Consistent seasonal snow cover depth and duration variability over the Western Himalayas (WH)

Precipitation in solid form, i.e., snow, during winter season over the Western Himalayas (WH) leads to the build-up of seasonal snow cover. Seasonal snow cover build-up (snow cover depth and duration) largely depends on atmospheric variables such as temperature, precipitation, radiation, wind, etc. Integrated (combined) influence of atmospheric variables on seasonal snow cover gets reflected in terms of spatial and temporal variability in seasonal snow cover build-up pattern. Hence spatial and temporal variability of seasonal snow cover build-up can serve as a good indicator of climate change in high altitude mountainous regions like the WH. Consistent seasonal snow cover depth and duration, delay days and early melt days of consistent seasonal snow cover at 11 stations spread across different mountain ranges over the WH were analyzed. Mean, maximum and percentiles (25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th) of consistent seasonal snow cover depth and duration show decline over the WH in the recent past 2–3 decades. Consistent seasonal snow cover is found to melt early and snow cover build-up pattern is found to show changes over the WH. Decline in consistent seasonal snow cover depth, duration and changing snow cover build-up pattern over the WH in recent decades indicate that WH has undergone considerable climate change and winter weather patterns are changing in the WH.     

Synoptic weather conditions during the pilot study of Bay of Bengal and Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX)

BOBMEX-Pilot was organised from 23rd October–11th November, 1998 when the seasonal trough had already shifted to south Bay of Bengal. The activity during this period was marked by the development of a monsoon depression from 26th–29th October that weakened over the sea; onset of northeast monsoon along the east coast of India on 29th October; a low pressure area that formed on 2nd November over southwest Bay off Sri Lanka — southTamilnadu coast; and another cyclonic circulation that formed towards the end of the BOBMEX-Pilot period. This paper describes the development of these synoptic systems through synoptic charts and satellite data.     

中国地质学会公布第十八届青年地质科技奖(金银锤奖)评选结果

为表彰具有“献身、创新、求实、协作”的科学精神和科学道德及学风的40周岁以下的青年地质工作者，向中国地质学会成立百年献礼，学会于2022年2月22日启动了第十八届青年地质科技奖(金银锤奖)申报及推荐工作。近期，中国地质学会组织召开第十八届青年地质科技奖(金银锤奖)终评会议，评选产生了第十八届青年地质科技奖(金银锤奖)获奖者。会议决定授予梁前勇等10名同志“第十八届青年地质科技奖——金锤奖”荣誉称号，授予曹文庚等40名同志“第十八届青年地质科技奖——银锤奖”荣誉称号（获奖名单见附件）。     

International Mineralogical Association (IMA)

International Mineralogical Association (IMA)15th General Meeting, Beijing, China, June 28–July 3, 1990     

Fifty years of IMOG (International Meetings on Organic Geochemistry)

IMOG2011 is the 25th of a series of international meetings on organic geochemistry that began in 1962. Thus, this 25th meeting marks the 50th anniversary year of IMOG, which has (a) had a rich history with meetings taking place in 11 different countries, (b) published Proceedings, titled “Advances in Organic Geochemistry,” from each meeting that now number 24 volumes totaling almost 18,000 pages, and (c) documented the content and development of the science of organic geochemistry. IMOG2011 adds a new milestone to the progress of organic geochemistry through time.     

中国地质学会印发地学科普研学基地（营地）评选授牌和监督管理办法（试行）通知

为了贯彻落实《全民科学素质行动计划纲要（2021—2035）》,普及地球科学知识,顺利开展地学科普研学基地（营地）的推荐与评选,中国地质学会秘书局制定了《中国地质学会地学科普研学基地（营地）评选授牌和监督管理办法 (试行)》,并经过中国地质学会第40届理事会第三十七次常务理事会议（通讯）审批通过,现予以印发,请遵照执行。     

The history of the recognition of the Triassic of European Russia (Central and Caspian Sea Areas)

In this work, approaches to the age of the so-called “horizon of variegated marls” are considered. Some researchers attributed this horizon to the Triassic, while others considered it to be of Permian age. The dispute over the age of these deposits was among the most important in the history of Russian stratigraphy in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century.     

