基于分形几何理论的DFN模型构建方法研究

以重庆梁-忠（梁平县-忠县）高速公路礼让隧道为工程研究背景,通过测线法调查现场节理,获得了节理产状分布概率密度函数,并从分形几何学的角度分析了节理间距及迹长的分形分布规律,推导出能反映节理间距及迹长分布状态的分形维数D及分形分布概率密度函数。在该基础上采用Matlab软件以及Monte-Carlo随机分析方法,产生节理参数随机数,结合3DEC中最新模块离散裂隙网络(DFN)技术,建立了能反映节理裂隙分布特征的离散裂隙网络模型并验证了模型的有效性,结果表明,分形分布比负指数分布包含更多的间距、迹长分布信息,更接近于实际分布;分形维数D反映了节理间距、迹长在其变化范围内的分布特征,分形维数的大小取决于小间距、小迹长部分数量在总节理数量中的比例,为节理裂隙岩体网络模型构建提供了一种新方法。     

基于离散裂隙网络模型的节理岩体渗透张量及特性分析

节理岩体几何结构非常复杂,研究其渗流特性对于指导含水岩层稳定性分析具有重要价值。应用离散裂隙网络模型DFN方法,基于VC++6.0软件平台,建立了平面渗流分析方法,分析了节理岩体不同几何分布情况下的渗透率张量特征,通过定义渗流定向性系数对岩体渗流的定向性特征进行了定量分析。结果表明：单组节理岩体渗流具有明显的各向异性特征,渗流定向性随着节理角度变化显著;节理随着节理贯通性增加,节理渗透率呈现对数增加趋势;两组节理情况下,各向异性特征随着节理组间夹角变化;两组节理岩体渗流特征研究中,正交分布下,岩体仍存在各向异性,但渗流定向性系数较低;当节理倾角服从正态分布时,随着节理倾角标准差增大,渗透率增加;两组节理夹角不同时,节理渗透主方向倾角随着夹角增大而相应增大,基本沿两组节理夹角方向的角平分线方向。     

节理岩体冲击破坏的数值流形方法模拟

节理的存在是岩体明显区别于岩石的一个重要特征,也是导致岩体具有非均质性及各向异性的一个重要因素。节理岩体在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的破坏特征不仅是岩体力学研究的一个热点问题,也是岩石爆破领域经常遇到的一个工程问题。目前,常用的有限元和离散元等数值方法都不能很客观地反映岩体中节理分布的实际规律,而最新出现的数值流形方法则完全能够按照岩体中节理的实际分布规律进行建模,并能够很好地模拟岩体在外力作用下新裂纹的产生及已有节理的开裂。对3种不同节理岩体,即无节理岩体、均布水平节理岩体、均布垂直节理岩体等在均布垂直于圆周方向上的冲击荷载作用下的破坏过程进行了模拟。由模拟结果可以明显看出,节理的存在对岩体的破坏型式起到了关键性的控制作用。对于完整岩体,其破坏型式呈现出了很好的对称性;而对于水平及垂直节理岩体,其破坏型式在很大程度上受到节理分布的控制。研究结果对岩石爆破工程设计具有一定的指导意义。     

不规则柱状节理岩体力学特性模型试验研究

结合Voronoi图随机模拟和3D打印技术制备不规则柱状节理网络模型,采用白水泥浆类岩石相似模型材料浇筑模型并拆模,然后分别采用白乳胶和502胶水作为黏结剂黏结柱体得到两组不规则柱状节理岩体试件,通过对其进行室内单轴压缩试验研究不规则柱状节理岩体强度特性和破坏模式。试验结果表明：不规则柱状节理岩体试件单轴抗压强度随柱体倾角的变化曲线呈现近似“J”型,表现出显著各向异性特征;不规则柱状节理岩体试件典型破坏模式包括沿柱状节理面的劈裂破坏、沿柱状节理面的剪切破坏和沿柱体的压裂破坏等3种,其部分破坏形态有异于规则柱状节理岩体试件。同时,通过与采用净水泥浆作为黏结剂的柱状节理岩体试验结果进行比较,结果表明：采用白乳胶和502胶水作为黏结剂时柱体间黏结强度更低,能够较好反映柱状节理面的弱化效应,试件力学响应与真实柱状节理岩体更为一致。     

