Analysis and design aiming at control of upwarping deformation of existed tunnel under new tunnel’s excavation

The protection of two existed tunnels which are right under the Longpan tunnel’s excavation located in Nanjing Railway Station’s Square is presented. Due to the combining use of piles retaining and strips of excavation, the existed shield tunnel’s upwarping during the excavation is controlled successfully. The analysis and calculation of existed tunnel’s upwarping, the piles retaining’s design and the deformation’s supervision during the construction are also analyzed in detail. This excavation made a good example for the future similar engineering.     

Discussion on influence of cavern’s span on surrounding rock classification

The influence of cavern’s span on surrounding rock classification is getting more and more recognition along with large span underground working’s increasingly coming forth. The authors analyse the timbering expense of cavern in jointed rock mass, the radius of plastic loosened zone and the size effect of macroscopical mechanical parameters of rock mass. Based on the complexion of depressing of surrounding rock’s stability due to increment of cavern’s span, the authors pinpoint attaching importance to the influence of cavern’s span on surrounding rock classification; and suggest reckoning the factor of cavern’s span in surrounding rock classification scientifically by studying the size effect of rock mass’s physico-mechanical parameters.     

土体小应变特性研究中的边界面模型

研究表明，土体小应变特性对准确预测土体的变形起着十分重要的作用，而这一特性很难用传统的本构模型对它加以描述。边界面模型能描述一些经典塑性理论所不能描述的土的真实特性，如何将之进一步加以改进，并有效地应用于土体小应变特性的模拟中是一个有待深入研究的课题。     

Golf and the environmental politics of modernization

In this critical review we reflect on findings from a socio-historical study of golf’s relationship with the environment. We focus especially on the golf industry’s pursuit of modernization from the early 1900s to the present. Golf’s quest to ‘be’ modern, we contend, has specifically constituted three particular ‘turns’: a first turn in the early 1900s involving the scientific rationalization of golf course development and maintenance; a second, ‘exemptionalist’ turn in the post-war years whereby science and technology fueled a perception of immense control over nature; and a third, more recent turn to ecological modernization (EM) whereby science and technology are leveraged toward environmental stewardship – or at least claims thereof. We ultimately argue that the golf industry’s recent adoption of EM principles in their environment-related work has political implications, as it ‘protects’ the industry from more radical environmental alternatives.     

预应力混凝土管桩桩土相互作用的有限元分析

以软土地区某桥梁基桩动载试验为背景,采用有限单元法对桩土动力相互作用进行了分析。采用等效线性模型模拟了土体材料的非线性,并考虑桩的材料阻尼以及桩土接触界面处状态非线性对动力响应的影响,并分析了桩的材料参数和土的参数对桩顶动位移的影响。分析表明,基桩弹性模量和材料阻尼对桩顶动位移有一定的影响,但基桩材料阻尼的影响很小,桩顶位移随桩侧土压缩模量和阻尼的增大而减小。     

随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体变形特性研究

洞室开挖后,其周边通常会产生许多随机分布的贯穿裂隙,直接影响洞室围岩稳定,研究随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体的变形及变形特性具有重要意义。基于线弹性理论和线性刚度理论计算岩石和裂隙的位移,用概率的方法建立了随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体变形的计算模型,给出了随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体的等效弹性模量和等效泊松比,研究了岩石和裂隙的材料参数和几何参数对岩体等效弹性模量和等效泊松比的影响。可得如下结论：等效弹性模量和等效泊松比随着岩石弹性模量的增大而增大;等效泊松比随着岩石泊松比的增大而增大;等效弹性模量和等效泊松比随着裂隙法向刚度的增大而增大;随着剪切刚度的增大,等效弹性模量逐渐增大,而等效泊松比则逐渐减少;随着裂隙平均间距的增大,等效弹性模量逐渐减小,等效泊松比在平均倾斜角较小时逐渐增大,在平均倾斜角较大时逐渐减小;随着裂隙平均倾斜角的增大,等效弹性模量先减小后增大,而等效泊松比先增大后减小。模型能较全面地考虑构成岩体的岩石和裂隙的材料参数与几何参数对岩体变形的影响,其结果对研究洞室围岩的变形和工程设计有一定的参考价值。     

