北京地区盐碱尘暴粉尘物质的主要来源

北京的"沙尘暴"在地质学研究分类中应属于尘暴,且属含大量盐碱物质(水溶盐物质)的盐碱尘暴。盐碱尘暴对人体健康和经济发展造成严重威胁,已引起普遍关注。通过调查北京尘暴源区蒙古国东南部和中国内蒙古中部、河北省西部地区表土和部分降尘的理化特性,为探讨北京盐碱尘暴粉尘物质的来源提供新的证据。对尘源区农耕地、沙化土地、退化草地、撂荒地、沙漠、沙地等不同代表性区域的表土进行较系统的采样,收集北京和部分尘源区附近城镇的大气降尘,分析其水溶盐和水溶性元素或离子的含量、酸碱度、粒度、比重、起尘风速。结果表明,干盐湖盆区以高百分含量的细微粉尘物质(200目)、水溶盐含量和部分水溶性元素或离子(如Na、Cl-)为主要特征,其较高的pH值、极小的粒径、很大的比表面积、偏小的比重、偏低的起尘风速等,与北京及尘源区附近城镇大气降尘的特性相对应,明显不同于沙漠、沙地、沙堆和农耕地、撂荒地、退化草地等,因此推测干盐湖盆区是现阶段北京盐碱尘暴最主要、最关键的源区之一。而水溶盐含量、粒度大小、酸碱度、比重、起尘风速等,是判断北京盐碱尘暴粉尘物质来源的关键性指标。     

Nebkha dune morphology in the gobi deserts of northern China and potential implications for dust emission

Nebkhas (coppice dunes) have formed throughout the gobi desert regions of China in response to the decreased near-surface wind speed caused by vegetation, combined with deposition of aeolian sediment in and around the vegetation. Although nebkhas have been extensively studied on several land surfaces, they have not yet been fully described where they form in areas of gobi desert. Based on field investigations of nebkha morphology and adjacent land surface sediment content on and inside the surface of these dunes, the following were found: (i) the nebkhas that develop in gobi deserts consist of two types – dunes with or without a depositional tail (a shadow dune); (ii) the nebkhas in the area of gobi desert were smaller than those found in sandy deserts, oases, or other areas with a rich sediment source, with a mean height of 0.28 m, mean width 1.63 m and mean length 1.34 m; and (iii) the dune height, length and width were significantly positively linearly related to the vegetation height, length and width. These patterns were similar at all four of the study sites, but the relationships with dune width differed among the sites. The average particle-size distributions on and inside the vegetation did not differ between the four sites. However, significant spatial differences in the sediments on and inside the dunes indicate that nebkhas can capture both local and distant sediments driven by the wind. These findings suggest a potential role of nebkhas in dust emission, although this role must be confirmed in future research.     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of land cover and their impacts on potential dust source regions in the Tarim Basin,NW China

Human-driven dynamics of land cover types in the Tarim Basin are able to affect potential dust source regions and provide particles for dust storms. Analyses about dynamics of potential dust source regions are useful for understanding the effects of human activities on the fragile ecosystem in the extremely arid zone and also provide scientific evidence for the rational land development in the future. This paper therefore selected the Tarim Basin, NW China, as a representative study area to reveal spatiotemporal dynamics of land cover and their impacts on potential dust source regions. The results showed that farmland, desert and forest increased by 28.63, 0.64 and 29.27%, while grassland decreased by 10.29% during 1990–2010. The largest reclamation, grassland loss and desertification were 639.17 × 10³, 2350.42 × 10³ and 1605.86 × 10³ ha during 1995–2000. The relationship between reclamation and grassland loss was a positive correlation, while a highly positive correlation was 0.993 between the desertification and grassland loss at different stages. The most serious dust source region was the desertification during 1990–2010 (1614.58 thousand ha), and the serious region was stable desert (40,631.21 thousand ha). The area of the medium and low dust source region was 499.08 × 10³ and 2667.27 × 10³ ha. Dramatic reclamation resulted in the desertification by destroying natural vegetation and breaking the balance of water allocation in various regions.     

