Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

On the Validity of the Boussinesq Approximation for the Elder Problem

The Elder problem is an example of a density driven flow, motivated by experiments of a thermally driven convection in porous media. It is a mathematical benchmark problem used for code verification of density driven flow simulators and comparison of issues related to its numerical treatment. Its bifurcation diagram with respect to the Rayleigh number is investigated on a hierarchy of uniformly refined grids. Eleven stationary solutions are shown to exist for the Elder problem. Similar solutions can be found using the Boussinesq approximation. Despite this similarity the corresponding bifurcation diagrams are shown to be topologically not equivalent. This gives rise to serious doubts on the validity of Boussinesq approximation for this model problem. Grid convergence is investigated for the numerically obtained solutions.     

On the reconstruction of the surface structure of the spotted stars

We have developed and tested a light-curve inversion technique for photometric mapping of spotted stars. The surface of a spotted star is partitioned into small area elements, over which a search is carried out for the intensity distribution providing the best agreement between the observed and model light curves within a specified uncertainty. We have tested mapping techniques based on the use of both a single light curve and several light curves obtained in different photometric bands. Surface reconstruction artifacts due to the ill-posed nature of the problem have been identified.     

On the use of the generalised effective stress in the constitutive modelling of unsaturated soils

The definition of a consistent stress framework is an essential prerequisite to the constitutive modelling of unsaturated soils. It is proposed to clarify the effective stress lexicon commonly used for unsaturated soils, one of the purposes being to contribute to a more accurate definition and understanding of conventional Bishop’s stress. The so-called generalised effective stress is formulated on the basis of previous studies and set within a complete constitutive context. A point by point comparison between Bishop’s stress and generalised framework is led. The usual analogies between suction effects, cementation and hardening are also discussed. Suction is shown not to be a hardening variable but rather a shape parameter for the yield surface expressed in the matric suction versus mean effective stress plane. Some advantages of the generalised effective stress are finally reviewed, with a particular accent laid on the uniqueness of the yield limit and the built-in hydro-mechanical coupling.     

星地碰撞的板块构造效应

板块构造是一种全球大地构造理论.它以洋底扩张、洋壳边缘俯冲及转换断层为主要构造活动形式,配以地幔对流为原动力,建立一套颇具魅力的板块构造机制理论,被受到广泛认同.但也存在一些重要问题,主要是其地幔对流理念难以令人信服和对海陆格局变迁问题没提出明确的动力机制.在阐明造成板块构造理论这两方面困难问题的主要理由之后,介绍了星地碰撞事件的存在状况及其动力作用,着重论述了大规模星地碰撞的动力作用强大,对全球地质构造活动都有重要影响,板块构造也难以避免;星地碰撞的强烈冲击作用,有能力造成洋底开裂或使大陆裂解.据此设想,可用"星地撞击成缝,减压诱发岩浆上侵"的模式,取代与地球内部层圈结构相抵触的"地幔对流"模式来解释洋底扩张;并以星地碰撞发生地点的随机变化性作为大规模海陆格局变迁的主控原因.如此,则可有助于上述板块构造理论中存在的两大难题的解决.     

天山南坡小尤尔都斯盆地表土孢粉初步研究

通过天山中部小尤尔都斯盆地南北方向采集的27个表土样品的孢粉分析, 探讨了孢粉和植被带的关系及盆地中美天鹅湖的孢粉来源问题. 结果表明: 孢粉组合主要成分是云杉属、 菊科、 禾本科、 蒿属、 藜科、 唐松草属、 莎草科、 水龙骨和其他蕨类孢子, 表土孢粉组合与各植被带之间有良好的对应关系.主成分分析表明, 研究区植被分布主要受温度因素控制. 上升气流和水流是影响针叶林带云杉属花粉传播的主要因素, 由山谷风从巩乃斯云杉林带来的云杉花粉受到美天鹅湖北侧小山阻挡, 沉降在湖泊以南的山坡上, 之后随降雨和雪山融水进入美天鹅湖. 大部分表土孢粉属种的空间分布与相应的植物分布一致, 而蒿属和藜科花粉百分含量在一定程度上代表了区域花粉雨的信号, 利用A/C比值重建古环境时须要谨慎.蒿、 藜花粉计数较少时, A/C比值波动较大, 计数值大于约280粒时, A/C比值趋于稳定.     