包裹式土工格栅加筋土挡墙水平位移研究

包裹式土工格栅加筋土挡墙在工程中的设计分析仍采用基于极限平衡理论的锚固楔体法,而没有考虑在达到极限平衡之前加筋土挡墙所发生的变形发展和积累过程。加筋土挡墙面板的水平位移是墙体内外部稳定的重要体现。通过采用有限元数值方法,分析了不同工程因素对包裹式土工格栅加筋土挡墙面板处工后水平位移的影响,分析结果表明,FEM计算值和实测值接近,说明了有限元计算分析的适用性;包裹式土工格栅加筋土挡墙面板处的工后水平位移呈由下向上增大趋势;拉筋刚度、长度、竖向间距对水平位移具有明显的影响并应选择适宜数值,以实现加筋土挡墙的良好工程性能;挡墙墙顶处外荷载大小及位置对水平位移具有相应影响,位于加筋区外的外荷载对墙面水平位移影响不明显。     

砂土拱效应的挡板下落试验及机理研究

土拱效应对考虑拱效应时土压力的计算非常重要,而目前对土拱效应的形成机理认识还不深刻。通过自行设计的室内挡板下落试验对砂土拱效应的问题进行了试验研究。得到了不同的土体埋深情况下,随挡板下移挡板上土体重量、箱内土体的应力和侧压力系数的变化规律。试验结果表明,挡板微小的位移挡板上土体的重量就会快速降低;随着挡板继续下移挡板上土体重量降低的趋势逐渐减缓,认为挡板下移2.5 mm时上部土体达到临界状态;随挡板下移箱底挡板上部中心线上的竖向土压力减小,挡板两侧上部土体的竖向土压力增大;挡板上部中心线上的侧压力系数明显增大。通过土体内的应力变化规律对砂土拱效应的形成机理进行了分析。     

Producing abjection: E-waste improvement schemes and informal recyclers of Bangalore

This article focuses upon informal e-waste recyclers who subsidise the environmental costs of Bangalore’s information technology boom. It illustrates how improvement schemes devised by development agencies, to make Bangalore’s e-waste disposal practices more sustainable, reproduced the effects of bourgeois environmentalism and effectively cast off informal recyclers from having a substantial role in the city’s emerging regime of e-waste management. Being cast out and rendered superfluous has been a deeply degrading experience for Bangalore’s informal recyclers. In order to foreground this experience I draw upon the notion of abjection and show how informal recyclers are constituted as abject residents who must be confined to collecting and processing waste from the most marginal frontiers of the city’s e-waste circuits.     

Geomagmatism, pulsations of the Earth, and Phanerozoic minerageny

Discontinuity and periodicity of tectonic processes, eustatic fluctuations of the ocean level, volcanic and metallogenic activity, and some other global processes in the Earth’s history are indicative of the pulsatory nature of the Earth’s evolution. Correlation of geomagnetic field variations with global geological processes shows the geomagnetic field polarity to be an indicator of pulsations. The phases of the Earth’s expansion correspond to normal (present-day) polarity, and the planet’s contraction to epochs of reversed polarity. In terms of the concept of geopulsations, the diversity of basic geodynamic regimes of continents is determined by the combination of three factors: the phases of the Earth’s evolution (contraction-expansion), the effects of deep fluid and heat flows (plumes), and the state of the asthenosphere (its depth, thickness, and degree of heating). The general evolution of Phanerozoic ore deposition and the specific metallogenic features of tectonomagmatic cycles may be considered in a new light in view of the Earth’s pulsatory history.     