Estimation of surface soil water content from surface temperatures in dust source regions of Mongolia and China

Surface conditions, such as surface roughness and soil moisture, control wind erosion and dust emission in northeast Asia. Data on spatial and temporal changes of surface soil water content are needed for dust-modeling systems used to predict dust events with the aim of preventing damage from them. A modified temperature-vegetation dryness index (MTVDI) was tested to see if it could reproduce surface soil water contents measured during the dust event season in Bayan Unjuul, Mongolia, and Shenmu, China. MTVDI was calculated from land surface temperature and aerodynamic minimum and maximum surface temperatures estimated from meteorological data. The standard deviation of the error of estimations of soil water content from MTVDI was ±1.5% in Bayan Unjuul when soil water content was lower than 4%. This compares favorably with the observational error of ±1% of the soil moisture sensors used.     

Terrestrial molluscs as indicators of global aeolian dust fluxes during glacial stages

This paper represents an approach to discerning the kind of climatic signal that land snails might record. The study uses previous analyses of the Achenheim molluscs, whose time series can be compared with ice-core records or marine records. Terrestrial molluscs are characteristic of the environment in which they live, mainly mirroring prevailing climate and vegetation. As a result of this relatively close connection between biotope and mollusc assemblages, reconstructions of past environments can be made that agree generally with results from pollen analyses. In this way, malacofaunas in loess sections permit determination of environmental variability and climatic change. Loess deposits, however, correspond to a particular environment. Decreasing or increasing dust deposition affects the molluscan assemblages by altering the environmental conditions for better or for worse. The variation in the mollusc diversity index in Achenheim shows a striking correspondence with dust-flux variation. There is only a low correlation between diversity index and temperature, precipitation or moisture estimates.     

古气候中的沙尘变化及其气候影响

大气中的沙尘通过对太阳光的吸收和散射对地表温度产生影响,进而对大气环流和降水等也产生影响,但是在地球的不同历史时期尤其是深时地球大气中的沙尘量如何变化以及如何影响气候还有很多不清楚的地方。本文通过模式模拟对地球上4个不同时期的沙尘变化及其气候影响进行了研究,这4个时期分别是陆地植被还没有出现的前寒武时期、有植被且全球气温较高的盘古超大陆时期、大陆分布接近现代但气候较寒冷的末次盛冰期和气候较温暖的中全新世。在前寒武时期,由于陆地起沙面积大,大气中的沙尘含量可以达到现代地球的近10倍,使得全球地表温度下降也有近10 ℃。在盘古超大陆时期,由于在副热带的陆地面积比现代稍大,因此大气沙尘量也比现代稍大,对全球平均温度的影响很小。在末次盛冰期,由于寒冷干燥,沙尘量是现代的约两倍,但是它对全球有强烈的增温作用,如果没有沙尘,全球温度可能降低约2.5 ℃。在中全新世,观测显示全球沙尘量比现代少很多,模拟显示,采用现代沙尘和把沙尘全部去掉对全球平均温度的影响可以忽略,但是大西洋经向翻转流有显著变化。     

Spatial and temporal trends of dust storms across desert regions of Iran

Dust storms are among natural and anthropogenic hazards for socioeconomic resources, especially in desert regions. In recent years, dust storms have become a serious problem, especially in desert regions of Iran. This study investigates temporal and spatial variation of dust storm frequency in desert regions of Iran. The number of dusty days (NDD) are collected from 22 stations across the region. The statistical analysis of NDD time series is carried out to show both spatial and seasonal pattern of dust storm occurrence in the region. The regional map of statistical characteristics indicates a north to south increasing dust storm frequency. The spatial map also reveals higher year-to-year variation in south eastern Iran. The seasonality of NDD shows the highest frequency for summer followed by the spring and autumn seasons. The popular Mann–Kendall and the bootstrap MK test to consider serial correlation are then applied for Trend assessment. Results showed both negative (across the north and northwestern regions) and positive trend (across south and south eastern regions) in the annual and seasonal NDD time series. This north-to-south gradient in the spatial and temporal frequency NDD may arise from harsh dry and gusty winds as well as intense land use change in the south eastern territories of Iran. However, more careful and detailed studies are required to connect environmental conditions to change in NDD frequency.     

内蒙古乌海粉尘浓度时空分布及影响因素探析

于2018年1月与7月采用流动监测法,对内蒙古乌海粉尘颗粒物进行采集,结合监测站数据,研究乌海不同粒径粉尘浓度时空分布规律及影响因素.结果表明:乌海市冬春季粉尘污染远远高于夏秋季,春季污染最严重,夏季污染相对较轻.PM2.5污染最严重月份为3月,PM10污染最严重月份为4月.一天中粉尘浓度峰值出现在10:00—12:0...     