土工膜应变计的研制及其应用(Ⅰ):研制

土工膜应变计作为监测软土地基的一种加固材料——土工织物(土工膜)变形的新型测试手段,经过国家“七五”、“八五”科技攻关研究,解决了将该应变计应用于监测土工织物这类低弹模柔性材料大应变的一系列特殊技术难题;克服长标距特种大应变计的粘贴难点,探讨合理的粘贴方法,使其在土工膜上的粘贴达到最佳效果;寻求合适的低弹模应变胶,要求其固化后的力学特性与被测土工膜材料的力学特性相接近;采用特殊的率定方法对粘贴上特种应变计的土工膜材料进行率定,以求得特种应变计的灵敏系数k和土工膜材料特性A这两项重要参数;以及解决现场实测埋设中的安装、防护等难题。经过攻关研究,使得单薄、脆弱的特种大应变计能够成为可靠、耐用的新型测试手段,应用于三峡工程二期围堰监测防渗土工膜的变形,取得了满意的监测成果。     

Middle to late Miocene sequence stratigraphy of the Transylvanian Basin (Romania)

The history of Middle to Late Miocene evolution of the Transylvanian Basin was determined by the bordering Carpathian orogen evolution, the tectonic events being well recorded by the sedimentary history. The basin evolved in a back-arc setting, under a regional, compressional stress field. The major tectonic events produced during the Late Sarmatian and Post-Pannonian were related to the reactivation of the pre-Badenian fault systems. The Transylvanian Basin got uplifted after the Late Pannonian (? during the Pliocene), and at least 500 m of sedimentary cover was eroded.

Based on seismic and well-log interpretation, core and outcrop sedimentology, and microfauna, eight sequences were defined. The early Middle Miocene sequences are roughly synchronous to five 3rd order global sea-level cycles. Most of the recognized sequence boundaries are enhanced by regional tectonic events. The sedimentary evolution was also strongly influenced by salt-tectonics, active starting with the Late Sarmatian.

Two sequences were identified in the Lower Badenian deposits. The third sequence (late Early Badenian to early Mid Badenian) preserves information about deeper shelf settings. The lowstand of the following sequence was responsible for the deposition of the salt formation (late Mid Badenian), an important lithostratigraphic marker in the sedimentary record of the basin. In general, the Upper Badenian deposits (parts of the 4th and 5th sequences) belong to deep marine submarine fan systems. The Sarmatian (partially 5th, 6th and partially 7th sequences) was characterized by diverse salinity conditions, stretching from brackish to hypersaline, and by high tectonic instability, which induced several significant relative sea-level falls. During that time, deltaic (north) and fandeltaic (east) systems fed submarine fans, stacked between salt-related submarine heights (“channeled” deep-marine depocenters). Most of the Pannonian deposits (partially 7th and 8th sequences) belong to submarine fan systems, but shallower facies were also found in the western and eastern part of the basin.     

Forgotten accounts of historical earthquakes in Siberia (17th and 18th centuries) by J.G. Gmelin

This contribution represents the first Russian publication and in-depth analysis of accounts by J.G. Gmelin of earthquakes in Siberia from the late 17th and the first three decades of the 18th centuries. These forgotten accounts, though short and fragmentary, expand the existing database and enable new solutions of some of the problematic aspects in the study of seismicity in this region.     

锆石裂变径迹(ZFT)年代学:进展与应用

裂变径迹技术是解决各种与时间-温度相关的地质问题的一种低温年代学手段.与磷灰石相比,锆石裂变径迹具有较高的封闭温度和退火区间,有其特定的地质意义和应用.自20世纪90年代以来,开展了大量锆石裂变径迹退火的研究,包括退火特性、径迹测量、退火模型,以及来自露头和钻孔样品的退火研究.首先介绍了锆石裂变径迹的分析程序、测量标准...     