连通节理岩质边坡稳定性分析

节理岩体的剪切强度由结构面和相邻完整岩块的剪切强度共同决定,当结构面完全连通时,岩体的剪切强度完全由结构面决定。蒙特卡罗法能够根据结构面几何参数模拟岩体结构面的空间分布,通过深度优先搜索算法可搜索到连通的结构面,相对岩体而言,连通的结构面的剪切强度最小,即为节理岩质边坡的潜在滑动面,通过极限平衡法可以对一系列滑面进行稳定性分析。该方法是对节理岩质边坡稳定分析的补充。     

Discontinuous deformation analysis of super section tunnel surrounding rock stability based on joint distribution simulation

Based on binocular stereo photography measurement technology, the actual distribution information of joints and fractures in the tunnel face were obtained via image processing and feature extraction, and the preliminary evaluation of surrounding rock stability of Laohushan tunnel was conducted according to surrounding rock classification method. Since all available surrounding rock classification approaches didn’t consider the influences of the size effect of tunnel excavation span and unfavorable geologic bodies such as weak-fracture zones, an improved discontinuous deformation analysis (DDARF) method was adopted to conduct a numerical simulation of the deformation and fracture processes of the surrounding rock. Using the traveling wave method, triangle DDA blocks were automatically generated in the calculation zone, and the block boundaries were divided into real joints and virtual joints. Based on the real joint information obtained via aforementioned photographic measurement, the real joints in the tunnel face were dynamically modified, in order to achieve the simulation of joint distribution. The results revealed that the fracture evolution regularity, deformation failure mechanism, and block dropping phenomenon that the DDARF joint simulation model calculated are in good agreement with actual conditions, while those obtained based on conventional models present differences from field situation. Additionally, focusing on the localised rockfall phenomenon of Laohushan tunnel, the crack extension rate was introduced to conduct a quantitative comparison of the rock crack evolution process with or without anchor supporting. The research results offer practical guidance for field construction and anchorage support scheme optimization.     

Comparison of calculational approaches for structural deformation in jointed rock

Results from five different computer models for structural deformation in jointed rock are compared for a problem involving stress-wave loading of a lined circular tunnel in a jointed medium. The computer models include two discrete element codes, The Direct Interacting Block Systems (DIBS) and The Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC), and three finite element codes, The Finite Element Code for Largely Explicit Calculation (FLEX), The Explicit Calculations of Interacting Bodies Under Rapid Loading Code (EXCALIBUR), and PRONTO. The finite element codes used either slidelines or joint elements to simulate the motion on joints. All codes had some difficulties with a sequence of preliminary problems solved to ‘shake down’ the computer codes. However, most of the shortcomings of each code were readily overcome. Results showed that three codes could obtain similar answers for tunnel closure, stress around the tunnel and slip on the joints.     

综合考虑宏微观复合损伤的节理岩体本构模型

针对目前节理岩体损伤本构模型中仅考虑节理等宏观缺陷造成的损伤,而没有考虑岩块中微裂纹等微观损伤的不足,提出了综合考虑宏微观损伤的节理岩体本构模型。其中微观损伤模型采用基于应变强度理论和岩石微元强度服从Weibull分布假定的统计损伤模型,把其应用于被节理切割而成的岩块。而宏观损伤模型主要基于连续介质力学原理,把节理对岩体性质的劣化作为损伤来考虑。在考虑节理传压及传剪系数的基础上,提出了综合考虑宏微观复合损伤的节理岩体本构模型。算例表明宏观节理的存在大大削弱了岩体的强度,降低了其刚度,增大了其柔性。所提出的模型能够较好地反映宏微观两类损伤对岩体应力-应变关系及强度的影响,较为合理。      

Non-linear analysis for calculating the support of a rock block with dilatant joint faces

In jointed rock masses the instability of individuals, discrete blocks is a concern. In underground excavations it is necessary to know how much support is required for “key blocks” in the roof. As these blocks fall, dilatancy of the block's bounding joints tends to keep the block in contact with the surrounding rock mass. Shear stresses devloped along the joints as a result of this contact and help to support the block. By knowing the initial stress field and the shear properties of the joint, as a function of stress and displacement, a non-linear analysis can determine the normal and shear stresses on the bounding joints as a function of the displacement path. The amont of support required to keep the block in the roof can then be determined as a function of displacement.     