浅水方程模拟中确定糙率的回归系数法

基于水流模拟本身就是模拟模型回归求真(即实体原型)过程的认识,从模拟模型和实体原型之间的相关关系出发,应用统计学中的线性回归分析方法,通过回归系数建立了模型与原型糙率系数之间的关系式,提出了二维浅水方程模拟中糙率确定的回归系数法。数值试验表明,该方法并不依赖于糙率系数的初值,具有稳定性好、收敛速度快的特点;对磨刀门水道水流的数值模拟应用显示,该方法能有效地改善模拟计算的精度,具有较好的适应能力,简便实用,为二维浅水流动模拟计算时率定糙率系数提供了一种有效途径。     

箱形隧道基坑下已建地铁盾构隧道隆起位移的控制分析与设计

结合南京火车站站前广场龙蟠路隧道（南侧）西段上跨已建成的地铁1号线双线盾构隧道时的基坑支护工程,采用排桩与桩板支护法有效地解决了基坑开挖中盾构隧道隆起位移控制的难题。并就箱形隧道基坑下已建地铁盾构隧道隆起位移的控制分析计算、排桩与桩板支护设计及施工方法、施工中的位移监控量测结果作了较详细地分析论述。     

Effects of mechanical layering on hydraulic fracturing in shale gas reservoirs based on numerical models

Generally, induced hydraulic fractures are generated by fluid overpressure and are used to increase reservoir permeability through forming interconnected fracture systems. However, in heterogeneous and anisotropic rocks, many hydraulic fractures may become arrested or offset at layer contacts under certain conditions and do not form vertically connected fracture networks. Mechanical layering is an important factor causing anisotropy in sedimentary layers. Hence, in this study, with a shale gas reservoir case study in the Longmaxi Formation in the southeastern Chongqing region, Sichuan Basin, we present results from several numerical models to gain quantitative insights into the effects of mechanical layering on hydraulic fracturing. Results showed that the fractured area caused by hydraulic fracturing indicated a linear relationship with the neighboring layer’s Young’s modulus. An increase of the neighboring layer’s Young’s modulus resulted in better hydraulic fracturing effects. In addition, the contact between two neighboring layers is regarded as a zone with thickness and mechanical properties, which also influences the effects of hydraulic fracturing in reservoirs. The initial hydraulic fracture was unable to propagate into neighboring layers under a relatively low contact’s Young’s modulus. When associated local tensile stresses exceeded the rock strength, hydraulic fractures propagated into neighboring layers. Moreover, with the contact’s Young’s modulus becoming higher, the fractured area increased rapidly first, then slowly and finally became stable.     

洞室跨度对围岩分类影响探讨

随着大跨度地下工程日益增多,跨度对围岩分类或岩体质量分级的影响越来越受到人们的重视。通过对节理岩体中洞室支护代价、塑性松动区半径和岩体宏观力学参数尺寸效应的分析,根据洞室跨度增加导致围岩稳定程度降低的情况,强调重视围岩分类中洞室跨度因素的影响,并建议通过研究岩体强度等物理力学指标的尺寸效应,在围岩分类中科学地考虑洞室跨度的影响。     

岩石与水相互作用的能量原理和Biot系数

岩石与水相互作用的研究不仅在理论上而且在工程实践上具有重大的作用,大量的注水采油工程、核废料贮存等就是利用岩石的各向异性和其水力学特征,同时,水又时常引起岩石和土体滑坡坍塌等自然灾害。在微观分析基础上,从理论上建立了各向异性损伤岩石的能量原理及相应的各向异性Biot系数基本方程;并以红砂岩为例,运用两种不同试验方法获取各向同性Biot系数;以三轴注水、排水等试验,论证了在应力-应变全过程曲线中,Biot系数具有各向异性损伤特征。这种特性对注水和注浆等岩土工程具有重要的指导意义。     

海堤地基固结系数反演与工后沉降分形模型预测

海堤工后沉降分析预测对工程维护和灾害防治具有重要意义。以海堤工后初期监测资料为基础,运用分层总和法和太沙基一维固结理论反演了土层固结系数,并通过对固结系数变化规律的分析,提出采用改进变维分形预测模型对具有较强趋势性的固结系数进行预测,进而对海堤工后可能发生的长期沉降进行预测。以浙江省洞头县北岙后二期东围堤工程的海堤监测数据作为研究对象进行了验证计算,结果表明,该方法反映了实际土体的固结沉降机制,能够较好地预测海堤工后沉降趋势,具有一定的工程实用意义。     

Fast automatic solution of the inverse resistivity problem

The paper presents a fast automatic approach to solve the inverse resistivity problem, assisted by optimization, which is a non-linear model-fitting technique. The selected inverse problems are ill-posed and the inverse solution is defined by ‘best fit’ in the sense of least-squares. Formulations are presented in a systematic manner for Newton’s method, least squares method and Marquardt’s modification (ridge regression) method based on local linearization of non-linear problem. The convergence of least-squares method and Marquardt’s method, to provide a robust solution, are first tested on a theoretical model and effectiveness of Marquardt’s method is demonstrated, and then two-field apparent resistivity curves from Banda district, India are interpreted and discussed.     

