The nexus between income inequality,economic growth and environmental degradation in Pakistan

This study examines the impact of income inequality and economic growth on environmental degradation in Pakistan using ARDL bounds testing approach for the period 1966–2011. Empirical results for the aggregate CO₂ emissions and its four sources such as CO₂ emissions from solid fuel, liquid fuel and gaseous fuel consumption as well as electricity and heat production confirm the existence of long run co-integrated relationship between income inequality, economic growth and environment degradation. The estimated results indicate that carbon emissions increase as the income gap expands in Pakistan. Besides the negative impact of industrial share and population density on CO₂ emissions, we also confirm that economic growth in Pakistan comes up with higher emissions. Hence, the hypothesis of EKC is not valid for Pakistan during the study period. Our empirical findings are robust as evidenced by dynamic ordinary least squared and the U-tests. Overall, this study suggests that the distribution of income matters to aggregate carbon emissions and focus should be made on sustained economic growth to reduce pollutants and hence CO₂ emission in the study area.     

中国环境保护中的可持续发展战略问题

污染已经成为全世界共同关注的一个问题，我国经济建设所带来的环境污染问题已经成为阻碍我国经济进一步发展的主要因素，如何在发展经济的同时保护好环境，这是今后需要解决的一个难题。从可持续发展战略的角度出发，提出了环保的可持续发展，并为实现环保的可持续发展提出了一些建议和意见。     

广西-东盟矿业经济互动中的问题与对策浅探

矿业经济在广西与东盟的经济互动中占有重要的地位。广西与东盟矿业企业的合作保持良好的态势,但同时广西与东盟矿业经济在互动中也存在资源开发技术、服务体系、融资及周边环境的挑战等问题,应尽快发展矿产资源跨国合作的投资机构,建立矿业科技服务平台及矿产资源交易平台,充分利用广西的区位优势进一步扩大与东盟国家之间的矿业合作,实现广西-东盟矿业经济跨越式发展。     

Environmental properties of metallic minerals and their applications in environmental protection in China

In terms of environmental mineralogy, the environmental properties of metallic minerals, including chemical activation, adsorption, pore effect and nanometer effect, have been analyzed. On the basis of the analysis of environmental properties of metallic minerals, the applications of iron-bearing sultides, iron and manganese oxides in the purification of wastewaters containing heavy metal ions （Cr^6＋ ,Hg^2＋ , Pb^2＋ , etc. ） have been summarized. Moreover, research on the application of metallic minerals in environmental protection has been anticipated. It should be a piece of dominating work for environmental mineralogie researchers in the future to lucubrate systematically the physical and chemical characteristics of the metallic mineral surfaces, further reveal the reciprocity process between metallic minerals and water surface, perfect the theory and model of the metallic minerals to remove contaminants, intensify study on the facilities and techniques of metallic minerals to remove contaminants, and entail well the extension and propagation of achievements.     

多年冻土区输油管道-管周冻土热力相互作用研究进展

冻土区管道工程建设面临冻土工程特性及相关地质问题的严重挑战,开展管道-冻土相互作用研究对于解决管道稳定性问题具有重要的实际指导意义。综述国内外输油管道-冻土热力相互作用研究进展发现,目前研究集中在特定（定值或周期变化）油温下管周土温度场的定量描述以及差异冻胀/融沉下交界面处管道力学响应规律的解耦分析,缺乏完整时空序列的现场综合观测与管土界面特性及其动态演化研究。对管道防融沉措施进行归纳总结发现,各措施应用效果缺乏管道应力与变形数据的有效支持。应加强管道本身与管道沿线次生冻融灾害监测及相关数据获取,以此为校验开展管土界面特性及演化规律的系统研究,以便构建更为合理的管土接触面单元模型,将其和具有普适性的冻土模型相结合,植入有限元软件提高管土相互作用模型计算可靠性,并建议立足管道变形角度对防融沉措施的工程应用效果予以综合评价。     

广西矿产资源开发利用与地方经济发展的良性互动关系探讨

通过对广西矿产资源开发与地方经济发展的关系进行研究,总结了矿产资源开发对地方经济发展的促进作用,同时分析了两者之间存在的矛盾。指出,国有企业在资源开发、利用和地方经济发展中起着主导作用,同时提出了构建广西矿产资源开发与地方经济发展良性互动关系的对策和措施。     

Engineering protection of territories and buildings in the system of engineering and environmental protection

This article examines the role and place of engineering protection of territories, buildings, and construction objects in the overall ecological safety, engineering, and environmental protection methods. It is shown that traditional systems of engineering protection of territories, buildings, and construction objects should be included as subsystems of a more general system of engineering and ecological protection.     