《地质学报》(英文版)、《地质学报》(中文版)、《地质论评》第40届编委会在京成立

正2018年12月22日,中国地质学会主办的《地质学报》(英文版)、《地质学报》(中文版)和《地质论评》第40届编委会成立大会及进一步提升三刊质量讨论会在北京召开。中国地质学会常务副理事长兼秘书长李金发,三刊主编杨文采院士、侯增谦院士、杨经绥院士,三刊第40届副主编及编委金之钧院士、郝芳院士、李家彪院士等,三刊编辑部编辑以及中国地质学会秘书处工作人员等共120余人出席会议。中国地质学会副理事长兼常务副秘书长朱立新主持了三刊     

A chronology of the Little Ice Age in the tropical Andes of Bolivia (16°S) and its implications for climate reconstruction

Dating moraines by lichenometry enabled us to reconstruct glacier recession in the Bolivian Andes since the Little Ice Age maximum. On the 15 proglacial margins studied, we identified a system of ten principal moraines that marks the successive positions of glaciers over the last four centuries. Moraines were dated by performing statistical analysis of lichen measurements based on the extreme values theory. Like glaciers in many mid-latitude mountain areas, Bolivian glaciers reached their maximal extent during the second half of the 17th century. This glacier maximum coincides with the Maunder minimum of solar irradiance. By reconstructing the equilibrium-line altitude and changes in mass-balance, we think the glacier maximum may be due to a 20 to 30% increase in precipitation and a 1.1 to 1.2 °C decrease in temperature compared with present conditions. In the early 18th century, glaciers started to retreat at varying rates until the late 19th to early 20th century; this trend was generally associated with decreasing accumulation rates. By contrast, glacier recession in the 20th century was mainly the consequence of an increase in temperature and humidity. These results are consistent with observations made in the study region based on other proxies.     

Geological and Geophysical Studies of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone (North Atlantic)

Doklady Earth Sciences - The geological and geophysical data obtained during the 50th cruise of R/V Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov on the Charlie Gibbs megatransform system structure...     

Radiocarbon chronology of Holocene glacial and climatic events in southeastern Altai (Central Asia)

The geomorphological studies and radiocarbon dating of moraine complexes and the tree line within the North Chuya Ridge, along with active slope processes, soil formation, and peat formation in southeastern Gorny Altai, constrain the age of the main glacial and climatic events in this area at 7 ka to the first half of the 19th century. It is for the first time in the history of Altai studies that 57 absolute dates were obtained for glaciation in a vast but climatically and neotectonically homogeneous area. The new data refute the conventional idea that the Holocene glaciation in this mountain land comprised eight stages of the gradual retreat of the Late Würm (Sartan) glaciation. Also, they evidence that glaciation in the upper parts of the troughs retreated almost completely no later than 7 ka and valley glaciers in southeastern Altai were activated many times in the second half of the Holocene. Data are given on the morphology and age of three moraine generations reflected in the topography. A combination of temperature minima and humidity maxima led to a catastrophically rapid and the largest (up to 5–6 km) ice advance at the Akkem Stage (4.9–4.2 ka). In addition to the radiocarbon data, the time limits of the Historical stage (2.3–1.7 ka) were defined more precisely using dendrochronological and archaeological data from Scythian burials of Pazyryk culture in SE Altai. The moraines closest to the present-day glaciers formed at the Aktru Stage (late 13th–middle 19th century). During warm interglacials, the glaciers waned considerably or retreated completely and the zone of recent glaciation was reforested. As a result of progressive aridization in the Holocene, the glaciers in southeastern Altai waned at each successive stage, and their mass balance was not positive during the greatest temperature minimum of the last millennium (middle 19th century).     

Asphalt in iron age excavations from the Philistine Tel Miqne-Ekron city (Israel): Origin and trade routes

Asphalts found as pure lumps or coatings on potsherds were excavated at the Philistine site of Tel Miqne-Ekron (12th to 7th century BC) in the southern Inner Coastal Plain of Israel. They were studied using the techniques of petroleum geochemistry and were compared to some natural asphalts from the area: Dead Sea floating blocks (Israel), Wadi Weida’a asphalt (Jordan) and Hasbeya (Lebanon).Tel Miqne-Ekron bitumens show evidence of weathering, indicating biodegradation and oxidation. They contain less aromatics and more asphaltenes than Dead Sea asphalt. Evaporation and biodegradation are recorded at a molecular level, especially via the phenanthrenes and dibenzothiophenes. However, several isotopic and molecular parameters allowed us to correlate the Tel Miqne-Ekron asphalt with the Dead Sea asphalt from the floating blocks. The asphalts of Hasbeya and Wadi Weida’a do not match the Tel Miqne-Ekron asphalt. The latter, in particular, is much more biodegraded, based on its steranes. The study shows that the Dead Sea asphalt was imported to Tel Miqne-Ekron over a 500 year period. This trade posed no problem in the 7th century BC when Philistia, Israel and Judah were at peace as part of the Pax Assyriaca of the Assyrian Empire. However, trade during the 12th century BC is puzzling since the asphalt had to be transported across Israelite territory that was hostile to the Philistines, as indicated in the Bible (e.g., Samson and Delilah, David and Goliath). Consequently it seems that profitable commerce surpassed ethnic, religious and political conflict, as can also be observed in the contemporary world.     