A discontinuous numerical model to simulate rock failure process

Due to the difficulty of the classical fracture mechanics in dealing with multicrack coalescence, the simulation of jointed rock failure has remained a worldwide problem since the middle of the last century. Through a nearly 10-year effort, we have developed a novel but simple discontinuum-based approach, namely DDARF (discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure), to simulate the progressive failure process of jointed rock mass. In the proposed method, by adopting the FE adaptive mesh generation technique—the advanced front method, the computational model of triangular DDA block system is automatically established. Also, the randomly distributed mechanical parameters statistically satisfying Weibull’s law are assigned to the blocks to simulate the heterogeneity of rock mass. In the generating process of the block system, numerous artificial joints come into being. These artificial joints provide the potential paths along which the cracks generate and propagate. The two blocks beside an artificial joint are glued together through adhesive algorithm, and if the glue is invalid, the artificial joint will break and turn into a real crack. In this way, the rock fragmentation process can be simulated. The results of several verification examples indicate that the DDARF method can simulate the whole process of rock fragmentation, and is suitable for cases of intact rock, rock mass with non-penetrative joints, and even blocky rock.     

Stability analysis of tunnels driven in jointed rocks by means of a homogenized limit analysis approach

Conceived as a potential alternative to the classical design methods employed for analyzing the stability of underground structures driven in jointed rocks, the homogenization approach stems from the heuristic idea that, from a macroscopic point of view, a rock mass cut by a network of joints may be perceived as a homogenized continuum. The strength properties of the latter can be theoretically obtained from the failure conditions of its individual constituents: rock matrix and joint interfaces. At the material level, the limit analysis reasoning is used in the context of homogenization to formulate the homogenized strength criterion of a jointed rock mass in the particular situation of a single set of parallel joints. As it could be expected, the obtained closed‐form expressions show the strength anisotropy induced by joint preferential orientation. The support functions (π functions) associated with the homogenized strength criterion are also determined in both plane strain and three‐dimensional cases. This criterion is then applied to the investigation of stability analysis of a tunnel excavated in a jointed rock mass. Upper bounds estimated of the stability factor are derived from the implementation of the kinematic approach directly on the homogenized underground structure. Finally, the approach is applied to analyze and discuss the collapse of the Pinheiros subway station (São Paulo, Brazil). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

公路隧道V级围岩初支型钢支架受力分布及动态变化研究

随着隧道施工地层条件的复杂化,型钢支架与锚喷网联合支护体系已被广泛应用于围岩较差的隧道初期支护。型钢支架是初支的主要受力结构,其受力分布及其动态变化是支护体系稳定的关键控制因素之一,隧道顶部、拱腰及仰拱连接处型钢支架受力变化能有效地反应围岩压力的变化情况。针对Ⅴ级围岩隧道开挖后复杂的应力状况,采用围岩变形控制理论作为隧道施工的安全控制标准。通过对河北省道京承线滦平过境路棒槌沟隧道初支型钢支架受力的监测与分析,基于大量监测数据对监测断面型钢支架受力分布动态变化状况展开研究。结果表明:(1)隧道偏压现象严重,应根据受力分布规律,及时优化支护参数; (2)隧道掌子面与监测断面距离为0~4m时,型钢支架压力增加显著,是隧道施工中加强支架控制的关键时段; (3)型钢支架连接处及拱脚位置受力较大,设计时应合理调整各段型钢支架的长度及连接位置,确保连接处的刚度。研究结果对指导施工及反馈隧道设计具有重要理论与实际意义,也为类似研究提供参考。     

