北方寒冷地区城市哈尔滨人口城市化与土地城市化协调关系研究

以哈尔滨市为研究范围,构建了人口城市化、土地城市化指标体系,运用熵值法计算各指标的权重,结合协调发展模型,分别研究了哈尔滨市1997-2014年期间人口城市化的内部协调性、土地城市化的内部协调性以及人口城市化和土地城市化的协调度及协调发展水平,并对人口城市化、土地城市化与协调发展水平进行了研究。结果表明：哈尔滨市的人口城市化内部协调性和土地城市化内部协调性都表现出前期加速,后期平稳的状态,在20世纪90年代,人口城市化内部协调性和土地城市化内部协调性都迅速提高,进入21世纪以后,协调度均保持在0.9左右,波动较小,内部协调度较高;综合人口城市化和土地城市化的协调度和相对发展度来看,除1999-2000年处于高级协调外,在研究期的其余时段哈尔滨市人口城市化和土地城市化基本处于初级协调状态,人口城市化与土地城市化的非同步性,是制约两者协调发展的关键因素,其中人口城市化对协调发展水平的影响更大。     

城市化对降水影响的研究综述

通过长期研究,关于城市化会对局地降水产生一定影响已成为共识,但由于不同地区降水形成、分布机制的复杂性以及气象观测资料、数值天气模式的局限性,目前国际上对于城市化影响降水的物理机制及驱动因素仍存在不同认识,关于不同条件下城市化对降水影响的具体规律也具有争议。在阐述城市化对降水影响的主要物理机制的基础上,从站点资料解析和综合遥感资料解析两方面归纳和比较了近年城市化对降水影响的主要资料检测事实,总结了关于城市化单一因素和综合因素对降水影响的数值模拟试验的主要结论,最后从城市综合气象观测试验、城市化降水效应的系统检测、城市化降水效应的精细化模拟、城市化降水效应的区域影响、城市化降水效应的适应与调控5个方面,论述了存在的主要问题及发展方向,为深化对城市化降水效应的科学认识以及应对其不利影响提供了参考。     

我国城市化发展的新特点及其区域空间建设策略

经济全球化成为21世纪最具有广泛影响的事件,将促进全球城市化的高速发展。我国正处在城市化高度发展时期,城市化出现“集群式”发展、城乡二元结构扩大、“驱赶型城镇化”和城市化的区域空间差异性等新特点、新问题。我国快速城市化过程中出现的新矛盾、水土资源流失与大量占用,对沿海地区一些城市的区域环境产生了很多负面影响,诸如酸雨、城市污染、汽车烟雾和交通阻塞等。面对全球城市化的巨大影响与冲击,从区域空间角度出发,提出必须在科学发展观和构建和谐社会的指导下,使我国城市化走向健康之路,实施区域空间建设新策略,注重大城市群区内的保护与建设,因地制宜、合理利用、适度发展、构建区域性的生态安全格局,促进我国信息化的区域合作。     

干旱区绿洲城市城镇化发展状况及协调性浅析——以吐鲁番地区为例

城镇化是一个国家或地区经济发展的必经途径,同时也是衡量某地区经济发展水平的重要标志之一。城镇化进程不仅关系到区域人口、经济和环境的可持续发展,还关系到区域平衡与区域生产效率,以致关系到区域的综合竞争力。利用2001—2011年吐鲁番地区人口、经济、社会和生态方面的相关数据,剖析吐鲁番地区城镇化系统,选出并构建吐鲁番地区人口、经济、社会和生态4个城镇化系统的6个评价指标体系,对指标进行定量分析;计算城镇化4个系统以及城镇化发展水平的综合评价指数及其各系统的协调度,根据各子系统评价指数建立数学模型,分析吐鲁番地区城镇化驱动因子以及制约该地区城镇化进程的影响因素;并推算出吐鲁番地区城镇化的变化和发展趋势。     

都市化对小流域水文影响的研究

综述了受都市化影响的小流域水文特征和研究途径.通过实际观测和概化模型试验,提出了反映都市化水文效应的指标,即当不透水面积比超过20%时,都市化影响表现明显.最后介绍了都市化影响的小流域雨洪计算方法.     

