Estimation of underwater eruption energy based on tsunami wave data

Empirical relations between tsunami parameters and underwater eruption energy have been improved, making use of Le Mehaute's theory of explosion-generated water waves. Formulae can be used to estimate underwater eruption characteristics by tsunami wave data. Estimates of energy for some past event have been obtained, in particular, for multiple eruptions of the 1952–1953 Myojinsho volcano, to be E 10¹⁵ – 10¹⁶ J.     

Socio-economic implications based on interviews with fishermen following the Indian Ocean tsunami

Following the devastating tsunami of 26 December 2004 in the Indian Ocean, there was a need to give a voice to the affected population. Hence a survey was conducted in the tsunami-affected regions of India. The tsunami mainly affected the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh and the Union Territory of Pondicherry, all in south India, as well as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India in the Bay of Bengal. For various logistical reasons, no survey was conducted in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The survey was conducted during 21 January to 19 February 2005 and from 1 March to 8 March 2005. A total of eight people, arranged into four teams, simultaneously conducted the survey based upon a prepared questionnaire comprising a total of 16 questions. The total number of villages surveyed was 161, and the overall results of the survey are reported here. Among many observations, capacity building during the construction process, relocation and housing issues and tsunami education and awareness were prominent.     

基于线性放电法的多道脉冲幅度分析器设计

多道伽马能谱仪是天然、人工放射性核素测定的必备设备,多道脉冲幅度分析是多道伽马能谱仪的核心,它决定了对核素的分辨能力和分析精度.本文从线性放电法入手,首先介绍了基于线性放电法的多道脉冲幅度分析器的工作原理,给出了分析脉冲幅度和获取能谱道址的方法;其次围绕分析器的8个重要组成部分,详细描述了设计方法,给出了设计依据、设计...     

基于尺度因素的地下水随机分析

针对小尺度的各态历经假设的失效,研究了小尺度上多孔介质特性参数统计特征。利用基于K-L(Karhunen-Loeve)展开和混沌展开的谱模型,分析了尺度大小对地下水流动的影响。结果表明,尺度大小导致了特征值系列和特征函数系列的变化,尺度的变化对水头、含水量、流速影响程度不同;水头和流速方差与尺度相关,尺度越大,水头和流速方差越大;研究尺度的变化对水头、含水量、流速均值产生的影响较小。     

基于多期DEM和滑坡强度的滑坡风险评估

滑坡危险性定量评估是滑坡风险评估中的关键和难点,也是当前国际风险管理研究中的热点问题.以滑坡密集分布的黑方台南塬为研究区,以32处典型滑坡为研究对象,依据多期三维数字高程模型(DEM),提出了一种基于强度的滑坡危险性定量评估技术方法.根据多期三维地形信息的解译及野外调查,编制多期滑坡分布图,计算滑坡活动的频率.利用GIS技术,利用滑坡体积与速度的乘积计算滑坡强度.将滑坡危险性定义为滑坡频率和滑坡强度的乘积,同时调查和分析了黑方台地区各类承灾体的类型、价值及其在相应滑坡强度下的易损性,在此基础上开展了单体滑坡风险评估和黑方台南塬滑坡风险区划.     

Building damage characteristics based on surveyed data and fragility curves of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami

A large amount of buildings was damaged or destroyed by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. Numerous field surveys were conducted in order to collect the tsunami inundation extents and building damage data in the affected areas. Therefore, this event provides us with one of the most complete data set among tsunami events in history. In this study, fragility functions are derived using data provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation of Japan, with more than 250,000 structures surveyed. The set of data has details on damage level, structural material, number of stories per building and location (town). This information is crucial to the understanding of the causes of building damage, as differences in structural characteristics and building location can be taken into account in the damage probability analysis. Using least squares regression, different sets of fragility curves are derived to demonstrate the influence of structural material, number of stories and coastal topography on building damage levels. The results show a better resistant performance of reinforced concrete and steel buildings over wood or masonry buildings. Also, buildings taller than two stories were confirmed to be much stronger than the buildings of one or two stories. The damage characteristic due to the coastal topography based on limited number of data in town locations is also shortly discussed here. At the same tsunami inundation depth, buildings along the Sanriku ria coast were much greater damaged than buildings from the plain coast in Sendai. The difference in damage states can be explained by the faster flow velocities in the ria coast at the same inundation depth. These findings are key to support better future building damage assessments, land use management and disaster planning.     

