杆支护下,黄土边坡的位移得到了有效的约束,动土压力分布曲线呈现“双曲线型”变化,动土压力大小沿高程方向从坡脚至坡顶呈倒三角形分布。试验结果可为框架锚杆支护结构加固黄土边坡的抗震设计提供一定的参考。     

A loess landslide induced by excavation and rainfall

The initiation of loess landslides is a common engineering problem during the construction of the expressway or other engineering works in the Loess Plateau of China. The engineers and researchers should devote themselves to the prevention of the initiation of loess landslides. This study focused on a loess landslide which was induced during the construction of an expressway in Shanxi Province of China. The stabilities of the loess hillside slope before and after excavation were analyzed using limit equilibrium analysis method and the strength reduction finite element method, respectively. The analysis results indicated that the loess hillside slope, before excavation, was stable under both natural state and rainfall conditions. The collapse of the loess hillside slope, or the initiation of loess landslides, after having been excavated, was induced by excavation and rainfall. The integrated stabilization method including four parts was used to stabilize the loess landslide. The four parts were a reinforced concrete piles row, a rubble concrete retaining wall, alteration of slope geometry, and interception and drainage of water. The initiation of the loess landslide might be evitable if it was given enough attention before excavation; thus, the problem of loess landslides should be paid big attention during the survey and design of the engineering works, not only during the construction.     

多点非一致激励下埋地管道多台阵振动台试验方案研究

针对多点非一致激励下埋地管道的破坏特性,首次设计并开展了多点非一致激励下埋地管道的三台阵振动台试验。首先根据试验条件及试验目的,通过专项研究确定了整个模型体系的相似比,设计了适用于长线型地下结构多台阵振动台试验的悬挂式连续体模型箱,确定了传感器的布置位置;其次对模型材料的选取、地震动输入及试验加载方案进行分析设计。最后,利用试验数据分析了模型箱的动力特性及边界效应,结果表明,对多点非一致激励下埋地管道振动台模型试验的设计方案是合理的。该研究为顺利开展多点非一致激励下埋地管道振动台试验奠定了基础,对同类试验也有一定的参考价值。     

降雨引发的兰州黄土滑坡时空规律分析和临界降雨量预测

降雨引发的兰州黄土滑坡时空规律分析和临界降雨量预测     

小角度成层倾斜场地动力响应分析的大型振动台试验研究

基于大型振动台试验,研究小角度成层倾斜场地在倾向、走向、垂向、坡面方向、坡面垂直方向上的地震动响应特征,以及地层倾角对场地反应谱的影响规律。试验结果表明：在倾向方向,随着地层倾角的增大,倾斜场地的放大效应增大;在走向方向,当地层倾角小于12.5°时,放大效应强于水平成层场地;在倾向、走向方向,当地层倾角达到12.5°时,场地对反应谱短周期T≤0.1 s部分具有放大作用,对T＞0.1 s的部分具有削弱作用;在垂向方向,随着地层倾角的增加,倾斜场地的放大效应强于水平成层场地;在坡面方向,倾斜场地的放大效应弱于水平成层场地;在坡面垂向方向,倾斜场地的放大效应强于水平成层场地。该研究成果对小角度成层倾斜场地上的建筑物抗震设计具有一定的参考意义。     

降雨型浅层黄土滑坡危险性评价与区划

黄土高原是我国地质灾害最为发育的地区之一,其中降雨诱发的浅层黄土滑坡又最为典型。以典型黄土地貌区-柳林县为例,应用SINMAP模型,探讨模型在黄土地区的适用性,分析了随着研究区内降雨量的增加,滑坡变形失稳区域的面积变化、分布位置和扩展趋势。研究表明,随着降雨量的增加,滑坡所处位置逐渐由稳定状态向失稳状态发展,位于失稳分区的滑坡数量逐渐增加,说明降雨对该研究区的斜坡稳定性影响较为明显。通过将模拟结果与实际发生的由降雨触发的滑坡灾害进行对比分析,可以得出SINMAP模型在黄土地区,对区域性降雨诱发浅层黄土滑坡稳定性的模拟预测有效,可以用于黄土地区浅层滑坡的稳定性评价研究。     

The characteristics of the seismic signals induced by landslides using a coupling of discrete element and finite difference methods