Estimation of areas of sand and dust emission in the Hexi Corridor from a land cover database: an approach that combines remote sensing with GIS

The present study combined remote sensing with geographical information system (GIS) technology to interpret Landsat TM images from 1996 to 2000 and establish a land cover database for the Hexi Corridor of China’s Gansu Province. The areas of sand and dust emission and trends in their change were extracted by analyzing the database, with the following results: In 2000, the source area for sand and dust storms totaled nearly 170,000 km², accounting for 75.1% of the study region. The emission area decreases from as much as 70,000 km² in winter and spring to around 58,000 km² in summer and autumn, accounting for 41.1 and 34.1% of the source area, respectively. During the 4 years of the study period, the emission area decreased by nearly 57 km² in winter and spring (a 0.1% change); however, the vulnerability of the land surface to wind erosion increased in ca. 190 km² and decreased in ca. 102 km². Although the area of dust emission decreased from 1996 to 2000, the area vulnerable to wind erosion increased by ca. 87 km², and the increased number of sand and dust storm days in the region between 2000 and 2003 appears to be correlated with this increase.     

Composition of eolian dust in southern Turkmenia,as in dust storm of January, 1968

Granulometrically, the dust collected at Ashkhabad is much finer than the dust laid down by the storms at Jerusalem and elsewhere in the Middle East and is relatively high in calcium, magnesium, carbonate, and sesquioxides of iron. Its origin is believed to be local, Turkmenian-Iranian. -- V.P. Sokoloff.     

广元市丘陵地区土地整治潜力调查评价

通过调查3个丘陵区的土地整治情况,按地形、地貌进行土地整治分区,讨论土地整治潜力评价的方法,分别对农用地整治、农村建设用地整治、土地复垦和宜耕后备土地资源开发的建设规模和补充耕地的数量潜力与质量潜力进行分析计算,最后对调查区土地整治综合潜力进行评价。     

Combined tectonics and climate forcing for the widespread aeolian dust accumulation in the Chinese Loess Plateau since the early late Miocene

Currently mechanisms for the onset of the widespread aeolian dust accumulation in the Chinese Loess Plateau since 8–7 Ma remain elusive. In this study, we compile 11 records of climate (14–7 Ma) and tectonic activity of the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas (15–6 Ma). The results suggest that strong tectonic activity in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau has produced massive debris and dust, which was deposited in the piedmont basins and reworked by weathering and fluviolacustrine erosion. At the same time, global cooling and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau over the period of 14–7 Ma intensified the East Asian winter monsoon and westerly winds (westerlies) while weakening the Asian summer monsoon, which led to the spread of dry land vegetation and aridification in interior China. Sediments in the piedmont basins were then exposed in the aridity and transported by the westerlies to the Chinese Loess Plateau and the North Pacific. We suggest that tectonic activity in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and shifting global climate together triggered the widespread aeolian dust accumulation in the Chinese Loess Plateau and the North Pacific since 8–7 Ma.     

Geochemistry and mineralogical composition of the airborne particles of sand dunes and dust storms settled in Iraq and their environmental impacts

Five dust storms that occurred in 2008 (15 March, 11 April, 28 April, 25, May and 26 June) in addition to the many sand dunes disseminated in the Western Desert of Iraq are sampled. The worse dust storm that occurred in Iraq in 11 April, 2008 covered 75% of the Iraq area and deposited 6.9?million tons approximately as a total weight of fallout during just 8?h, declining temperature 6°C. During the episodes of dust storms, visibility decreased enormously, no more than 30?m. Many people were taken to hospitals after sustaining breathing problems. Some of them died. Clay fraction is the dominant part in the dust storms forming 70% besides a little silt (20.6%) and sand (9.4%), then classified as mature arkose of clay to sandy clay, whereas sand dunes are formed from 72.7% sand, 25.1% silt and 2.19% clay, then classified as mature arkose of silty sand. Sand dunes have much maturity. Mineralogical composition of dust storms and sand dunes are Quartz (49.2%, 67.1%), feldspar (4.9%, 20.9%), calcite (38%, 5%), gypsum (4.8%, 0.4%), dolomite (0.8%, 1%) and heavy minerals (3.2%, 6.6%), respectively. Heavy mineral suites in the dust storms are represented by zircon, pyroxene, hornblende, chlorite and magnetite; whereas the sand dunes are represented by zircon, tourmaline, garnet and pyroxene, concentrated within sand fraction. Heavy minerals according to satellite images revealed the dry land of Sahara Desert in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula as well as Syria and Jordan were a major source of the dust storms that have occurred in Asia, including Iraq.     