中国环境地质研究主要进展与展望

环境地质研究是以人-地相互关系为核心、促进人类与地质环境协调共处的重大课题,受到国内外地质学界普遍关注。本文在简要回顾环境地质学科发展历程的基础上,较系统地总结了国内外环境地质研究的主要进展及存在的问题。结合我国当前生态文明建设和未来发展需求,提出环境地质研究是新时期地质工作的重要使命,未来发展方向和重点领域应涵盖城市地质研究、水资源可持续利用和管理、地质灾害监测与综合防治、生态环境系统保护、地球关键带相关问题研究等,强调学科交叉及新技术新方法的系统性研究,在合理开发利用资源和保护地质环境中发挥重要作用。     

Using a new decoupling indicator (ZM decoupling indicator) to study the relationship between the economic growth and energy consumption in China

The decoupling analysis has become an important tool to explore whether an economy is becoming less dependent on energy resources. Based on the LMDI (Log-Mean Divisia Index) method, this paper defines a new decoupling indicator (ZM decoupling indicator), which depicts the relationship between energy saving influence factors and energy driving influence factors. Then, the ZM decoupling indicator is utilized to explore the state of decoupling between economic growth and energy consumption in China. The main results are as follows: (1) The gap of economic structure between the secondary industry and tertiary industry gradually narrowed during the study period 1991–2012. (2) The economic growth effect (\(\Delta E_{\text{g}}^{t}\)) was the critical factor in the growth of the final energy consumption in China. However, the energy intensity effect (\(\Delta E_{\text{ei}}^{t}\)) played an important role in decreasing the final energy consumption. (3) Based on the definition of ZM decoupling indicator, only four decoupling statuses occurred in China over the study period: weak decoupling, expansive coupling, strong decoupling, and expansive negative decoupling.     

西北内陆河流域的水资源利用及生态环境保护

内陆河流域是我国西北最具有发展潜力的地区之一，水资源及脆弱的生态环境是制约这一地区社会经济发展的最重要因素，本文在分析西北内陆河流域水资源状况及面临的主要问题的基础上，提出了解决水资源供需矛盾，实现水资源合理利用及加强生态环境保护建设的对策建议。     

The impact of economic growth,industrial structure and urbanization on carbon emission intensity in China

China’s macroeconomic policy framework has been determined to ensure steady growth, adjust the industrial structure and advance the socioeconomic reforms in recent years. And urbanization is supposed to be one of the most important socioeconomic reform directions. Meanwhile, China also committed to reduce carbon emissions intensity by 2020, then it should be noted that what kind of impact of these policy orientations on carbon emission intensity. Therefore, based on the historical data from 1978 to 2011, this paper quantitatively studies the impact of China’s economic growth, industrial structure and urbanization on carbon emission intensity. The results indicate that, first, there is long-term cointegrating relationship between carbon emission intensity and other factors. And the increase in the share of tertiary industry [i.e., the ratio of tertiary industry value added to gross domestic product (GDP)] and economic growth (here we use the real GDP per capita) play significant roles in curbing carbon emission intensity, while the promotion of population urbanization (i.e., the share of population living in the urban regions of total population) may lead to carbon emission intensity growth. Second, there exists significant one-way causality running from the urbanization rate and economic growth to carbon emission intensity, respectively. Third, among the three drivers, economic growth proves the main influencing factor of carbon emission intensity changes during the sample period.     