Research Progress on the Impact of Urbanization on Climate Change

The world has been undergoing a remarkable process of urbanization, especially in developing countries in recent years. The urbanization process has brought about great urban development and large population agglomeration, changes in production and lifestyle, and man-made disturbances such as greenhouse gas and pollution emissions. As the global urbanization process continues to advance, its impact on climate change continues to strengthen significantly. This paper mainly reviewed and summarized relevant researches from two aspects: the influence of urbanization on climate change and the mechanism of influence of urbanization on climate change. Urbanization causes regional warming and urban heat island effect, extreme events such as high temperature, heat wave and heavy rainfall increase in frequency, and also leads to increased urban flood risk. The increase of pollutant emission in the process of urbanization is the main cause of air quality deterioration. Urbanization also has an indirect impact on air quality by changing urban climate. Urbanization has an important impact on climatic factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine and cloud cover. The impacts of urbanization on climate change are mainly realized through underlying surface changes, greenhouse gas and pollution emissions, anthropogenic heat emissions and urban high heat capacity. Urbanization not only directly affects the regional/local climate, but also indirectly affects the regional/local climate by promoting global climate change. Therefore, the impact of urbanization on climate change has a global and regional multi-scale superposition effect.     

滨州市城镇化建设中的土地管理探析

土地问题是城镇化建设的一个突出问题。目前城镇化进程中还存在依赖土地程度过高、土地闲置、浪费、利用率偏低、城乡用地不能统筹、管理粗放等问题。新型城镇化要走集约、智能、绿色、低碳的道路,由速度扩张向质量提升转型,这就要求城镇化进程中土地规划要更加科学、土地利用要更加节约集约,土地管理要更加精细。     

Significance,Progress and Tasks of New-type Urbanization Research

Urbanization is the most prominent comprehensive geographical process based on human activities in the surface of the Earth, with obvious interdisciplinary characteristics. In recent years, new urbanization has become an important frontier issue both at home and abroad. Urbanization is also one of the most important frontier interdisciplinary directions and one of the key research areas of geosciences. Future Earth, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the International Geographical Union’s Commission on Geography for Future Earth:Coupled Human-Earth Systems for Sustainability (IGU-GFE) all emphasize coupling relationship between urbanization and human-earth system and sustainable development. Based on the discussion of significance of urbanization research in interdisciplinary fields, this paper reviewed the progress of urbanization research and put forward challenges and opportunities of urbanization research, and its objectives and tasks. It is recommended to play the role of the multi-disciplinary cross-cutting characteristics and strengthen the scientific and technological support and basic research depth of urbanization in interdisciplinary fields. To face the international research frontier and meet China's major needs, we proposed the top-level design and scientific and technological layout for urbanization research as soon as possible so as to improve the influence, the right to speak and the initiative of China's urbanization research in the world and play the scientific and technological support role of basic research better to serve the country’s strategic needs.     

城市化对地下水补给的影响——以石家庄市为例

城市化对地下水补给的影响对研究城市水循环、水资源供需平衡及地下水超采、防治地下水水质恶化，以及揭示两大主要地下水环境问题（地下水超采与水质恶化）之间的有机联系都具有重要意义，石家庄城市化与地下水之间的相互作用机理研究具有典型示范性，本文以石家庄市为例，在分析地下水在城市供水中的作用及其开发利用基础上，通过研究城市化影响地下水补给的变化规律，进一步探讨了城市化对地下水补给的影响机理，最终建立城市化影响下地下水补给增量的诱发机理框图，研究结果表明，城市化会导致地下水补给量的增加；地下水开采诱发产生对城市周围井场和地表水的袭夺以及城市供、排水系统渗漏所造成的新补给源的引入是城市化诱发产生地下水补给增量的重要机理。     

基于TOPSIS方法的我国城镇化与地质灾害耦合协调度分析

随着城镇化的不断发展,人类工程活动引发了一系列地质灾害问题,地质灾害每年造成的人员伤亡和经济损失不容忽视。本文构建了城镇化与地质灾害系统指标体系,运用熵权-TOPSIS方法,利用耦合协调度公式对我国2000—2013年的城镇化-地质灾害数据进行分析,研究城镇化与地质灾害的耦合协调关系。研究发现,2003—2013年我国城镇化与地质灾害的协调发展状态逐渐改善,我国地质灾害防治工作取得了良好的成效。     