基于工程地质条件约束的水泥土搅拌桩强度设计

无置换情况下高饱和度软土容纳水泥浆的掺入量是有限的,以孔隙比、饱和度、气相体积为约束条件,可计算出桩体的最大水泥掺入比。在置换地基土才能使水泥掺入量满足设计要求的情况下,上返水泥土的存在改变了水泥掺入量的分配,桩体实际水泥掺入比随水泥土上返量大小及固相中水泥所占比例而改变。本文依据地基土性状,结合比重、密度、含水量等测试参数,以水泥上返量为线索推导出了桩体实际水泥掺入比公式。并通过工程实例对比分析了水泥土强度设计中考虑地质条件约束的实际意义。     

基于有效降雨强度和逻辑回归的降雨型 滑坡预测模型

以湖南省张家界市桑植县为研究区,在全面分析近30年降雨及滑坡数据的基础上,对滑坡及滑坡数量与降雨因子的关系开展了统计分析研究。首先确定了区域最佳有效降雨衰减系数,同时分别按滑坡规模、坡度、厚度大小统计了降雨与历史滑坡信息,得出有效降雨强度（I）与持续时间（D）散点图,由此确定各不同概率下诱发滑坡的区域有效降雨强度阈值,并进行了滑坡灾害危险性等级划分。进而,利用部分样本数据进行逻辑回归分析,得到了该研究区的滑坡发生概率预测方程,并给出了降雨强度临界值定量表达式,最后选用实际降雨诱发滑坡事件与未诱发滑坡事件进行对比验证。结果表明,文章所建立的滑坡预测模型准确性较高,预测情况与实际情况比较吻合。     

基于熵权-正态云模型的岩爆烈度分级预测研究

岩爆是深埋地下工程主要的工程地质灾害之一,其烈度分级预测是必须解决的岩石工程重大问题。针对岩爆烈度分级的不确定性,选取岩石单轴抗压强度与抗拉强度比σ_c/σ_t、切向应力与岩石单轴抗压强度比σ_θ/σ_c、弹性变形能指数Wet和岩石完整性系数K_v等定量化指标建立评价指标体系,应用熵权法确定各评价指标权重,结合云理论建立了岩爆烈度分级预测的熵权-正态云模型。以国内外12组典型岩爆工程实例对所建模型进行检验,并与逼近理想解法、高斯径向基函数法的判别结果及实际情况进行对比。为进一步考察该模型的有效性和实用性,利用该模型对终南山公路隧道工程竖井的岩爆实例进行分析。研究结果显示,基于熵权-正态云模型的岩爆判别预测结果与实际岩爆情况较吻合,表明熵权-正态云模型在研究岩爆烈度分级预测中具有良好的实用性和可靠性,可为深部地下工程岩爆烈度分级预测提供一种新思路。     

Tsunami vulnerability evaluation in the Mentawai islands based on the field survey of the 2010 tsunami

On October 25, 2010, a large earthquake occurred off the coast of the Mentawai islands in Indonesia, generating a tsunami that caused damage to the coastal area of North Pagai, South Pagai, and Sipora islands. Field surveys were conducted soon after the event by several international survey teams, including the authors’. These surveys clarified the tsunami height distribution, the damage that took place, and residents’ awareness of tsunamis in the affected islands. Heights of over 5 m were recorded on the coastal area of the Indian Ocean side of North and South Pagai islands and the south part of Sipora island. In some villages, it was difficult to evacuate immediately after the earthquake because of the lack of routes to higher ground or the presence of rivers. Residents in some villages had taken part in tsunami drills or education; however, not all villages shared awareness of tsunami threats. In the present paper, based on the results of these field surveys, the vulnerability of these islands with regards to future tsunami threats was analyzed. Three important aspects of this tsunami disaster, namely the geographic disadvantage of the islands, the resilience of buildings and other infrastructure, and people’s awareness of tsunamis, are discussed in detail, and corresponding tsunami mitigation strategies are explained.     

Identification of tsunami deposits considering the tsunami waveform: An example of subaqueous tsunami deposits in Holocene shallow bay on southern Boso Peninsula, Central Japan

This study proposes a tsunami depositional model based on observations of emerged Holocene tsunami deposits in outcrops located in eastern Japan. The model is also applicable to the identification of other deposits, such as those laid down by storms. The tsunami deposits described were formed in a small bay of 10–20-m water depth, and are mainly composed of sand and gravel. They show various sedimentary structures, including hummocky cross-stratification (HCS) and inverse and normal grading. Although, individually, the sedimentary structures are similar to those commonly found in storm deposits, the combination of vertical stacking in the tsunami deposits makes a unique pattern. This vertical stacking of internal structures is due to the waveform of the source tsunamis, reflecting: 1) extremely long wavelengths and wave period, and 2) temporal changes of wave sizes from the beginning to end of the tsunamis.

The tsunami deposits display many sub-layers with scoured and graded structures. Each sub-layer, especially in sandy facies, is characterized by HCS and inverse and normal grading that are the result of deposition from prolonged high-energy sediment flows. The vertical stack of sub-layers shows incremental deposition from the repeated sediment flows. Mud drapes cover the sub-layers and indicate the existence of flow-velocity stagnant stages between each sediment flow. Current reversals within the sub-layers indicate the repeated occurrence of the up- and return-flows.