层次分析法(AHP)在三江平原地质环境质量评价中的应用

应用层次分析法(AHP)对影响三江平原环境地质质量的岩石、土壤和水3个子系统分别进行评价，通过分析影响各子系统的主要因子，建立子系统层次结构模型和质量指数数学模型，得出各子系统的质量指数，从而评价出各个子系统的质量状况。在此基础上，建立地质环境系统质量评价的层次结构模型和数学模型，计算出地质环境质量指数，并对该地区的质量状况进行评价，得出三江地区总体环境地质状况是好的结论。     

祁连山疏勒河上游基流变化及其影响因素分析

基流是河川径流的重要组成部分,也是干旱半干旱地区最重要的枯季水文特征之一. 基流在维持河川径流和维护河流湖泊生态等方面具有重要意义. 基于祁连山疏勒河上游出山口控制水文站昌马堡站1954-2009年的日径流资料,采用递归数字滤波法和平滑最小值法对日径流进行基流分割,对比分析基流和基流指数BFI的变化特征,并从气温和降水两方面探讨基流变化的主要影响因素. 结果表明：两种方法的计算结果有差异,但平滑最小值法更适用于研究区. 疏勒河上游多年平均基流量为6.07×10⁸m³,基流变化总体上呈上升趋势,进入21世纪以后基流量增加最为显著. 研究区多年平均基流指数为0.66,基流指数的年际变化相对比较稳定,但年内波动幅度较大. 在长时间尺度上,降水是基流变化的主要影响因素,降水量的增加在一定程度上影响了基流和基流指数的变化. 在全球变暖的背景下,气温升高导致冰雪融水的增加和冻土的退化,间接的影响了基流的变化.     

冀中坳陷束鹿凹陷横向调节带成因分析

束鹿凹陷是冀中坳陷西南部的一个典型的伸展单断凹陷,构造格局简单,存在北东向伸展断裂系统和北西向横向调节带.通过凹陷演化史以及钻井资料分析,探讨横向调节带形成机制和形成时期,提出Ⅰ级调节带形成于凹陷强烈伸展期,Ⅱ级调节带形成于凹陷弱伸展时期.研究认为,边界断裂不均匀伸展和基底古隆起控制Ⅰ级横向调节带的形成,岩性组合差异是Ⅱ级横向调节带形成的引发机制,控洼断层的侧列状交替发育是构造Ⅱ级横向调节带形成的动力机制.     

河西走廊特殊地形与大风的关系探讨

运用河西走廊1951-2010年大风资料,参考相应地区的的地形特征,探讨了地形与大风发生的关系. 结果表明：地形的狭管效应对局地大风风速的突然加强是河西走廊多大风的重要原因,海拔是影响大风日数、最大风速和持续时间的重要因素. 祁连山的阻挡作用是造成山区北侧大风日数偏少、最大风速偏小和持续时间偏短的重要因素;地形与河谷走向是影响大风风向的重要因素.     

Assessment of the CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere in the eastern part of the Laptev Sea in the ice-free period

The carbonate system of waters of the inner, middle, and outer shelves was studied for a long period in the eastern part of the Laptev Sea. It is shown that the inner and middle shelves is a heterotrophic province and is a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere during August–September. The average CO₂ flux is 7.9 mmol m^–2 day^–1 and during one month waters of inner and middle shelves release into the atmosphere up to 0.7 Tg of carbon (C). The outer part of the shelf absorbs up to ~0.1 Tg C at an average rate of 3.9 mmol m^–2 day^–1 during the month. Generally, the ice-free zone of the eastern shelf of the Laptev Sea is a source of CO₂ in the studied season: the amount of C released into the atmosphere within a month is ~0.6 Tg.     

长江中下游江湖关系演变趋势数值模拟

以长江中下游防洪系统为对象,概述了在大型复杂防洪系统洪水行为数值模拟基础上,成功地将长江中下游洪水演进数学模型转化为面向长江防洪系统防洪规划方案评估需求的长江中下游江湖水沙演变的数学模型.为适应防洪规划方案论证涉及江湖水沙相互制衡相互关联客观情况,建立了面向江湖水沙关系及其演变的数学模型.针对长江中下游江湖水沙运动特点,在水沙数值模拟的范围内侧重对下荆江河道冲刷、荆江三口分流分沙模式、洞庭湖泥沙淤积、江湖耦合等环节进行了讨论,提出了合理可行的数值处理方法.模拟结果较好反映了江湖水沙演变规律,主要成果已应用于长江中下游防洪规划和防汛调度方案中.     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

地质构造对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘岩溶地下水的控制作用

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘干旱缺水,多年来一直制约着该区的经济发展和群众生活质量的提高。通过调查测绘、钻探验证及多学科综合研究相结合的方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘岩溶地下水进行了系统研究,认为鄂尔多斯盆地南缘岩溶及岩溶水的发育均受断裂构造控制。北东向断裂具有较强的富水性,属控水断裂。北西向压扭或张扭性断裂相对北东向断裂岩溶发育较差,属导水断裂。近东西向压性断裂,富水性较差,属阻水断裂。三大构造带相互作用形成网格状和似层状地下水管道系统,对岩溶地下水的交替、运移和富集及岩溶水的径流、排泄有一定的控制作用。     