Estimation of Block Sizes for Rock Masses with Non-persistent Joints

Summary  Discontinuities or joints in the rock mass have various shapes and sizes. Along with the joint orientation and spacing, the joint persistence, or the relative size of the joint, is one of the most important factors in determining the block sizes of jointed rock masses. Although the importance of joint persistence on the overall rock mass strength has long been identified, the impact of persistence on rock strength is in most current rock mass classification systems underrepresented. If joints are assumed to be persistent, as is the case in most designs, the sizes of the rock blocks tend to be underestimated. This can lead to more removable blocks than actually exist in-situ. In addition, a poor understanding of the rock bridge strength may lead to lower rock mass strengths, and consequently, to excessive expenditure on rock support. In this study, we suggest and verify a method for the determination of the block sizes considering joint persistence. The idea emerges from a quantitative approach to apply the GSI system for rock mass classification, in which the accurate block size is required. There is a need to statistically analyze how the distribution of rock bridges according to the combination of joint orientation, spacing, and persistence will affect the actual size of each individual block. For this purpose, we generate various combinations of joints with different geometric conditions by the orthogonal arrays using the distinct element analysis tools of UDEC and 3DEC. Equivalent block sizes (areas in 2D and volumes in 3D) and their distributions are obtained from the numerical simulation. Correlation analysis is then performed to relate the block sizes predicted by the empirical equation to those obtained from the numerical model simulation. The results support the concept of equivalent block size proposed by Cai et al. (2004, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 41(1), 3–19).     

盾构下穿非连续管线变形特性及预测方法研究

城市地下管线采用承插式接口连接,管线结构的连续性与否取决于接口刚度。然而,现有研究大都假定地下管线为连续结构,忽略了接口转角对管线变形的影响。开展土工离心模型试验和两阶段有限元参数分析,系统研究了盾构下穿不同接口刚度管线的变形特性。发现非连续管线的薄弱接口导致其整体抗弯刚度明显小于连续管线,且接口转动导致非连续管线具有更好的与土体协调变形能力。因此,盾构下穿施工引起的非连续管线沉降明显大于连续管线。非连续管的结构连续性假定将大大低估管线沉降。盾构下穿引起的接口转角与地层损失呈线性关系。基于系统的有限元参数分析,建立了区分相对刚性、柔性管线的无量纲组。针对相对刚性、柔性的非连续管线,分别建立了管节相对长度、管-土相对刚度与接口转角的预测方法,利用离心模型试验结果验证了预测方法的合理性。新方法能有效地预测盾构穿越地下管线的接口转角,研究成果可应用于城市地下管网改造工程。     

复杂地质条件下偏压连拱隧道中隔墙变形与受力特征

中隔墙是连拱隧道的重要构件,施工期间的受力及变形规律十分复杂,如何保护中隔墙免受偏压影响是连拱隧道施工中的重要课题。以富溪连拱隧道进口偏压段施工为背景,通过对施工过程的三维数值模拟,对偏压、软弱破碎围岩条件下中隔墙受力及变形规律进行了分析。结果表明,施工期间中隔墙会受到十分明显的偏压作用而朝浅埋侧摆动,地形偏压导致中隔墙中上部朝隧道浅埋侧变形,两侧隧道的错距开挖则会引起中隔墙左右小幅摆动;中隔墙晚接顶能有效改善中隔墙的受力状态,减小偏压影响。据此制定了有效防偏措施,实践证明效果良好。     

An Anisotropic Geomechanical Model for Jointed Rock Masses at Taishan Nuclear Power Station, Southern China

An anisotropic geomechanical model for jointed rock mass is presented. Simultaneously with deriving the orthotropic anisotropy elastic parameters along the positive axis, the equivalent compliance matrix for the deflection axis orthotropic anisotropy was derived through a three-dimensional coordinate transformation. In addition, Singh’s analysis of the stress concentration effects of intermittent joints was adopted, based on two groups of intermittent joints and a set of cross-cutting joints in the jointed rock mass. The stress concentration effects caused by intermittent joints and the coupling effect of cross-cutting joints along the deflection-axis are also considered. The proposed anisotropic mechanics parameters method is applied to determine the deformation parameters of jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station. Combined with the deterministic mechanical parameters of rock blocks and joints, the deformation parameters and their variability in jointed rock masses are estimated quantitatively. The computed results show that jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station exhibits typical anisotropic mechanical characteristics; the elastic moduli in the two horizontal directions were similar, but the elastic modulus in the vertical direction was much greater. Jointed rock elastic moduli in the two horizontal and vertical directions were respectively about 24% and 37% of the core of rock, showing weakly orthotropic anisotropy; the ratio of elastic moduli in the vertical and horizontal directions was 1.53, clearly indicating the transversely isotropic rock mass mechanical characteristics. The method can be popularized to solve other rock mechanics problems in nuclear power engineering.     