Impact of Urbanization and Industrialization upon Surface Water Quality:A Pilot Study of Panzhihua Mining Town

In order to investigate the impact of urbanization and industrialization on surface water quality,a pilot study of Panzhihua mining town was carried out.The urbanization of Panzhihua region was dominated by industry development and population growth.The level of urbanization showed that it was 18.44% in 1965,and reached 45.99% in 1983.Then,it reached 53.71% in 2005,so the urbanization process was very rapid in Panzhihua region.In the process of industrialization,the level of industrialization was fluctuated...     

济南市人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调发展研究

人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调发展是推进新型城镇化的重点所在。通过构建指标评价体系和评价模型,从“人口-土地”协调的视角分析演算1995-2013年济南市的城镇化水平与协调发展状态。研究结果表明,济南市城镇化整体协调发展度从1995年的严重失调衰退阶段发展到2013年的优质协调发展阶段,但是从2008开始,人口城镇化滞后于土地城镇化发展,表现出一定的失调现象。研究结果可以为制定地区城镇化发展策略提供科学依据。     

高度城镇化背景下水系演变及其响应

针对长江三角洲地区高度城镇化对水系剧烈影响的事实,以该区太湖平原苏州市为例,选取河网密度、水面率、分形维数和支流发育系数作为水系变化指标,运用GIS分析近50年来河网的时空变化规律,在此基础上,研究水系变化对于城镇化及降水变化的定量响应,分析高度城镇化下水系的发展趋势。结果表明:①近50年来研究区水系呈衰减趋势,河网密度、水面率、分形维数和支流发育系数分别下降5.6%、19%、1.2%和3%;区内水系禀赋差异大。②近50年来水系衰减的主要影响因素为城镇化,气候变化对其影响相对较弱;在水系变化中,城镇化的贡献率在67%以上。③随着城镇化率增加,研究区河网密度、分形维数、支流发育系数呈现先增长后衰减的"倒U型"曲线特征;苏州的高度城镇化与其水系表现出"先松弛,后紧密"的关系,二者的发展目前处于曲线右侧;未来将过渡到"高水平适应阶段"。本研究的结果丰富了城镇化与水系发展关系研究,可为其他地区水系系统的健康、绿色发展和保护提供参考。     

The relationship between administrative hierarchy position and city size development in China

China's urbanization process in the past 20 years has drawn much academic attention, and as a result, many attempts to explain the uniqueness of China's urbanization have emerged. Some argued that Tolley's model (1987), the well known theory explaining global urbanization, or the `Murray-Szelenyi' thesis (1984), which focus on the investigation of urbanization in socialist countries, can be applied in China. Most western literature, however, claimed either a `rural-bias' or an `urban-bias' from the state took place in China's urbanization process. This paper suggests another perspective in the analysis of this process, as it argues that it was the state bias for the allocation of production and human resources in the cities of higher hierarchical ranking that is behind China's urbanization. The objective of the paper is to test it through two hypotheses. The first hypothesis suggests that the higher the city is in the urban hierarchy, the more population it has; and the second argues the higher administrative position a city has, the better social and economic performance it will show. Using statistical data to validate these two hypotheses, this paper attempts to justify the role of `state-bias' of resources allocation and the dominance of the administrative hierarchy in China's urbanization process. Lastly, the paper argues, the state itself is a major factor or source for China's urbanization development.     

Geographic aspects of urbanization and its peculiarities in countries with different social systems

The complex process of urbanization is obtaining under the impress of scientific and technological revolution of global dimensions. But the process of urbanization depends very much on geographical differentiation of the factors and conditions on the Earth' surface. So it is deeply geographical in its essence. It is not only geographically conditioned but it also has deep spatial manifestations, which makes it one of the most important and universal fields of investigation for the whole system of geographic sciences. The common global features and general regularities of urbanization take peculiar forms in each of the three main groups of countries having different social systems: socialist, economically developed capitalist and developing, which leaves its deep imprints not only on the social contents of urbanization but also on the very process of forming of specific spatial-urbanistic structures, existing on the Earth. To this we should further add the results of working of individual traits of different countries and regions. So to get the real pattern of world urbanization it is necessary to study profoundly not only its global and typological features but also the specific local factors. To these ends geographers must elaborate a system of basic notions and characteristics of the urbanization process and stage. Some of them are treated in this paper.     