Landslide seismic signals support researchers to estimate magnitudes and locations of landslides. They can serve as a crucial data for landslide warning systems. However, the randomness of landslide locations makes the acquisition of landslide-induced seismic signals difficult and limits the number of available field data. The objectives of this study are to establish a numerical modeling approach to examine the characteristics of seismic signals induced by landslides and perform parametrical study. The two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC) and Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) are coupled to simulate the landslide process. The force and velocity data at the coupled interfaces of FLAC and PFC are transferred back and forth via a Socket I/O connection. Four locations were monitored for the induced vertical seismic signals, including velocity, acceleration, and stress histories. The signals were analyzed by Hilbert-Huang transform to obtain the time-frequency spectrograms for examining the characteristics of the signals. The particle size, wall friction, particle friction, and parallel bond of PFC input parameters were parametrically investigated. The Xiaolin landslide in 2009 was successfully simulated, and the characteristics of the seismic signals were studied and compared with the data from a broadband seismic station. These results demonstrate that terrain and transition in the movement type of a complex landslide do influence the seismic signals. A landslide with larger rock particles generates lower-frequency content seismic signals. Also, there can be approximately 40 s to escape before a large-scale landslide hits if seismic instrumentation is installed. The method proposed can be further applied for studies on many other large-scale rock avalanches to verify recorded signals and further correlate the signals with the landslide characteristics.     

液化场地桩基桥梁震害响应大型振动台模型试验研究

采用大型振动台进行液化场地桩基桥梁震害响应模型试验,很好再现了自然地震触发场地液化及结构破坏的各种宏观现象。0.15gEl Centro波输入下,上部砂层局部液化,桩-柱墩加速度主要表现为低频反应,桩动应变幅值自下而上很快增大、到达地表则大幅度减小。0.5gEl Centro波输入下,整个砂层全部液化,桩被折断且加速度也主要表现为低频反应,桩动应变幅值自下而上很快增大、到达地表则大幅度减小。砂层液化与否,对桩-柱墩动力反应影响很大。     

陕西富平黄土震陷特性及震陷小区划

典型黄土由于其特殊的大孔隙架空结构特征,在强震作用下具有强烈的震陷性。陕西富平县地处渭河盆地和鄂尔多斯地台的连接带,区内地震构造背景复杂,黄土分布广泛,黄土场地的震陷危险性较高。文章以富平县城市总体规划建设用地和富阎新区规划范围为研究区,通过资料收集、野外调研、室内试验和理论分析等方法,确定研究区的地震工程地质条件,采用地震危险性概率分析方法确定研究区不同超越概率水平的地震动参数,基于大量黄土动三轴试验确定区内不同地貌单元及不同地层黄土的震陷特性。在此基础上,对富平县强震作用下黄土场地的震陷进行评价,50 年超越概率10%条件下,研究区内轻微、中等震陷区分布于浮塬和渭河二级阶地。50年超越概率2%条件下,研究区内轻微及中等黄土震陷区主要分布在石川河三—四级阶地、浮塬和渭河二级阶地。严重震陷区主要分布在渭河二级阶地、石川河三—四级阶地和浮塬。根据震陷等级给出了研究区50年超越概率10%和2%水平下的黄土震陷小区划。研究结果可为富平县的防震减灾工作提供科学依据。     

Effects of groundwater level on the seismic responses of coral sand ground and superstructure by shaking table tests

Acta Geotechnica - The changes in groundwater level in coral islands are more common than those in inland areas. In this paper, a series of shaking table tests were performed to investigate the...     

窑洞开挖诱发浅层黄土滑坡的变形机理模拟

由废弃窑洞倒塌引发的黄土边坡失稳严重威胁了黄土高原地区居民的生命财产安全。通过野外调查,选取陕西省延安市三亩台滑坡为典型案例,基于室内试验分析了窑洞废弃、依窑建房等工况下黄土含水量和土体强度的变化规律,运用数值模拟研究了窑洞废弃、依窑建房过程中最危险滑面上的应力和强度变化趋势。从土体应力-强度关系角度揭示了废弃窑洞诱发黄土边坡变形破坏机理。研究表明,窑洞废弃和依窑建房增大了土体含水量,降低了土体的抗剪强度,致使坡体下部土体剪应力逐渐接近其抗剪强度,边坡的稳定性随之降低,最终窑洞坍塌引发滑坡。     

FLaIR and SUSHI: two mathematical models for early warning of landslides induced by rainfall