Chronological Link Between the Abrupt Change of the Loess Grain Size Sequence and the Formation of River Terraces on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Since the Late Early-Pleistocene

Based on the study of magnetostratigraphy, magnetic susceptibility and grain size of Garzê A section on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the late early-Pleistocene, the basal age of Garzê loess is located at ~1.16?MaBP and a series of abrupt paleoclimatic changes is detected. The times of abrupt changes are of distinct series features, and the interval between each two adjacent abrupt changes is ~50 kyr or ~100?kyr. The most significant abrupt changes occur at around 1.06, 0.85, 0.6, 0.46, 0.39 and 0.14?MaBP. There is a chronological link between the abrupt changes of paleoclimate and the formation of river terraces and it is almost simultaneous with a strengthening trend of neotectonic activities. Therefore, maybe the climatic transition controll the timing of terrace formation, and the tectonic uplift originate potential energy and has a direct effect on channel incision, both the climatic transition and the tectonic uplift are important. Terraces are the products of the interaction of instable climatic variations and tectonic uplift. Like the loess-paleosol sequences, river terrace sequences are also controlled by the climate-tectonic coupling system and are ruled by climate-tectonic gyration with a ~100?kyr paracycle, which may be the short eccentricity period of the earth.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Shear softening and localization: Modelling the evolution of the width of the shear zone

In this paper, the question of shear localization inside a band is revisited. Using simplified constitutive equations we look at a 1D layer in a classical medium. Even though the example is simple, we show once more the loss of uniqueness of the solution. By studying the initial boundary value problem we also show that the width of the localization zone stays constant or decreases. A second gradient model is then introduced and the evolution of the width of the localization zone is studied. Analytical solutions are derived for a quasi-brittle material and estimations made for a ductile constitutive law. It is shown that the width of the localization zone stays constant for the quasi-brittle material and decreases for the ductile one. Numerical simulations are finally provided to validate the approach and to get more precise numerical results for the ductile case.     

Shear in the tethys and the Permian paleomagnetism in the Southern Alps, including new results

To verify paleomagnetic proof for megatectonic translation in the Tethys a large collection of samples from a key area, the Bolzano Quartz Porphyry Plateau in the Southern Alps, was examined. Their natural remanent magnetization was analyzed with thermal, and mainly alternating field demagnetization. The result is a well-established paleomagnetic direction of D: 150° and I: −19.5° (₉₅ = 4.9), obtained from 152 samples from 39 sites distributed over 12 volcanic units. It is argued that the inclination of this result is not significantly different from that which can be extrapolated for the Southern Alps from Early Permian paleomagnetic directions of the stable European shield. Consequently it is concluded that a paleomagnetic indication for megatectonic translation of the Southern Alps is virtually absent. But a large counterclockwise deviation of the declination is evident, and is easily explained by a counterclockwise rotation of 50° of the Southern Alps with respect to stable Europe. Since the paleomagnetic direction of the Early Permian volcanics of the Southern Alps fits in reasonably well with the (poorly known) Early Permian paleomagnetic pattern of Africa, a coherence between both regions is presumed.     

阿尔金山东端北部区域生态环境修复模式研究

阿尔金山荒漠化防治生态功能区是甘肃西部、新疆乃至整个西北地区重要生态屏障,对阿尔金山东端北部区域为代表的西土沟流域生态环境现状和存在主要问题进行分析,提出区域生态环境治理构想和因势治洪-以洪治沙-自然净化-综合利用的区域洪水资源开发利用模式和以“水害”治“沙害”、变害为利的区域生态环境、沙漠治理模式。国内外学者对本区域荒漠化防治、草地生态安全评价有部分研究,但对沙漠区洪水资源开发利用问题研究比较罕见,在沙漠地区洪水资源化利用方面具有很强的代表性,为阿尔金山保护区的规范管理和可持续对策制定提供科学依据,对同类地区生态环境修复提供示范。     

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷赵凹安棚油田深盆油(气)藏

泌阳凹陷赵凹安棚油田深层系部分油(气)藏属于深盆油(气)藏,即深盆致密砂岩油(气)藏。利用深盆气藏理论和分析方法,通过对其成藏要素分析,发现其深层系油(气)藏具有深盆油气藏的典型特征。构造呈现单斜背景上的鼻状,自西北向东南生油中心倾没;赵凹安棚油田深层系内油水分布较为复杂,在横向连续储层内,出现了油水关系倒置的深盆油(气);储层属非均质低渗透储层;从深盆油(气)观点看,属一种动态致密砂岩油(气)藏;地层压力异常低,甚至负异常压力。在泌阳凹陷勘探程度极高油区,如果进行思想变革,就能实现资源的突破。