中国煤层气储层伤害分析及钻井液储层保护研究现状

因煤层气储层具有低孔、低渗、裂缝发育但分布不均的特殊性,在煤层气开发过程中储层极易受到不可逆转的伤害。煤层气储层伤害会导致煤层气产气量下降,增加开发成本,延缓工程进程,最终制约煤层气开发效果。为降低煤层气储层伤害发生的可能性,概括了钻井过程中煤层气储层伤害机理,介绍了国内主要煤层气钻井液技术的发展历程,煤层气钻井液储层保护的方法及进展,国内近年来优选的无伤害钻井液体系及国内储层保护钻井液的发展方向,为未来煤层气储层保护提出新思路。     

A bibliometric-based evaluation on environmental research in the Arab world

The Arab world’s environment is among the most vulnerable and harsh ones across the globe. This entails much efforts to mitigate the potential environmental risks. Analysing contributions of Arab scholars in environmental research in terms of quantity and quality can bring up insights on their endeavours in this regard. Bibliometric techniques are proposed to conduct such this analysis over publications originated from Arab world in a leading environmental journal “Science of the Total Environment”. Research productivity is being used as quantitative indicator, while citation rates and Hirsch index (h-index) are being used as qualitative indicators. The research outputs were compared with those obtained from non-Arab Middle Eastern countries (Iran, Turkey and Israel). Worldwide research productivity was 17,258 documents, while that from Arab countries, Iran, Turkey and Israel were 215, 34, 83 and 87 documents, respectively. The h-index of Arab world research was 31, and total citations were 3616 with an average of 16.8. The highest share of publications was recorded by Saudi Arabia (53 documents; 24.7%). Egypt and Saudi Arabia had highest h-index with 15 for each one. American University of Beirut in Lebanon was the highest productive institution (16; 7.4%). The most collaborated country with Arab world was France (29; 13.5%). In the conclusion, the study reveals a clear gap in terms of research productivity between Arab countries and other Middle Eastern countries, precisely Israel and Turkey. More research efforts through optimizing investments in environmental research, developing regional experiences and fostering international collaboration are required to eliminate these lags.     

新疆地质旅游资源类型特征和环境保护

随着人们生活水平的提高，旅游已成为人们重要的生活方式，新疆旅游资源十分丰富，西部大开发战略的实施和新疆旅游安全环境的加强，使旅游业正在成为新疆经济的支柱产业，新疆旅游资源包括生态、地质、人古迹和风上民俗旅游4大类，其中，地质旅游资源是基础。     

煤层覆岩与地下水在采动损害中的互馈效应探讨

地下水的存在可以改变岩体的力学性质及覆岩应力状态,从而加剧由地下采煤诱发的地表变形、塌陷、地裂缝及水资源流失等采动损害现象;在采动损害过程中产生的覆岩中隔水层破断,又反过来改变地下水系统,引起井下突水事故和地面环境恶化。两者相互影响、相互制约,形成有利于采动损害发生、发展的互馈效应。在研究采动损害时,地下水是一个不可忽略的重要因素。     

Regional investment effectiveness and development levels in China

For centuries, it has been taken for granted that social and economic development in China has an east-west spread, or from the coast to the interior. Even though a tremendous effort was made by the socialist government for thirty years (1949-1978) on rectifying this unhealthy imbalance, most people hold the belief that the spatial patterns of China's development remain the same as they were forty years ago. This deep-rooted concept plays an important role in shaping China's present economic development strategies. Thus, an evaluation of the impact of the goverment's regional balance effort remains critical. Understanding the changes and patterns of China's regional development is central to formulating appropriate policies for future planning. In this paper an overview of regional development is presented from the perspective of history. Regression between the total fixed capital investment and the combined industrial and agricultural output is analyzed, and an effort is made to find out the spatial distribution of regional investment effectiveness. A factor analysis based on twenty socio-economic variables revealed that apart from the traditional E-W regional disparity, the modern socialist dispersal policy has also affected the regional development in China. Though the historical economic factors unbalanced the development from E to W, the economic pratice advocated by Socialist China has reversed the tendency to some extent. A cluster analysis of 21 provinces, five autonomous administrative regions, and three municipalities identified new spatial patterns, and the result strengthened the finding that the effort of regional balance in the period of 1949–1978 is still at work.