The development of Early Warning Systems in recent years has assumed an increasingly important role in landslide risk mitigation. In this context, the main topic is the relationship between rainfall and the incidence of landslides. In this paper, we focus our attention on the analysis of mathematical models capable of simulating triggering conditions. These fall into two broad categories: hydrological models and complete models. Generally, hydrological models comprise simple empirical relationships linking antecedent precipitation to the time that the landslide occurs; the latter consist of more complex expressions that take several components into account, including specific site conditions, mechanical, hydraulic and physical soil properties, local seepage conditions, and the contribution of these to soil strength. In a review of the most important models proposed in the technical and international literature, we have outlined their most meaningful and salient aspects. In particular, the Forecasting of Landslides Induced by Rainfall (FLaIR) and the Saturated Unsaturated Simulation for Hillslope Instability (SUSHI) models, developed by the authors, are discussed. FLaIR is a hydrological model based on the identification of a mobility function dependent on landslide characteristics and antecedent rainfall, correlated to the probability of a slide occurring. SUSHI is a complete model for describing hydraulic phenomena at slope scale, incorporating Darcian saturated flow, with particular emphasis on spatial–temporal changes in subsoil pore pressure. It comprises a hydraulic module for analysing the circulation of water from rainfall infiltration in saturated and nonsaturated layers in non-stationary conditions and a geotechnical slope stability module based on Limit Equilibrium Methods. The paper also includes some examples of these models’ applications in the framework of early warning systems in Italy.     

降雨影响下滑坡变形预测的GA-NN模型研究

八尺门滑坡是福-宁高速公路施工现场的一个降雨型滑坡,近年来该滑坡由于人为及降雨的因素而频频发生滑动,对坡下的高速公路施工及滑坡区内的人民生命财产安全造成了严重威胁。为了准确掌握降雨量与滑坡位移之间的关系,在对八尺门滑坡现场降雨量及滑坡位移的长达一年的监测资料的基础上,利用GA-NN模型,对降雨条件下的滑坡位移演化发展做出了精确的预测。研究成果已作为重要的基础性数据被有关施工和研究部门采用,对于指导现场施工和保证滑坡影响区内人民生命财产的安全发挥了重要作用。     

地震与非地震诱发滑坡的运动特征对比研究

针对不同诱发机制的滑坡运动特征差异,以滑坡的总斜率和阻止系数为评价指标,分析滑坡的总斜率、阻止系数与滑坡规模、总能量的关系,对比研究了地震和非地震滑坡的总斜率、地形阻止系数的特征。研究结果表明：地震与非地震滑坡的规模越大在运动过程中受到的阻止作用越小;地震滑坡和非地震滑坡的总斜率都随滑坡规模和总能量增加而减小,但地震滑坡减小的速率大于非地震滑坡;地震滑坡的平均阻止系数约为0.4～0.5,而非地震滑坡的平均阻止系数约为同规模地震滑坡的40%～50%。因此,滑坡的运动特征不仅受滑坡规模及总能量控制,还显著地受滑坡的诱发机制和地形阻止等因素的影响。     

强降雨条件下气压对滑坡延时效应研究

在强降雨入渗条件下,浅层边坡土体中的气体可能被封闭,孔隙气压力在封闭条件下随着雨水的入渗不断增加。结合湿润峰面受力分析对封闭气体压力的物理意义进行了说明,通过考虑简化的气阻入渗模型,对比经典的Green-Ampt入渗模型,研究了气压对入渗率和下移的湿润峰的影响。应用该入渗模型,对下部为基岩的大面积浅层边坡雨水入渗过程以及边坡稳定性进行分析。研究表明,封闭气压显著降低了边坡体内雨水的入渗率,对安全系数的降低具有明显的延时性,这进一步揭示了部分地区雨后滑坡频繁发生的重要原因。因此,考虑封闭气压对大面积边坡降雨安全预报具有重要意义     

振动台试验三维层状剪切模型箱的设计及性能测试

在研究地震荷载作用下土-结构动力相互作用的问题和验证方法时,振动台试验被认为是一种有效的工具。试验时应使用合适的模型土箱,试验模型箱的边界效应成为直接影响模型试验结果准确性的重要因素。设计制作了一个由19层圆形环组成的三维层状剪切模型箱,高度为1 800 mm,内径为4 500 mm,层间铝合金框架采用三向运动支撑件连接。开展了模型箱振动台试验,通过埋设在土体中不同深度和位置的加速度计获取的地震反应来研究箱体的边界效应。试验时振动台面输入用于核电工程设计AP1000谱三维地震动。比较了不同深度各测点的加速度时程和反应谱值,计算得到从箱体中心到边缘测点的土体反应的峰值加速度的相对误差值,采用谱比法计算得到加速度反应谱相对误差值。试验及分析结果表明,设计的三维层状剪切模型箱在3个方向上都具有良好的真实场地无限边界条件的模拟效果,解决了现有层状剪切模型箱仅能单向或双向输入水平地震激励的不足。     

Study on deformation characteristics and mechanism of reactivated ancient landslides induced by engineering excavation and rainfall in Three Gorges Reservoir area

Natural Hazards - From 2015 to 2017, construction for the Dalixi Eco-Industrial Park in Dalixi Village, Xingshan County in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, reactivated a series of ancient...