Genesis of volatile components at Saturn’s regular satellites. Origin of Titan’s atmosphere

Jupiter’s and Saturn’s regular satellites, which posses much ice, are currently thought to have been formed during the early evolution of the Solar System in circumplanetary protosatellite disks. Two of Saturn’s regular satellites—Titan and Enceladus—were experimentally proved to contain, along with water, other volatile components: molecular nitrogen, and methane (which are the major components of Titan’s atmosphere) and various nitrogen and carbon compounds in water plumes of Enceladus. The protomaterial of these rocky–icy satellites was formed in the outer regions of the gas–dust circumsolar nebula, and its closest analogue currently accessible to study is cometary material. The paper presents a review of experimental data on the chemical and isotopic composition of cometary material as possible sources of volatile components on Titan and Enceladus and model evaluations of temperatures in the circumsolar gas–dust protoplanetary disk and Jupiter’s and Saturn’s protosatellite disks during various evolutionary episodes of the solar system. The P–T parameters of the origin of the protomaterial of Jupiter’s and Saturn’s regular satellites were proved to have been remarkably different, and hence, the material of Europa, a Jupiter’s regular satellite, cannot contain any volatile components other than water, in contrast to Titan and Enceladus. This conclusion is supported by experimental data. Cometary material is likely genetically related to the material of Saturn’s regular satellites Titan and Enceladus. The paper presents results of thermodynamic simulation of the evolution of the chemical and phase composition of Saturn’s satellites and suggests a model for the origin of Titan’s nitrogen–methane atmosphere.     

一种新的超长桩荷载传递模型

超长桩桩侧摩阻力出现软化是一个较为普遍的现象。针对超长桩出现的侧摩阻力软化现象,提出了一种新的双曲荷载传递函数,该传递函数充分考虑了桩土相互作用的非线性特性和软化特性。依据新的荷载传递函数,利用FORTRAN语言编写了UMAT子程序。通过实例计算,对比了现场试验数据、ABAQUS自带接触对的计算结果和ABAQUS应用文中子程序后的计算结果,结果表明ABAQUS应用文中子程序计算所得的桩顶Q-s曲线、桩侧摩阻力分布曲线和桩侧摩阻力与桩土相对位移关系曲线都与现场试验数据更加吻合,证明文中提出的荷载传递函数可以有效地模拟超长桩桩土相互作用的非线性特性和软化特性,并且对超长桩承载力的估算更加合理可靠。     

欠压实泥岩顶底板形成机理及其对油气运移的影响

欠压实泥岩顶底板是指比中部欠压实泥岩较致密的泥岩表层,是趋于正常压实的泥岩层,发育于低渗透率的厚层泥岩的上、下部位。以低速渗流定律为理论基础,从微观机理上分析欠压实泥岩顶底板的形成过程,提出穿过欠压实泥岩顶底板流体运移阻力的计算公式。当含顶底板泥岩作为盖层时,分为连续沉积型、抬升型和压裂型3种。压裂型泥岩盖层的封闭能力等于底板排替压力与达到顶板破裂的剩余压力之和,其他两种盖层的封闭能力就等于盖层顶底板的排替压力之和。当含顶底板泥岩作为源岩时,在连续型源岩中,油气排放的方向主要取决于泥岩顶底板渗透性地层的发育程度;在压裂型源岩中,大量油气沿裂缝向上排烃。此外,源岩的排烃方向还受断层的控制。通过欠压实泥岩顶底板形成机理的研究,有助于评价泥岩盖层的封烃能力,了解泥质烃源岩油气初次运移的方向。