中国地质学会印发精品地学研学路线、课程评选办法（试行）通知

为进一步规范地学类研学路线、课程建设与管理，顺利开展地学研学路线、课程的推荐与评选，中国地质学会秘书局修订了《中国地质学会精品地学研学路线、课程评选办法（试行）》，并经中国地质学会第40届理事会第三十七次常务理事会议（通讯）审批通过,现予以印发，请遵照执行。     

土工膜应变计的研制及其应用(Ⅱ):应用

将研制的土工膜应变计应用于三峡工程二期上游围堰现场，以监测防渗土工膜在工程中产生的实际应变，并获得了满意的大应变监测成果。埋设于上游围堰不同高程的18支土工膜应变计，在较长时段内，不仅全部观测到防渗土工膜在施工阶段围堰填土碾压产生的应变规律，如0＋500断面的10支土工膜应变计均测得11％～19％的大应变值，而且大部份应变计一直工作到极限量程才损坏。其中除了0＋500断面因施工加载速率过快而导致防渗土工膜较早产生较大的变形，使得10支应变计在埋设后的施工填土3个多月内即陆续超量程损坏之外，其余的土工膜应变计工作寿命长达3年多。埋设于0＋500子堰和0＋930断面的土工膜应变计，在2000年和2001年夏季汛期中及汛期后，有些监测点的应变陡增到16％～20％之间，据此可以推测，此时该测点处的堰体产生了较大的变形。防渗土工膜的应变监测结果不仅与围堰构筑时的加载速率相关，并与围堰拆除时所发现的变形情况相吻合。     

土工膜应变计的研制及其应用(II):应用

将研制的土工膜应变计应用于三峡工程二期上游围堰现场,以监测防渗土工膜在工程中产生的实际应变,并获得了满意的大应变监测成果。埋设于上游围堰不同高程的18支土工膜应变计,在较长时段内,不仅全部观测到防渗土工膜在施工阶段围堰填土碾压产生的应变规律,如0 500断面的10支土工膜应变计均测得11%～19%的大应变值,而且大部份应变计一直工作到极限量程才损坏。其中除了0 500断面因施工加载速率过快而导致防渗土工膜较早产生较大的变形,使得10支应变计在埋设后的施工填土3个多月内即陆续超量程损坏之外,其余的土工膜应变计工作寿命长达3年多。埋设于0 500子堰和0 930断面的土工膜应变计,在2000年和2001年夏季汛期中及汛期后,有些监测点的应变陡增到16%～20%之间,据此可以推测,此时该测点处的堰体产生了较大的变形。防渗土工膜的应变监测结果不仅与围堰构筑时的加载速率相关,并与围堰拆除时所发现的变形情况相吻合。     

垃圾渗滤液污染场地NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)和SO_4~(2-)对微生物活性的影响

通过实验研究垃圾渗滤液污染场地N、S、P和湿度等因素对微生物活性的影响.结果表明：同时添加N和P后,土壤和细砂中微生物活性分别在第7 天和第14 天达到最大值0.685和0.588,有机质质量分数分别降低了10.97%和22.1%,平均降解速率分别为0.405和0.190 mg/(kg·d);添加NO_3~-后,土壤和细砂中有机质质量分数分别减少了10.3%和28.9%;添加SO_4~(2-)后,土壤和细砂中有机质质量分数分别减少了8.87%和28.4%;另外,湿度为50%和60%时,土壤中微生物活性的最大值分别为0.259和0.266,有机质平均分解速率分别为0.195和0.305 mg/(kg·d).因此,N、S、P和湿度对地下环境中微生物的活性有重要影响.