The tsunami deposits are vertically divided into four depositional units, Tna to Tnd in ascending order, reflecting the temporal change of wave sizes in the tsunami wave trains. Unit Tna is relatively fine-grained and indicative of small tsunami waves during the early stage of the tsunami. Unit Tnb is a protruding coarse-grained and thickest-stratified division and is the result of a relatively large wave group during the middle stage of the tsunami. Unit Tnc is a fine alternation of thin sand sheets and mud drapes, deposited from waning waves during the later stage of the tsunami. Unit Tnd is deposited during the final stage of the tsunami and is composed mainly of suspension fallout. Cyclic build up of these sub-layers and depositional units cannot be explained by storm waves with short wave periods of several to ten seconds common in small bays.     

基于广义S变换的分频频率振幅补偿算法研究及应用

这里为提高地震记录的分辨率,补偿高频成份提供了一种新的分频频率振幅补偿方法。通过对地震记录进行广义S变换后得到分频后的信号,对分频信号进行频率补偿,扩展地震记录的频宽,同时对频率补偿后的地震记录进行振幅补偿。实际资料处理结果表明,此方法在保持低频成份的同时,对高频成份进行了补偿,使地震记录的分辨率得到了明显提升,从而证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

The possibility of a tsunami on Lake Baikal

Based on the general physical nature of tsunami generation, it is established that it is an attribute of seismically hazardous areas and regions adjacent to large water reservoirs and is threatening to the population and infrastructure of the coastal zones. The main preconditions and possibilities for the occurrence of tsunami on Lake Baikal are considered: the information on earthquakes in the Baikal hollow during the instrumental-historical period (1724–2011) is generalized in the map of epicenters of shocks of magnitude M ⩾ 5 and histograms of the distribution of numbers of shocks with respect to magnitude. It is shown that the tsunami waves start forming on Baikal if the earthquake magnitude M is ≈5, but since a system of tsunami monitoring on Baikal is absent, it can be observed only during the strongest earthquakes of M > 7. The catastrophic Tsagan earthquake (1861, M ≈ 7.5) is given as an example. It happened near the eastern coast of Lake Baikal and caused a tsunami with people’s deaths.     

Seismic risk in Italy for earthquakes of intensity IX (Mercalli scale)

In this report the yearly probability of an earthquake of intensity IX (Mercalli scale) in any area in Italy and the error at 95% of confidence have been evaluated; for the purposes of this evaluation, Italy has been divided into small areas separated by a distance of 3' both in latitude and in longitude.

To evaluate the yearly probability, two atenuation curves for volcanic earthquakes and a series of probabilistic curves for tectonic earthquakes have been determined on the basis of about 700 earthquakes, for which it has been possible to draw isoseisms.

Isoprobability and equal-error curves have been drawn up on a 1: 1,000,000 scale map.     

基于野外水力试验的玄武岩渗透性及尺度效应

在金沙江溪洛渡水电站坝区玄武岩中,进行了3种水力试验,探讨玄武岩渗透性及其尺度效应。平硐渗水试验的试验尺度为1～2 m,渗透系数为10-4～101 m/d,非常离散;地下水示踪试验的尺度为70～145 m,渗透系数为10-0.5～100.5 m/d,非常集中;压水试验的试验尺度为4～7 m,渗透系数值10-2～100 m/d。试验结果显示渗透系数随着试验尺度的增加而增大,笔者认为产生尺度效应的原因在于非均质性。小尺度试验常作用在局部基质段或单条裂隙上,而大尺度试验常穿越几条大裂隙,所获得的渗透系数值要大于前者。在进行裂隙岩体地下水渗流研究时,针对不同尺度的研究对象,应选择不同尺度的野外水力试验来求取渗透系数。     

基于功效系数法的岩爆烈度分级预测研究

岩爆是高地应力区岩质隧道施工过程中经常发生的工程地质灾害,对其发生的可能性及其烈度分级预测一直是隧道工程世界性难题之一。基于功效系数法的基本原理,在综合考虑岩爆的关键影响因素基础上,选取?θ /?c 、?c /?t、Wet和Is作为评价因子,建立了一种新的岩爆烈度分级预测模型。利用国内外典型岩爆工程实例对所建模型进行检验,判别结果与实际岩爆等级相符,且与集对分析法和可拓方法判别结果基本一致,表明运用功效系数法对岩爆烈度进行预测是合理的、可行的。再运用功效系数法对苍岭隧道岩爆危险性进行判别,预测结果与实际情况一致,说明基于功效系数原理的岩爆预测新方法具有较高的准确性和可靠性,且简单、易懂、可操作性强,具有良好的工程应用前景。     

基于有限元数值计算的爆破震动强度分析

爆破震动强度的预测一直是爆破震动危害控制的前提和基础,也是其研究的一个重要课题。基于有限元数值模拟方法的基础上对反映爆破震动强度的重要指标--质点振动速度的计算方法进行了探讨,并对空气和水两种不同间隔装药结构下的震动强度计算结果进行了对比分析。数值模拟结果表明,在爆心距不太大的情况下,计算结果与实测结果吻合较好,研究结果对爆破设计与施工有一定的指导意义。