The spatial dimension of Chinese urbanization

This paper focuses on four interrelated aspects of the spatial dimension of city development. Attention is paid initially to the basic geography of urbanization, before turning to an analysis of recent trends in the pattern of urbanization. Spatial biases throughout the present-day hierarchy are then investigated and, finally, the relationships between urbanization patterns and economic planning belts are considered.     

贵州岩溶山区城镇化进程中地下水的资源功能评价

地下水是岩溶山区现代城镇化发展的战略性基础资源,为了解城镇化进程中地下水资源功能的支撑作用,通过构建地下水资源功能评价指标体系,对贵州省9个市（州）岩溶区域城镇化进程中地下水的资源功能进行定量评价.评价结果表明:地下水的资源功能在城镇化进程中呈现明显的差异性特征,城镇化水平较高的贵阳市对地下水的依存性高达79.08%,地下水的资源功能较强;城镇化水平较低的地区对地下水的依存性较小,地下水的资源功能相对较弱.随着城镇化水平的提升,地下水资源的可持续性受地下水污染和超采等因素制约,其资源功能存在弱化甚至丧失的风险.      

贵阳市城镇化进程与土地利用转变关系

贵阳市岩溶地貌十分发育,可利用土地资源缺乏,城镇化发展与土地利用相互制约.基于贵阳市2001~2014年城镇化指标数据及1996、2001、2004、2009、2016年五期遥感影像数据,采用指标权重法和土地利用类型转移矩阵,分析了2001~2014年贵阳市城镇化发展趋势和1996~2016年土地利用的时空分布特征及演变规律.并运用相关性分析方法建立函数响应度模型,探讨了城镇化与土地利用之间的作用关系.结果表明:（1）2001~2014年间,贵阳市城镇化水平呈上升趋势,综合城镇化得分增长率为52.46%,其中人口（26.0%）、生态（20.4%）、空间（19.9%）和经济（18.3%）城镇化对综合城镇化贡献较大,社会（15.4%）城镇化相对较小;（2）贵阳市农用地、建设用地面积增加,净增长总量23.66%,未利用土地面积减少,净减少总量23.56%,土地利用类型总变化量为87.77%;（3）城镇化进程推动着土地利用的变迁,2001~2014年水田（13.767响应度）、裸地（4.476）、旱地（1.708）、灌木（1.319）土地利用类型对城镇化的综合响应度较高,乔木（0.897）、草地（0.878）、建设用地（0.693）、水域（0.180）相对较低.城镇用地面积的快速扩张是土地利用类型转变的直接因素.因此,建议在城镇化进程中,优化土地利用结构,以提高土地资源利用效率,保证城镇化进程可持续发展.      

城市化影响地下水水质的正负效应

以石家庄市为例, 通过城市化水平和地下水污染态势的定量计算、分析, 对城市化影响地下水水质的机理及其正负效应进行了探讨.结果表明: 石家庄城市化发展处于初级阶段; 城市化影响地下水水质有正负两方面的效应, 城市化水平的提高, 有助于改善地下水水质, 但却易于加剧地下水盐污染.本研究为以地下水作为主要、甚至唯一供水水源城市的可持续发展提供了一种理论和根本途径.      

江西省城市化水平与城市效率相关分析

在对江西省城市化水平分析的基础上,应用城市效率指标,对江西省11个地级市的城市效率作了定量分析,总结了其地域分异规律,并就江西省城市化水平与城市效率进行了相关分析研究。结果表明,江西省的城市化水平与城市效率的相关性总体一致,符合“城市规模效率梯度”现象。在提高城市集聚功能,培育城市群（带）,促进城市可持续发展以及欠发达地区的发展方面提供了一些有益的参考和建议。