山东省农村土地综合整治中权属管理问题研究

在农村土地整治工作中,土地权属管理是保护权利人合法权益、保证农村土地整治顺利进行的基础。因此,理顺土地权属关系、加强农村土地整治权属管理至为重要。该文对山东省66个土地综合整治项目和2006-2011年城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目涉及的土地权属管理工作进行了调研,全面分析了土地权属管理现状,结合工作中存在的问题,提出了相应的对策建议,以期为今后土地整治权属管理方面的深入研究起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

Socioeconomic effect of dust storms in Kuwait

Kuwait is an arid country with an annual average rainfall of about 110 to 120 mm. Hence, dust storms have become a common environmental crisis. Although the dry summer months commonly have more dust storms, in recent years, dust storms occur more frequently in the spring season as well. Accumulated data of dust storms in Kuwait for the past 14 years (2001–2014) showed that the month of March had the highest number of dust storms (total 19), which is rather unusual, with an average of 8 dust storms per year (year 2008 had the highest dust storms of total 22). This study explored four socioeconomic effects of dust storms in Kuwait, specifically traffic accident rates, oil export loss due to close out of marine terminals, airline delays due to airport operation shutdown, and agriculture degradation. Statistical analysis using t test and Pearson correlation showed no apparent relationship between dust storms and traffic accident rates or agricultural production; however, loss of oil export and flight delay cost were affected by dust storms. There has been very few published research on the socioeconomic impact of dust storms; this is the first paper that explores the detailed socioeconomic effect of dust storms in Kuwait.     

Recent development of land use in China

China has long been an agricultural country. Cultivated land is mainly used for growing staple foods. Before liberation (1949), land was scarcely planted for cash corps. Factors exerting influence on land use are: The traditional Chinese way of intensive land use, and population pressure as well as economic situation. The structure of recent developments of land use exhibits: altidutinal agricultural land use, intercropping of crops and trees, twotier and multi-tier land use.     

枣庄市市中区基准地价动态变化特点及成果分析

基准地价是政府对土地市场地价水平进行宏观引导和管理的依据,反映了城市土地市场的变化趋势,具有一定的现势性。对枣庄市市中区2007年、2010年基准地价成果进行对比研究,计算了基准地价内部结构比率指数,包括同类各级地价比率指数、同类各级地价环比指数。通过分析,得出了基准地价结构变动的特征,并对基准地价更新成果的合理性进行了判断,对引导土地合理利用具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

菏泽城区土地利用挖潜途径与措施探析

菏泽市总面积161．6421km^2,其中,无容量、合理、低度利用土地面积95．14km^2,利用率为58．85％。随着工业化、城镇化进程加快,农村人口快速向城市转移,中心城区人口不断增加,在明晰现状、从土地利用结构、利用强度和未利用土地3个方面进行潜力分析的基础上,研究提出了加强土地利用宏观调控、完善土地集约利用机制、优化中心城区用地布局、提高固定资产投入强度等城镇土地利用挖潜途径与措施,以实现菏泽市土地资源优化利用。     

Airborne dust distribution in longwall faces

Summary The generation and transportation of airborne dust is governed mainly by the velocity and the movement pattern of the ventilation air in longwall faces. Generally speaking, the higher the air velocity, the more airborne dust will be generated and the further dust of a given size will be carried away from the source. In order to effectively prevent or reduce the production and spread of the airborne dust, the airborne dust concentration distribution at a longwall face must be known in advance. This paper presents the measurement methodology, data analyses and dust distributions in five longwall faces.     

临沂市河东区集体建设用地流转探讨

集体建设用地流转是促进土地节约集约利用,统筹城乡发展的有效途径。该文根据河东区集体建设用地的现状,分析了影响集体建设用地流转的主要原因,并针对实际情况提出确权登记、建立城乡统一的交易市场、完善流转程序、规范流转收益等破解集体建设用地流转难题的对策和建议。