A finite element slideline approach for calculating tunnel response in jointed rock

The general purpose finite element code DYNA2D is used to calculate the response of an unlined tunnel in jointed rock, with sliding interfaces used to represent the joints. The model problem selected for analysis closely follows a calculation using the discrete element code UDEC. Results for two cases [(1) jointed rock with lubricated joints (no joint friction) and (2) jointed rock with frictional resistance to joint motion] are presented and compared with each other and the UDEC results.     

充水节理岩体中大断面隧洞开挖的数值模型研究

采用非饱和的渗流应力耦合模型分析了糯扎渡水电站2#导流洞的开挖过程,导流洞部分洞身穿过节理带,洞顶水头较高。详细地讨论了高水头和节理带对施工过程的影响。节理带采用描述高密度平行节理组的各向异性节理本构来逼近;考虑开挖引起的介质变形对渗透系数的影响;考虑排水引起的饱和度变化对渗透系数的影响。所用的非饱和瞬态耦合模型可以模拟出开挖引起的EDZ区域孔隙水压力急剧升高、有效应力减小、渗透系数动态的变化以及排水对洞室稳定性的提高。数值模拟的计算结果与国外类似试验的一般性观测结论相吻合,因此,可以用来评价水位以下隧洞施工方法和施工速度的合理性和经济性。     

基于颗粒-界面-基体模型圆形巷道围岩中应力与应变演变分析

视岩石将由3种成分构成：颗粒、界面和基体,采用FLAC模拟圆形巷道开挖之后围岩中的剪切应变增量、最小及最大主应力的分布及演变规律。在静水压力条件下,剪切应变增量的高值区主要分布在软弱的基体之中,形成了相互交织的剪切带网格,而最小主应力的高值区（环向高受压区）主要分布在相互接触的颗粒之中,形成了若干圆环。当侧压系数不等于1时,剪切带网格的轮廓呈三角形。颗粒尺寸的增加使剪切带的数目降低,长度增加,最小主应力的高值区的数目降低,间距增加;颗粒尺寸大时的结果与分区破裂化现象相近。由此提出一种可能的裂化机制：节理岩体中的若干岩块由于自组织作用而被挤成1圈,如果应力水平足够高,就可以形成多条环向的被未破坏区隔开的破坏区。     

Modeling spatial fracture intensity as a control on flow in fractured rock

Spatial fracture intensity (P ₃₂, fracture area by volume) is an important characteristic of a jointed rock mass. Although it can hardly ever be measured, P ₃₂ can be modeled based on available geological information such as spatial data of the fracture network. Flow in a mass composed of low-permeability hard rock is controlled by joints and fractures. In this article, models were developed from a geological data set of fractured andesite in LanYu Island (Taiwan) where a site is investigated for possible disposal of low-level and intermediate-level radionuclide waste. Three different types of conceptual models of spatial fracture intensity distribution were generated, an Enhanced Baecher’s model (EBM), a Levy–Lee Fractal model (LLFM) and a Nearest Neighborhood model (NNM). Modeling was conducted on a 10 × 10 × 10 m synthetic fractured block. Simulated flow was forced by a 1% hydraulic gradient between two vertical x–z faces of the cube (from North to South) with other boundaries set to no-flow conditions. Resulting flow vectors are very sensitive to spatial fracture intensity (P ₃₂). Flow velocity increases with higher fracture intensity (P ₃₂). R-squared values of regression analysis for the variables velocity (V/V _max) and fracture intensity (P ₃₂) are 0.293, 0.353, and 0.408 in linear fit and 0.028, 0.08, and 0.084 in power fit. Higher R ² values are positively linked with structural features but the relation between velocity and fracture intensity is non-linear. Possible flow channels are identified by stream-traces in the Levy–LeeFractal model.